Hypotheses and its types Theoretical framework vs. Conceptual Framework Scope and Limitations Limitations vs. Delimitations Kinds of Variables Assumptions Definition of Terms

1. The Research Paper
and the Theoretical
Framework
Presenter: Mrs. Daphnie S. Monteverde

2. 2
HYPOTHESES

3. Hypotheses
3
-A temporary answer to a
research problem
-serves as guide as to what
process are needed in answering
the research questions and what
research design is to be
undertaken in the study

4. 4
REMEMBER
In qualitative research, hypotheses
may not be needed or may
emerge as the study progresses,
depending on the purpose of the
study.

5. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
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1. Scientific Hypothesis
-Provides an answer to a research
question based on the review of related
literature
-If conflicting results exist in the RL, the
researcher may consider those results
from researches conducted in similar
context as that of the present study

6. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
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2. Statistical Hypothesis
-Presents the standard hypothesis for the
statistical procedure to be employed in
the study
2 TYPES:
a. NULL
b. ALTERNATIVE

7. a. NULL HYPOTHESES
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-Suggests a negative relation
between variables.
-It negates the existences of a
characteristic, or a difference in
effect of the variables

8. b. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES
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-Suggests a positive relation
between variables.
-The existence of a
characteristics, or a difference in
effect of the variables

9. 9
THEORETICAL VS.
CONCEPTUAL

10. FRAMEWORK
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-Described as the abstract ,
logical structure of meaning that
guides the development of the
study
-all frameworks are based on the
identification of and relationships
among key concepts

11. 11
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
-adopted when a particular
theory is enough to provide
theoretical basis for the
conduct of the study

12. 12
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
-used when the concepts from
the different theory are
borrowed to provide bases
for an investigation, because
one theory does not cover all
the concerns of the study

13. 13
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
-adopted when a particular
theory is enough to provide
theoretical basis for the
conduct of the study

14. 14
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
-used when the concepts from
different theories are
borrowed to provide bases
for an investigation, because
one theory does not cover all
the concerns of the study

15. 15
RESEARCH PARADIGM
-a graphical representation of
the concepts
-encapsulates the entire
research idea

16. 16
Significance
Of the Study

17. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
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DEDUCTIVE
General to Specific
INDUCTIVE
Specific to General

18. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
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-explains how the study will be
beneficial to the different
stakeholders of the society
-identifies target beneficiaries or
target users of the current study

19. 19
Scope and
Limitations

20. Scope and DELimitations
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SCOPE
-determined by major variables
DELIMITATION
-identified by the sub-variables
and their characteristics, and
attributes or the indicators

21. Scope and DELimitations
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-beneficial to mention the locale
or setting of the research and
when the data will be gathered

22. Scope and Limitations
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-presents the variables or
subjects of the study, the extent
to which the research will cover,
the possible factors or nuances
that will be given focus on the
course of the study

23. ▸SCOPE
Covers the explanation
as to up to what extent
the researcher would
want to explore or
interpret in his/her
research
▸LIMITATIONS/
DELIMITATIONS
Which is a justification
as to the ‘limits’ or
boundaries of the
research
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24. ▸LIMITATIONS
-are conditions beyond
the control of the
researcher that may
cause restrictions and
make the conclusions to
be generalizable only to
the conditions set by the
researcher
▸DELIMITATIONS
-are the conditions that
the researcher
purposely controlled.
These are limits
beyond the control of
the study
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25. EXAMPLE (Cristobal, 2003)
The study assessed the intrapersonal and
interpersonal competencies of the school managers in
the Division of City Schools in Balanga, Bataan, school
year 2001-2002. The school managers that were
included in the study were the secondary school
principals and head teachers of national high schools in
the division, Moreover, teacher respondents included
only the teachers who are teaching Teknolohiya,
Edukasyong Pangkalusugan, at Pantahanan subject.
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26. 26
VARIABLE
-any factor or property that
a researcher measures,
controls, and/or
manipulates.

27. VARIABLE
▸CONCEPT
Can be defined by a
dictionary and is
commonly used by an
educator (e.g. age,
degree, weight, height,
civil status, etc.)
▸CONTRUCT
Usually combines 2
concepts
(e.g. level of
performance, nature of
environment, rate of
recovery, educational
attainment, etc.)
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28. KINDS OF VARIABLES
1. VARIABLES ACCDG. TO THE NUMBER OF
CATEGORIES
a. Categorical Variables -represent unordered
categories, groups, or classes
EX: multiple intelligences, learning styles
b. Dichotomous – represent only 2 categories
EX: sex, side, diabetes
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29. KINDS OF VARIABLES
1. VARIABLES ACCDG. TO THE NUMBER OF
CATEGORIES
c. Polychotomous Variables –have more than 2
categories
EX: educational attainment, economic status
d. Continuous Variables– take on any of a range
of value
EX: weight, height, speed, blood glucose level
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30. KINDS OF VARIABLES
2. VARIABLES USED IN AN EXPERIMENT
a. Independent Variables –are the cause
variables, the reasons of changes in the
dependent variables
b. Dependent Variables– refer to those that are
effected by the cause variables
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31. KINDS OF VARIABLES
3. VARIABLES ACCDG. TO THEIR NATURE
a. Concrete Variables –are variables that can be
perceived through the senses
EX: height, skin color, taste
b. Abstract Variables– are variables of quality
EX: knowledge level, perception level
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32. KINDS OF VARIABLES
3. VARIABLES ACCDG. TO THE NUMBER BEING
STUDIES
a. Univariate study –one variable being
studied
b. Bivariate study– 2 variables
c. Polyvariate study – more than 2 variables
being studied
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33. Assumptions
-are accepted cause-and-effect
relationships, or estimates the
existence of a fact from the
known existence of other facts.

34. Definition of Terms
1. Conceptual
2. Operational