Reporting in M.A.P.E.H. at Music for the First Grading Period containing some basic slide

2.  Impressionism is a 19th-century art
movement characterized by relatively small,
thin, yet visible brush strokes,
open composition, emphasis on accurate
depiction of light in its changing qualities
(often accentuating the effects of the passage
of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion
of movement as a crucial element of human
perception and experience, and unusual
visual angles. Impressionism originated with
a group of Paris-based artists whose
independent exhibitions brought them to
prominence during the 1870s and 1880s.

4.  Achille-Claude Debussy (French: [aʃil klod
dəbysi], 22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918), known
since the 1890s as Claude-Achille
Debussy or Claude Debussy, was a
French composer. He and Maurice Ravel were the
most prominent figures associated
with Impressionist music, though Debussy
disliked the term when applied to his
compositions. He was made Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour in 1903. He was among the
most influential composers of the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, and his use of non-traditional
scales and chromaticism influenced many
composers who followed.

5. • Aristtes Oubliees
• Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
• String Quartet
• Pellas et Melissande( 1895) – his operatic work that
drew mixed extreme reactions for its innovation
harmonies and textural treatments
• La Mer(1905) – a highly imaginative and atmospheric
work for orchestra about the sea.
• Images, Suite Bergamasque, and Estampes – his most
popular piano compositions: a set of lightly textured
pieces containing his signature work Claire de
Lune(Moonlight)

7.  Joseph Maurice Ravel (French: [ʒɔzɛf mɔʁis ʁavɛl]; 7 March
1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and
conductor. He is often associated with impressionism along
with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both
composers rejected the term. In the 1920s and 1930s, Ravel was
regarded as France's greatest living composer, both nationally
and internationally.
 Born to a music-loving family, Ravel attended France's
premier music college, the Paris Conservatoire; he was not
well regarded by its conservative establishment, whose biased
treatment of him caused a scandal. After leaving the
Conservatoire Ravel found his own way as a composer,
developing a style of great clarity, incorporating elements
of baroque, neoclassicism and, in his later works, jazz. He liked
to experiment with musical form, as in his best-known
work, Boléro (1928), in which repetition takes the place of
development. He made some orchestral arrangements of other
composers' music, of which his 1922 version
of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition is the best known.

8.  Pavane for a Dead Princess(1899)- slow but lyrical
requiem
 Jeux d’ Eau or Water Fountains(1901)
 String Quartet(1903)
 Sonatine for piano( c. 1904)
 Miroirs(Mirrors)(1905) – a work for a piano
known for its harmonic evolution and imagination
 Gaspard de la Nuit(1908) – a set of demonic –
inspired pieces based on the poems of Aloysius
Bertrand which is arguably the most difficult
pieces in the piano repertoire

9.  Valses Nobles et sentimentales(1911)
 Le Tambeau de Couperin( c. 1917) – a
commemoration of the musical advocacies
of the early 18th century French composer
Francois Couperin
 Rhapsodie Espagnole (1907 – 1908)
 Bolero (1875 – 1937)

10.  As the two major exponents of French
impressionism in music. Debussy and Ravel had
crossed path during their lifetime, although
Debussy was 13th years older than Ravel. While
their musical works sound quite similar in terms of
their harmonic and textural characteristics, the two
differed greatly in their personalities and approach
to music. Whereas Debussy was more spontaneous
and liberal in form, Ravel was very attentive to the
classical norms of musical structure and
compositional craftsmanship. Debussy was more
casual in his portrayal of visual imagery while
Ravel was more formal and exacting in the
development of his motive ideas.

12.  Arnold Franz Walter
Schoenberg or Schönberg (German: [ˈaːʁnɔlt
ˈʃøːnbɛʁk] ( listen); 13 September 1874 – 13 July
1951) was an Austrian composer, music
theorist, and painter. He was associated with
the expressionist movement in German poetry
and art, and leader of the Second Viennese
School. By 1938, with the rise of the Nazi Party,
Schoenberg's works were labelled degenerate
music, because he was Jewish (Anon. & 1997–
2013). He moved to the United States in 1934.
 Schoenberg's approach, both in terms of
harmony and development, has been one of the
most influential of 20th-century musical
thought. Many European and American
composers from at least three generations have
consciously extended his thinking, whereas
others have passionately reacted against it.

13.  Verklarte Nacht, Three Pieces for Piano, op. II
 Pierrot Lunaire
 Gurreleider
 Verklarte Nacht( Tansfigured Night, 1899 ) –
one of his earliest successful pieces, which
blends the lyricism, instrumentation, and
melodic beauty of Brahms with the
chromaticism and construction of Wagner.

15.  Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (sometimes
spelled Strawinski, Strawinsky,
or Stravinskii; Russian: И́горь Фёдорович
Страви́нский, tr.Igorʹ Fëdorovič Stravinskij; IPA: [ˈiɡərʲ
ˈfʲɵdərəvʲɪtɕ strɐˈvʲinskʲɪj]; 17 June [O.S. 5 June] 1882 – 6
April 1971) was a Russian-born composer, pianist,
and conductor. He is widely considered one of the
most important and influential composers of the 20th
century.
 Stravinsky's compositional career was notable for its
stylistic diversity. He first achieved international fame
with three ballets commissioned by
the impresario Serge Diaghilev and first performed in
Paris by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: The
Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911) and the Rite of
Spring (1913). The last of these transformed the way in
which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic
structure and was largely responsible for Stravinsky's
enduring reputation as a musical revolutionary who
pushed the boundaries of musical design

16.  His "Russian phase" which continued
with works such as Renard, the Soldier's
Tale and Les Noces, was followed in the
1920s by a period in which he turned
to neoclassical music. The works from this
period tended to make use of traditional
musical forms (concerto
grosso, fugue and symphony), drawing on
earlier styles, especially from the 18th
century. In the 1950s, Stravinsky
adopted serial procedures. His
compositions of this period shared traits
with examples of his earlier output:
rhythmic energy, the construction of
extended melodic ideas out of a few two-
or three-note cells and clarity of form, and

17. Aside from impressionism, other innovative
musical styles arose within the 20th century.
Among these were the following.
 Primitivism
 Neo – classicism
 Avant – garde music
 Modern nationalism


19.  Primitivism is a Western art movement that
borrows visual forms from non-Western or
prehistoric peoples, such as Paul Gauguin's
inclusion of Tahitian motifs in paintings and
ceramics. Borrowings from primitive art has
been important to the development of modern
art.[1]
 The term "primitivism" is often applied to other
professional painters working in the style
of naïve or folk art like Henri
Rousseau, Mikhail Larionov, Paul Klee and
others.

21.  Béla Viktor János Bartók (/ˈbɑːrtɒk, -
toʊk/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbeːlɒ
ˈbɒrtoːk]; 25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945)
was a Hungarian composer, pianist and an
ethnomusicologist. He is considered one of the
most important composers of the 20th century;
he and Liszt are regarded as Hungary's
greatest composers (Gillies 2001). Through his
collection and analytical study of folk music, he
was one of the founders of comparative
musicology, which later
became ethnomusicology.

23.  Neoclassicism (from Greek νέος nèos, "new"
and Latin classicus, "of the highest rank")[1] is the name
given to Western movements in the decorative and
visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture
that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and
culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome.
Neoclassicism was born in Rome in the mid-18th
century, but its popularity spread all over Europe, as a
generation of European art students finished
their Grand Tour and returned from Italy to their home
countries with newly rediscovered Greco-Roman
ideals.[2] The main Neoclassical movement coincided
with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and
continued into the early 19th century, laterally
competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style
continued throughout the 19th, 20th and up to the 21st
century

24.  European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began c. 1760 in
opposition to the then-dominant Baroque and Rococo styles.
Rococo architecture emphasizes grace, ornamentation and
asymmetry; Neoclassical architecture is based on the
principles of simplicity and symmetry, which were seen as
virtues of the arts of Rome and Ancient Greece, and were
more immediately drawn from 16th-century Renaissance
Classicism. Each "neo"-classicism selects some models among
the range of possible classics that are available to it, and
ignores others. The Neoclassical writers and talkers, patrons
and collectors, artists and sculptors of 1765–1830 paid
homage to an idea of the generation of Phidias, but the
sculpture examples they actually embraced were more likely
to be Roman copies of Hellenistic sculptures. They ignored
both Archaic Greek art and the works of Late Antiquity. The
"Rococo" art of ancient Palmyra came as a revelation, through
engravings in Wood's The Ruins of Palmyra. Even Greece was
all-but-unvisited, a rough backwater of the Ottoman Empire,
dangerous to explore, so Neoclassicists' appreciation of Greek
architecture was mediated through drawings and engravings,
which subtly smoothed and regularized, "corrected" and
"restored" the monuments of Greece, not always consciously.

26.  Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (/prəˈkɒfiɛf, proʊ-
, -ˈkɔː-, -ˈkoʊ-, -jɛf, -jɛv, -
iəf/;[1][2][3] Russian: Сергей Сергеевич
Прокофьев, tr. Sergej Sergejevič Prokofjev;[n
1][4][5] 27 April 1891 – 5 March 1953) was
a Soviet composer, pianist and conductor. As the
creator of acknowledged masterpieces across
numerous musical genres, he is regarded as one
of the major composers of the 20th century. His
works include such widely heard works as the
March from The Love for Three Oranges, the
suite Lieutenant Kijé, the ballet Romeo and Juliet –
from which "Dance of the Knights" is taken –
and Peter and the Wolf. Of the established forms
and genres in which he worked, he created –
excluding juvenilia – seven completed operas,
seven symphonies, eight ballets, five piano
concertos, two violin concertos, a cello concerto,
a Symphony-Concerto for cello and orchestra,

27.  A graduate of the St Petersburg Conservatory,
Prokofiev initially made his name as an iconoclastic
composer-pianist, achieving notoriety with a series of
ferociously dissonant and virtuosic works for his
instrument, including his first two piano concertos. In
1915 Prokofiev made a decisive break from the
standard composer-pianist category with his
orchestral Scythian Suite, compiled from music
originally composed for a ballet commissioned
by Sergei Diaghilev of the Ballets Russes. Diaghilev
commissioned three further ballets from Prokofiev –
Chout, Le pas d'acier and The Prodigal Son – which at
the time of their original production all caused a
sensation among both critics and colleagues.
Prokofiev's greatest interest, however, was opera, and
he composed several works in that genre,
including The Gambler and The Fiery Angel. Prokofiev's
one operatic success during his lifetime was The Love
for Three Oranges, composed for the Chicago
Opera and subsequently performed over the
following decade in Europe and Russia.

29.  Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (French: [fʁɑ̃sis ʒɑ̃ maʁsɛl
pulɛ̃k]; 7 January 1899 – 30 January 1963) was a French
composer and pianist. His compositions include mélodies, solo
piano works, chamber music, choral pieces, operas, ballets, and
orchestral concert music. Among the best-known are the piano
suite Trois mouvements perpétuels (1919), the ballet Les
biches (1923), the Concert champêtre (1928) for harpsichord and
orchestra, the Organ Concerto (1938), the opera Dialogues des
Carmélites (1957), and the Gloria (1959) for soprano, choir and
orchestra.
 Poulenc's wealthy family intended him for a business
career in the Rhone Poulenc family company and did not
allow him to enrol at a music college. Largely self-educated
musically, he studied with the pianist Ricardo Viñes, who
became his mentor after the composer's parents died.
Poulenc soon came under the influence of Erik Satie, under
whose tutelage he became one of a group of young
composers known collectively as Les Six. In his early works
Poulenc became known for his high spirits and irreverence.
During the 1930s a much more serious side to his nature
emerged, particularly in the religious music he composed
from 1936 onwards, which he alternated with his more
light-hearted works.

30.  "Les Six" (pronounced [le sis]) is a name given to a
group of six French composers who worked
in Montparnasse. The name, inspired by Mily
Balakirev's The Five, originates in critic Henri
Collet's 1920 article "Les cinq Russes, les six
Français et M. Satie" (Comœdia (fr), 16 January
1920). Their music is often seen as a reaction
against the musical style of Richard Wagner and
the impressionist music of Claude
Debussy and Maurice Ravel.
 The members were Georges Auric (1899–
1983), Louis Durey (1888–1979), Arthur
Honegger (1892–1955), Darius Milhaud (1892–
1974), Francis Poulenc (1899–1963), and Germaine
Tailleferre (1892–1983).

32.  Avant-garde music is music that is
considered to be at the forefront of
experimentation or innovation in its field,
with the term "avant-garde" implying a
critique of existing aesthetic conventions,
rejection of the status quo in favor of
unique or original elements, and the idea
of deliberately challenging or alienating
audiences.


34.  George Jacob Gershwin (/ˈɡɜːrʃ.wɪn/; September 26,
1898 – July 11, 1937) was an
American composer and pianist.[1][2] Gershwin's
compositions spanned both popular and classical
genres, and his most popular melodies are widely
known. Among his best-known works are the
orchestral compositions Rhapsody in Blue (1924) and An
American in Paris (1928) as well as the opera Porgy and
Bess (1935).
 Gershwin studied piano under Charles Hambitzer and
composition with Rubin Goldmark, Henry Cowell and
Joseph Brody. He began his career as a song plugger,
but soon started composing Broadway theatre works
with his brother Ira Gershwin and Buddy DeSylva. He
moved to Paris intending to study with Nadia
Boulanger, who refused him, where he began to
compose An American in Paris. After returning to New
York City, he wrote Porgy and Bess with Ira and the
author DuBose Heyward. Initially a commercial
failure, Porgy and Bess is now considered one of the
most important American operas of the twentieth
century.

36.  Leonard Bernstein (/ˈbɜːrnstaɪn/ BURN-
styne;[1] August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990)
was an American composer, conductor,
author, music lecturer, and pianist. He was
among the first conductors born and educated
in the US to receive worldwide acclaim.
According to music critic Donal Henahan, he
was "one of the most prodigiously talented
and successful musicians in American
history."[2]
 His fame derived from his long tenure as the
music director of the New York Philharmonic,
from his conducting of concerts with most of
the world's leading orchestras, and from his
music for West Side Story, Peter
Pan,[3] Candide, Wonderful Town, On the
Town, On the Waterfront, his Mass, and a range
of other compositions, including three
symphonies and many shorter chamber and
solo works.

38.  Philip Morris Glass (born January 31,
1937)[1] is an American composer. He is widely
regarded as one of the most influential
musicians of the late 20th century.[2][3][4]
 Glass's compositions have been described
as minimal music, similar to other "minimalist"
composers including La Monte Young, Steve
Reich and Terry Riley.[5] However, Glass has
described himself instead as a composer of
"music with repetitive structures",[6] which he
has helped evolve stylistically.[7][8]
 Glass founded the Philip Glass Ensemble, with
which he still performs on keyboards. He has
written numerous operas and musical theatre
works, eleven symphonies, eleven concertos,
seven string quartets and various
other chamber music, and film scores. Three of
his film scores have been nominated
for Academy Awards.

40.  A looser form of 20th century music
development focused on nationalist
composers and musical innovators who
sought to combine modern techniques
with folk materials. However, this
common ground stopped there, for the
defferent breeds of nationalists formed
their own styles of writing. In Eastern
Europe, prominent figures of this style
include the Hungarian Bela Bartok and the
Russian Sergei Prokofieff, who were neo-
classicist to a certain extent.

41.  A number of the outstanding composers of the
20th century each made their own distinctive
mark on the contemporary classical music
styles that developed. Claude Debussy and
Maurice Ravel were the primary exponents of
impressionism, while Arnold Schoenberg was
the primary exponent of expressionism, with
the use of the twelve – tone scale and atonality.
Igor Stravinsky was also an expressionist and a
neo – classical composer. He incorporated
nationalists elements in his music, known for
his skills handling of materials and his
rhythmic inventiveness.

42.  Bela Bartok was a neo – classical, modern
nationalist, and the primitivist composer who
adopted Hungarian folk themes to introduce
rhythms with changing meters and heavy
syncopation. Sergei Prokofieff is regarded
today as a combination of neo – calssicist,
nationalist, and avant – garde composer. France
Poulenc was a successful composer for piano,
voice and choral music. His compositions had a
cooly elegant modernity tempered by a classical
sense of proportion.
 George Gershwin is considered the “Father of
America Jazz” His work range from classical
compositions to songs for stage film. Leonard
Bernstein is best known for his compositions for
the stage and his music lectures for young
people. Phillip Glass is a commercially
successful minimalist and avant – garde
composer.

43. 1. What group of people inspired of Bartok’s
compositions?
2. Which Russian composer created the music for
the ballet The Firebird?
3. Who is considered the foremost impressionist
4. What kind of musical style is attributed to
Schoenberg and Stravinsky
5. Who was the target audience of Prokofieff’s Peter
and the Wolf?
6. Give an example of a musical work of each of the
following composers. Write your answer in the
table below.

44. Composers Title of Musical Work
Debussy
Ravel
Schoenberg
Stravinsky
Bartok
Prokofieff
Poulenc
Gershwin
Benstein
Glass

46.  New inventions and discoveries science and
technology had led to continuing
developments in the field of music. Electronic
devices such as the early cassette tape
recorders; players for compact discs(CDs),
video compact discs (VCDs), and digital video
discs(DVDs); MP3 and MP4 players; the Ipod;
karaoke players; mobile and android phones;
and synthesizers have been increasingly used
for creating and recording music that is meant
to be added to or to replace acoustical sounds
made with traditional instruments.

47.  The capacity of electronic machines such as
synthesizers, amplifiers, tape recorders, and
loudspeakers to create different sounds was
put to creative use by 20th century composers
like Edgar Varese, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and
Mario Davidovsky.

48.  Music that uses the tape recorder is called
musique concrete, or concrete music. The
composers records different sounds that are
heard in the environment such as the bustle of
traffic, the sounds of the wind, the barking
dogs, the strumming of guitar, or the cry of an
infant. These sounds are arranged by the
composer in different ways, for example, by
playing the tape recorder in its fastest mode or
in reverse. In musique concrete, the composer is
able to experiment with different sounds that
cannot be produced by regular musical
instruments such as the piano or the violin