1. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls Post Graduate
Autonomous College Bhopal
24 February 2014
अिनषेक जनन
2. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Fertilization
िनषेचन
Budding
बᳲडग
Binary or Multiple
Fission
खंडन
Conjugation
संयुमन
Reproduction
ᮧजनन
10. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
• Individuals breed exclusively by parthenogenesis
ज᭠तु केवल अिनषेकजनन ᳇ारा ही ᮧजनन करते हᱹ
• No sexual generation in their life history
उनके जीवन वृᱫ मᱶ लᱹिगक ᮧजनन नहᱭ होता है
• Only females are found. Males are completely absent.
केवल मादाएं पायी जाती हᱹ. नर पूणᭅतः अनुपि᭭थत होते हᱹ.
20. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Primary
Oocyte
1st Maturation
Division
Restitution
2nd Maturation
Division
Ovum
Polar Body
पुन᭭थाᭅपन
21. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
In Restitution, during first maturation division,
chromosomes come into pairs and divide into
chromatids but do not separate into two
daughter cells.
पुन᭭थाᭅपन मᱶ ᮧथम पᳯरपᲤाव᭭था के दौरान गुण सूᮢ युम बनाते
हᱹ तथा दोनᲂ ᮓोमेᳯट᭙स मᱶ िवभᲦ हो जाते हᱹ ᳰक᭠तु संतित
कोिशकाᲐ के ᱨप मᱶ पृथक नहᱭ होते l
22. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
After the second maturation division, two
daughter cells are formed, instead of four, with
2n number of chromosomes.
ि᳇तीय पᳯरपᲤाव᭭था के दौरान चार के ᭭थान पर ‘2n’ गुण सूᮢ
संया के साथ दो संतित कोिशकाᲐ का िनमाᭅण होता है l
24. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
In Auto-fertilization, during 1st maturation
division, chromosomes come into pairs and
divide into chromatids and separate into two
daughter cells with ‘n’ number of chromosomes.
᭭व-िनषेचन मᱶ ᮧथम पᳯरपᲤाव᭭था के दौरान गुण सूᮢ युम बनाकर
दोनᲂ ᮓोमेᳯट᭙स मᱶ िवभᲦ हो जाते हᱹ एवं संतित कोिशकाᲐ के ᱨप
मᱶ ‘n’ गुण सूᮢᲂ कᳱ संया के साथ पृथक हो जाते हᱹ l
25. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
This reduction in number of chromosomes, is
compensated by fusion of any one of the polar
bodies with the ovum to restore the 2n
chromosome number.
गुण सूᮢᲂ कᳱ संया मᱶ आयी कमी को पूणᭅ करने के िलए कोई एक
पोलर बॉडी अ᭛डाणु के साथ िवलय कर लेती है. इससे गुण सूᮢ
संया वापस 2n हो जाती है
26. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Eggs of
Guinea
Pig
Lizards
Dark
Cornish
Breeds of
Fowl
Examples
27. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Parthenogenesis
अिनषेक जनन
Fertilization
िनषेचन
Parthenogenesis
अिनषेक जनन
Fertilization
िनषेचन
Example :
Aphids
Phylloxera
28. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
In Aphids and Phylloxera
Females possess 2n + XX chromosomes
Males possess 2n + X chromosomes
means males have only one X-chromosome
29. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
In Summers
Females reproduce by diploid parthenogenesis.
Therefore, only females are developed.
30. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
In Spring
Females produce two types of eggs:
Larger : 2n + XX chromosomes
(these develop into females)
Smaller : 2n + X chromosomes
(these develop into males)
2n+XX
2n+X
31. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
In Winters
Females produce : 2n+XX
n+X n+X
Same type of ova
32. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
In Winters
Males produce : 2n+X
n+X n
Different types
of sperms
Viable Un viable
33. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
In Winters
Female & Male
gametes fuse.
Fertilization
takes place.
Females are
developed.
2n+XX
n+X n+X
34. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Methods of Artificial
Parthenogenesis
Pricking the egg gently with a fine needle
सूई ᳇ारा अंडे को भेदने पर
35. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Exposing the egg to hot or cold temperatures
अंडे को गमᭅ तथा ठ᭛डे तापमान मᱶ रखने से
IceHeating
Methods of Artificial
Parthenogenesis
36. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Chemical stimulus by
CO2
Potassium Chloride
Hypertonic Solution
के रासायिनक उीपन से
Ovum
Methods of Artificial
Parthenogenesis
37. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Artificial Parthenogenesis
Chemical stimulus by
Weak Acids
Weak Bases
Organic Acids
Fat Solvents
के रासायिनक उीपन से
Ovum
38. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
UV Radiations
Ovum
Methods of Artificial
Parthenogenesis
पराबैगनी ᳰकरणᲂ ᳇ारा
39. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Sperm
enters,
but does
not fuse,
egg
starts
dividing
No
fertilization
Sperms
Ovum
Methods of Artificial Parthenogenesis
40. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Significance of
Parthenogenesis
As Means of
Reproduction
ᮧजनन िविध के ᱨप मᱶ
It ensures the
continuity of race
in absence of
fertilization.
िनषेचन के अभाव मᱶ
ᮧजाित कᳱ िनरंतरता
बनाये रखता है l
41. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Significance of
Parthenogenesis
As a device for
rapid breeding &
high multiplication
तीᮯ ᮧजनन मᱶ सहायक
During Summers,
female reproduce by
diploid partheno-
genesis producing
several generations.
ᮕी᭬म काल मᱶ मादाएं
ि᳇गुिणत अिनषेकजनन ᳇ारा
कई पीढ़ीयाँ उ᭜प᳖ कर लेती हᱹ
42. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Significance of
Parthenogenesis
As a tool to
develop polyploid
generations
बᱟगुिणत पीढ़ीयां
िवकिसत करने मᱶ
सहायक
During meiosis,
Polyploids fails to form
gametes but in partheno-
genesis, Polyploids can
directly develop.
अधᭅ-सूᮢीय िवभाजन के समय
बᱟगुिणत युमकᲂ का िनमाᭅण
नहᱭ कर पाते जबᳰक अिनषेक
जनन मᱶ बᱟगुिणत सीधे ᮪ूण का
िनमाᭅण कर लेते हᱹ.
43. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Significance of
Parthenogenesis
As a mechanism
to conserve good
combination of
genes
अ᭒छे जᱭस के संयोजन
को संरिᭃत करने मᱶ
सहायक
Due to absence of
crossing –over, positive
mutagenic changes and
good combination of
genes may be conserved.
जीन-िविनमय कᳱ
अनुपि᭭थित मᱶ सकारा᭜मक
उ᭜पᳯरवतᭅन एवं अ᭒छे जᱭस
का संरᭃण हो पाता है l
44. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Significance of
Parthenogenesis
As a mechanism
to eliminate bad
combination of
genes
अवांछनीय जᱭस का
उ᭠मूलन करने कᳱ िविध
के ᱨप मᱶ
Due to natural
selection, negative
mutagenic changes or
non-adaptive genes
gets eliminated.
ᮧाकृितक वरण के कारण
नकारा᭜मक उ᭜पᳯरवतᭅन एवं
अवांछनीय जᱭस ितर᭭कृत हो
जाते हᱹ
45. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Significance of
Parthenogenesis
As an evidence of
chromosomal
theory of sex-
determination
ᳲलग िनधाᭅरण के गुण
सूᮢीय िसांत के ᮧमाण
के ᱨप मᱶ
Determination of sex
on the basis of number
of chromosomes
(haploid for males and
diploid for females) in
bees and wasps
supports the
chromosomal theory of
sex-determination.
46. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Significance of
Parthenogenesis
As an evidence of
chromosomal
theory of sex-
determination
ᳲलग िनधाᭅरण के गुण
सूᮢीय िसांत के ᮧमाण
के ᱨप मᱶ
मधुमिखयᲂ मᱶ गुण सूᮢᲂ
कᳱ संया के आधार पर
ᳲलग का िनधाᭅरण (अधᭅ-
सूᮢीय : नर तथा सम-
सूᮢीय : मादा) ᳲलग
िनधाᭅरण के सम सूᮢीय
िसांत का ᮧमाण है l
47. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Significance of
Parthenogenesis
As a way to
conserve energy
ᮧाणी-उजाᭅ बचत के
साधन के ᱨप मᱶ
Parthenogenesis
eliminates need for mating
and thus conserves the
entire energy of adults for
other vital activities.
ᮧजनन मᱶ ᮧयुᲦ होने वाली
उजाᭅ अिनषेकजनन के दौरान
जीवन कᳱ अ᭠य गितिविधयᲂ
के िलए बच जाती है l
48. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Parthenogenesis as a PROOF
of CLONING
• Individuals that breed parthenogenetically
have no variations.
• It rules out any possibility of exchange of
genetic material.
• They organize themselves into clines.
49. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Parthenogenesis as a TOOL
in CLONING
• Artificially sperms are removed from the
animal’s body.
• They are allowed to enter into the egg but
not to fuse with the nucleus of the egg.
• Egg produces its vegetative copies.
50. Dr. H.K. GARG
Professor (Molecular Biology & Genetics)
Thank you
God has created Nature.
Man has explored a few mysteries
Still many mysteries are yet to be explored.
