Magnetotelluric Method

2.  Introduction
 Basic Concept of MT Method
 MT Method from Data Acquisition to Interpretation
 MT Method in Indonesia: Success Story in Geothermal
Exploration

4.  History
 MT (Low Frequency 300-0.001 Hz) : Cagniard (1953), Kato and Kikuchi (1950),
Rikitake (1950,1951), and Tikonov (1950)
 AMT (10 Hz – 10 kHz) : 1960
 CSAMT (2 kHz – 1 Hz) : Goldstein (1971), David Strangway (1975), Zonge (1980)
 Worldwide applications
 MT has been popular for geothermal exploration, mineral exploration,
hydrocarbon exploration and regional geophysical mapping.
 It is used in oil exploration for low-cost reconnaissance of sedimentary basins and
for exploration in areas where seismic surveys are difficult because of severe
topography or the presence high-impedance volcanic rocks near the surface.
 Geothermal, hydrocarbon, mineral, tectonic

5. 1. MT method recently becomes popular in geothermal exploration, because of
its ability to detect deep subsurface information
2. MT can map structure and conductance of <180°C low resistivity smectite clay
zone capping the relatively resistive >200°C propylitic reservoir
3. MT can be integrated with geochemistry and geology to
 Develop a geothermal conceptual model
 Estimate resource capacity
 Target wells for high temperature permeability

7. Magnetotelluric (MT) methods have the following
features in common
A primary EM
field can be
man made or
natural
Measurement
of E and B
fields

8.  The magnetotelluric (MT) method is the
measurement of the Earth’s naturally occurring,
time-varying EM fields.
 The electromagnetic fields are generated by two
sources.
1. First is the interaction of the Earth’s
magnetic field with the solar wind
(charged particles emitted from the
sun) that results in fluctuations in the
magnetosphere.The fields resulting from
this interaction typically contain
frequencies below 1 Hz.
2. Second is the electromagnetic energy
that comes from lightning activity
which typically results in frequencies
above 1 Hz.

9.  Naturally occurring variations in the Earth's magnetic
field induce eddy currents in the Earth that are
detectable as electric (or telluric) field variations on
the surface.
 The magnetotelluric (MT) method is an
electromagnetic (EM) technique for determining the
resistivity distribution of the subsurface from
measurements of natural time-varying magnetic
and electric fields at the surface of the Earth.
 The ratio of the horizontal electric field to the
orthogonal horizontal magnetic field (termed the EM
impedance, Z), measured at a number of frequencies,
gives Earth resistivity as a function of frequency
or period, resulting in a form of depth sounding.
H : input E : output
Z, earth
t
D
j
H






t
B
E






Ionospheric Current

10. Transverse Magnetic Mode (TM):
• Magnetic field polarized parallel
to the strike direction.
• Electric field components are
confined to the y-z plane
2
2
.
0
x
y
yx
H
E
T


Transverse Electric Mode (TE):
• Electric field polarized parallel
to the strike direction.
• Magnetic field components are
confined to the y-z plane.
2
2
.
0
y
x
xy
H
E
T


strike
strike

12. • Uses natural EM signal
• > 5 km depth
• Records 14 hours
• 1-4 stations/equipment/day
• One station Remote
Reference

14.  Measuring Magnetic Field in remote (“noise free”) area
 Usually located more than 50 km from MT Sites
MT Station
MT Remote Reference

15. Types of MT Measurement:
 Line System (2-D Survey)
 Gridding System Survey (2-D and 3-D
Survey)

17. Impedances
Tipper, induction arrows,
impedance strikes, etc.
Time series data
FFT
MT Transfer function
SEG EDI format
Frequency domain data
Robust remote
process

18. Using Software Developed by
Geothermal Laboratory,
The University of Indonesia

19. Using Software Developed by Geothermal Laboratory,The
University of Indonesia

21. 3-D visualization can be constructed using GeoSlicer-X
software developed by the Geothermal Laboratory of UI
This software can be used for visualizing the subsurface
resistivity structure in:
3-D “cake” model
Horizontal Slice
Vertical Slice
Wireframe model
3-D Rotation

27. Typical Characteristics of
Geothermal System in
Indonesia:
• High terrain
• Deep (1-3 km) &
• Concealed reservoir
• Complex Structure
• Located in a dense jungle
• Some fields with long and
deep outflow

28. EXPLORATION TARGET:
GEOTHERMAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL & DRILLING
STRATEGY
Geochemistry
GEOPHYSICS:
• MT/TDEM
• Gravity
• MEQ
Geology
Geothermal
Conceptual Model
- Hidrology
- Up/Out Flow Zone
- Type of Fluids
- Structures
- Alteration Zone
- Lithology
- Reservoir Geometry
- Geological Structure
- Fracture Zone
DRILLING
STRATEGY

29. G. Pintau
G. Sibayak
G. Pratektekan
SE
NW
barat-laut
up-flow
out-flow
recharge
Reservoir
Clay Cap
(materials published in International Journal/Seminar/Symposium
by Daud et al.)

30. 30
SIBAYAK
GEOTHERMAL FIELD
Medan
Location of Sibayak Geothermal Field, Indonesia
Jakarta

31. 31
Some photos of Sibayak Geothermal Field, Indonesia

32.  Sibayak is situated in high terrain area inside Singkut caldera
 The stratigraphy of Sibayak area is composed of:
 Quaternary volcanic formation (upper)
 Pre-Tertiary to Tertiary sedimentary formation (lower):
 Predominantly sandstone, followed by shale and limestone
 Geological structures are controlled by volcanic and tectonic processes
 Manifestation is mainly found around the summit of Mt Sibayak
(solfataras, fumaroles, sulfate-bicarbonate to sulfate water) as well as
in the vicinity of caldera rim in the shouthern part.
32

33. 33
Legend :
Sibayak Hornblende
Andesite
Pintau Pyroxene
Andesite
Singkut Laharic
Breccia
Pratektekan
Hornblende Andesite
Singkut
Dacite-Andesite
Altered outcrop
Simpulanangin
Pyroxene Andesite
F1
Normal Fault
Caldera
Solfatara/Fumarole
Hotspring
0 m 1000 m
Scale
Mt. Pintau
Mt. Sibayak
Mt. Pratektekan
Mt. Simpulanangin
B
A
C
Mt. Singkut
F2
F4
F5
444 445 446 447 448 449
355
356
357
358
359
F3
QdaS
QlbS
QpaS
QpaP
QhaP
QhaS
QdaS
QlbS
QpaS
QhaP
QpaP
QhaS
Al
Al
Al
Al F1
Well Pad
F6
SBY-10
SBY-5
SBY-3
SBY-4
SBY-8
SBY-6
SBY-7
SBY-2
SBY-9
SBY-1 Well SBY-1
SBY-1
Geological map of Sibayak geothermal field
Zone with
Strong
Acid
Zone with
Scaling
Problem
NW
SE

34. 34
2-D inversion result of MT data along the profile Line NW-SE
Numbers inside the figure denote formation temperatures measured from wells
2-D Inversion of MT Data
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000
Distance (meter)
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Elevation
(meter)
139
218
270
306
74
110
236
254
99
266
256
SIB-132 SIB-131 SBK-119
SBK-218
SBK-205
SBK-216
SBK-211 SBK-104 SBK-207 SBK-201
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
480
520
560
600
640
680
720
760
800
840
880
920
960
1000
Ohm.m
NW NE
Up-dome shaped

35. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MT
RESISTIVITY
35
Mt. Pratektekan
Mt. Sibayak
Mt. Pintau
Mt. Singkut
Mt. Simpulanangin
Mt Uncim
10
5
3
4
8 6 7
9
2
-3000
-2800
-2600
-2400
-2200
-2000
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
100
200
300
400
600
meter (a.s.l)
442000 443000 444000 445000 446000 447000 448000 449000 450000
Easting (meter)
355000
356000
357000
358000
359000
360000
361000
362000
Northing
(meter)
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
Map showing spatial distribution of the interpreted up-domed shape of
resistive layer below the intense alteration cap

36. 36
G. Pintau
G. Sibayak
Caldera
Boundary
Caldera
Boundary
G. Pratektekan
Proposed
Production
Zone
Proposed
Reinjection Zone
Souteast
Northwest
barat-laut
up-flow
out-flow
recharge
Reservoir
Clay Cap

37. 37
Conceptual geothermal model of the Sibayak geothermal field.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000
Distance (meter)
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Elevation
(meter)
Reservoir Zone
Argillitic Altered Rock (resistivity = 5-10 ohm-m)
Prophylitic Altered Rock (resistivity = 50-200 ohm-m) Sedimentary rock
Mineral Deposition Hot-water flow
Cold-water flow
Singkut Caldera
Cluster A
Cluster B
200
250
300
Mt Pintau Mt Sibayak
5 3 48
1
2
Fumarole / Solfatara Hotspring
NW SE
Well Cluster
• High temperature (>300 C)
• High permeability-thickness (2-4 darcy-m)
• High production rate
(30~>50 t/hr of steam)

38. 38
Mt. Pratektekan
Mt. Sibayak
Mt. Pintau
Mt. Singkut
Mt. Simpulanangin
Mt Uncim
10
5
3
4
8 6 7
9
2
-3000
-2800
-2600
-2400
-2200
-2000
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
100
200
300
400
600
meter (a.s.l)
442000 443000 444000 445000 446000 447000 448000 449000 450000
Easting (meter)
355000
356000
357000
358000
359000
360000
361000
362000
Northing
(meter)
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
Upflow Zone
Outflow Zone
Outflow Zone
Natural Water
Recharge
Natural Water
Recharge
Hydrogeological map of the Sibayak geothermal field.
Proposed production and re-injection drillings are indicated with
the symbol

39.  Seismic reflection is a highly effective tool for imaging complex structures in
hydrocarbon exploration.
 However, in certain scenarios, seismic data quality can be severely diminished.
For example, near-surface carbonates and volcanic rocks can degrade the
quality of seismic data through static effects.
 Problems can also arise in overthrust belts, where high-velocity rocks are
emplaced over a low-velocity layer. In these situations, magnetotelluric can
be used to provide alternative or complementary information about the
subsurface structure.
 While seismic is able to image subsurface structure, it cannot detect changes in
resistivity. MT does detect resistivity variations in subsurface structures, which in
certain situation can differentiate between structures bearing hydrocarbons and
those that do not.

40. MT Application for
Hydrocarbon
Exploration inTurkey
(Watts and Pince, 1998)
Geological Model
MT Data Model Seismic Data Section

41. • Overthrusts are often associated with effective hydrocarbon
traps. As with subsalt exploration, this geometry can place high
velocity thrust sheets above lower velocity rocks, and resolution at
depth with seismic reflection exploration is compromised.
• In addition, weathering and static problems can seriously
degrade the quality of seismic data in this context.
• Can MT contribute in this situation? Again this geometry usually
corresponds to a low resistivity layer (a conductor) below a high
resistivity layer, which is again favourable for detection with MT.
Structural imaging in the Rocky Mountain Foothills
(Alberta) using magnetotelluric exploration
(Xiao & Unsworth, 2006)

42. MAGENTOTELLURIC (MT) METHOD:
SUCCESS STORY IN GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION
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