This lecture includes Phases of Pakistan Foreign Policy

1. Karl Marx, “the Philosophers
have only interpreted the
world in various ways; the
point, however, is to change
it.”

2. Che Guevara
1928- 1967

3. Cold War
1947 to 1990
Confusing Dates:
1917 1945 1947 1949 1991

4. A new World
Order
bipolar

5. Karl Marx & Class Struggle
Capitalist
Thesis
Communism
Synthesis
Labours
Anti-Thesis
1. Primitive Stage: Communist-classless
society
2. Ancient Stage: Masters vs Slave
3. Feudal Stage: feudal vs serfs [peasants]
4. Capitalist stage: Proletariat vs Bourgeoisie
6. Future Prediction: ….
To Me, Its
States’
Struggle
Marx, ‘Stateless
Society.’

6. Cold War is the Result of
Imbalance in the Equilibrium
In Balance in terms of
Politically: Bipolar System
Socially: Haves’ and Have-nots
States: Balance of Power
Globally: Anarchy
Ideologically: Capitalism and Communism

7.  Rise of US as World Power
 Iron curtain 1961
 Capitalism vs Communism
 The Marshall Plan —U.S.
Suspicion
 Creation of the NATO alliance
 The policy of containment 1940
 The Chinese communist
revolution in 1949
 In 1950, the Korean War
Important Events of
Cold War

8. Missile Crisis of 1962 & naval
blockade
 Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963
 Soviet Union invaded
Afghanistan in 1979 Important Events of
Cold War

9.  Disintegration of USSR
 Replacement of Bipolar System/ Unipolar
 Rise of Democratic-Capitalist Ideology
 Promotion of Social Democracy
 Dominance of Western Culture
 Selective Role of UN Security Council
Post
Cold War

11. How Cold War Impacted
Pakistan….
Pakistan’s Foreign Policy During
The Cold War

12. LETS SEE…!
WHAT’S HAPPENING IN
PAKISTAN DURING THE COLD
WAR..

13. Fifth and sixth Phase
Era of Post-Cold-War (1990-2001)
Era of Global Antiterrorism (2001- till
present)
Third and Fourth Phase
Era of Bilateralism (1963-78) Era of Non-Alignment (1979-89)
Phases of Foreign Policy of Pakistan
Era of Neutrality (1947-53) Era of Alliances (1954-62)

14. Era of Neutrality
(1947-53)
No Pacts/Agreement of War
Causes of Neutrality:
1. Cold War & Bipolar System
2. Kashmir, Water Issue/Initial Problems
3. Afghanistan (Durand Line, Pakhtunistan)
not recognized Pak-UN
4. Muslim state under colonial Powers
Pakistan had four options:
1. To remain Neutral
2. To rely on Muslim Countries
3. To Join Soviet Block
4. To Join Western alliances
Final Option:
1. Forth option

15. Era of Alliances
(1954-62)
Pacts/agreement of War
with two or more
countries
1. Joined SEATO, CENTO
2. Signed Defence Pact
Objective to Join Alliances
1. Economic Assistance
2. Modernization of Army
3. Hope to Resolve Kashmir issue
4. Security
Reconsideration of Alliances
1. US don’t supported-Kashmir
2. U-2 Incident
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=NPH9ZWMYImg
3. Suez Crisis

16. Suez Canal Crisis

17. Era of
Bilateralism
(1963-78)
Agreement with one country, Relations
with Third World, Socialist Countries.
1. Bilateral Relations with China
2. 1965 war Tashkent Agreement
3. Supported Arab-Israel War
4. Formed RCD
5. Withdrew form Alliances
6. Setting Up of O.I.C
7. 1971 war, Second O.I. C
Submit
Bhutt
o
Socialist
Zia
Capitalist
Vs

18. Era of Non-
Alignment
(1979-89)
No Bloc Politics,
1. CENTO ended in 1979
2. Russian invasion of
Afghanistan
3. SAARC
Objective of this era
1. Relations with China
2. Close relations with US
3. Eco-political ties with
Muslims
4. Policy of Non-alignment in
world affairs
5. Security
6. Nuclear Boost

19. Era of Post-Cold-
War (1990-2001)
End of Bipolar System, Started
Unipolar-Monopoly of US
• Gulf Crisis
• Dismantling of Warsaw
Pact/Soviet Union
• Collapse of USSR
• Tested Nuke at Chagai
• Nuclear Proliferation
Impacts on Pakistan
1. Pressurized to rollback Nuke
2. Terrorist Tag
3. Silenced on Kashmir

20. Era of Global
Antiterrorism (2001- Feb 2020)
War on Terror, Taliban Talks,
Withdrawal of Forces
1. 9/11- War on Terror
2. March-April 2003 Iraq
invasion
3. Operation Zarb-e-Azb-
2014
Pakistan had four option
1. To remain Neutral
2. To support US
3. To discard Taliban
4. To fight War on Terror