Social Science - Politics And Governance

1. 1898-1941

2. OBJECTIVES:
• To discuss the organic law applied
by the American Law in the
Philippines.
• To give recognize for those Filipino
who sought and fight for the
freedom of the Philippines.

3. ORGANIC LAW
The fundamental law or constitution of a
particular state or nation, either written or
unwritten, that defines and establishes the
manner in which its government will be
organized.

4. A basic law for the Insular Government that
was enacted by the United States Congress
on July 1, 1902. It is also known as
the Philippine Bill of 1902 and the Cooper
Act, after its author Henry A. Cooper. The
approval of the act coincided with the official
end of the Philippine–American War. The
bill proposed the creation and
administration of a civil government in the
Philippines. President Theodore Roosevelt
signed it into law in July 2, 1902.
Philippine Bill of 1902
Henry A.
Cooper

5. Here are some of the more important provisions of the Cooper Act:
• Ratification of all changes introduced in the Philippine government by the president
of the U.S., such as the establishment of the Philippine Commission, the office of
the civil governor and the Supreme court
• Extension of the American Bill of Rights to the Filipinos except the right of trial by
jury
• Creation of bicameral legislative body, with the Philippine Commission as the
upper house and a still-to-be-elected Philippine Assembly as the Lower House
• Retention of the executive powers of the civil governor, who was also president of
the Philippine Commission
• Designation of the Philippine Commission as the legislating authority for non-
Christian tribes
• Retention of the Judicial powers of the Supreme court and other lower courts
• Appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners who would represent the
Philippines in the US Congress but would not enjoy voting rights
• Conservation of Philippine natural resources

6. The Jones Law (39 Stat. 545, c. 416), also known
as the Jones Act, the Philippine Autonomy Act,
and the Act of Congress of August 29, 1916, was
an Organic Act accepted by the United States
Congress. The law replaced the Philippine Organic
Act of 1902 and acted like a constitution of the
Philippines from its enactment until 1934 when
the Tydings–McDuffie Act was passed (which in
turn led eventually to the Commonwealth of the
Philippines and to independence from the United
States). The Jones Law created the first fully
elected Philippine legislature.

7. The Philippine Legislature was the legislative body of
the Philippines from 1907 to 1935, during the American Colonial Period.
It was a bicameral legislature of the Insular Government and was
established by the Philippine Organic Act of 1902. The
legislature's upper house was the appointed Philippine Commission,
headed by the American Governor General (who also served as
the executive), and its lower house was the elected Philippine Assembly.
The Jones Law of 1916 abolished the Philippine Commission and
reorganized the Philippine Legislature as a fully elected bicameral
legislature composed of a Senate and House of Representatives,
precursors to today's Senate of the Philippines and House of
Representatives of the Philippines.

8. The law also changed the Philippine Legislature into the
Philippines' first fully elected body and therefore made it
more autonomous of the U.S. Government. While the
1902 Philippine Organic Act provided for an elected lower
house (the Philippine Assembly), the upper
house (the Philippine Commission) was appointed. The
Jones Law provided for both houses to be elected and
changed the name of the Assembly to the House of
Representatives. The executive branch continued to be
headed by an appointed Governor General of the
Philippines, always an American.
JONES LAW

9. The law, enacted by the 64th United States Congress on
August 29, 1916, contained the first formal and official
declaration of the United States Federal Government's
commitment to grant independence to the Philippines and
was a framework for a "more autonomous government",
with certain privileges reserved to the United States to
protect its sovereign rights and interests, in preparation for
the grant of independence by the United States. The law
provides that the grant of independence would come only
"as soon as a stable government can be established", which
was to be determined by the United States Government
itself.

10. The Tydings–McDuffie Act (officially
the Philippine Independence Act; Public Law
73-127) approved on March 24, 1934 was
a United States federal law which provided for
self-government of the Philippines and for
Filipino independence (from the United States)
after a period of twelve years. It was authored
by Maryland Senator Millard E. Tydings and
Alabama Representative John McDuffie.
In 1934, Philippine politician Manuel L.
Quezon headed a "Philippine Independence
mission" to Washington, DC that successfully
secured the act's passage in Congress.
(Tydings-McDuffie Law)
The Philippine Independence Act
Sen. Millard
E. Tydings
Sen. John
McDuffie

11. The Tydings–McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of
a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the
government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting
of Philippine independence, during which the US would
maintain military forces in the Philippines. The transition government,
called the Philippine Commonwealth, was democratically-elected and run
by President Manuel Quezon and Vice President Sergio Osmena,
Furthermore, during this period the American President was granted the
power to call into military service all military forces of the Philippine
government. The act permitted the maintenance of US naval bases, within
this region, for two years after independence.
The act reclassified all Filipinos that were living in the United States
as aliens for the purposes of immigration to America. Filipinos were no
longer allowed to work legally in the US, and a quota of 50 immigrants per
year was established.

12. Salient provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie Law:
1. The organization of constitutional Convention that draw up the
fundamental law of the land.
2. The election of the leaders of Philippine Commonwealth
3. The recognition of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.
4. The right of United States to establish military bases in the country
5. Granting the United States president the power to call on all military
forces of the Philippines into service.
6. Reclassifying all Filipinos as aliens and limiting immigration to the
United Sates to 50 persons per year.
The Tydings-McDuffie law also specified that the Philippines would
practice neutrality. Meaning, it could not go to war without permission of
the United States except when it had to protect itself.

13. Filipino who sought
freedom for the
Philippines

14. He is remembered as the "Hero of Tirad
Pass" and to the Americans as an "Officer
and a Gentleman." Pilar, at 24, was the
youngest general in the Revolutionary Army,
who fought bravely against the Americans,
with only 60 men. On December 2, 1899, he
was killed in the Tirad Pass while
commanding Aguinaldo's rearguard. Before
his death, he wrote, "I am surrounded by
fearful odds that will overcome me and my
gallant men, but I am pleased to die fighting
for my beloved country." The Tirad Pass has
been declared a national shrine.
Gregorio Del
Pilar

15. He is the founder the Katipunan, a secret
organization aimed to overthrow Spanish
sovereignty in the Philippines. Its full name
was Kataas-taasan Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng Mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and
Most Respected Association of the Sons of the
Country), and was known by its
intitials K.K.K. Bonifacio is also known as the
"Great Plebian." He and Emilio Jacinto issued
stirring literature to arouse people to revolt against
the Spaniards. On August 23, 1896, Bonifacio
assembled his men at Balintawak, tore their
cedulas (poll tax), and declared the start of
rebellion. However, a conflict of leadership
developed between he and Emilio Aguinaldo, who
was leading the struggle in his home province of
Cavite. After this power struggle, on May 10, 1897,
Emilio
Aguinaldo

16. She is a famous heroine in Philippine
history. She was married to Fulgencio
Ramos with whom she had six children. In
1896, the Katipuneros of Andres
Bonifacio declared war on her land against
the Spaniards. Secret meeting of the
Katipuneros were held at her house, and
she tended Filipinos who managed to
escape by dressing their wounds, feeding
them, and hiding them from the
Spaniards. Soon, the Spaniards learned
about her cause and the underground
meetings, and she was exiled
to Marianas along with 171 Filipinos charged
with rebellion. In 1903, she came back
under the American regime. On March 2,
1919, she died, at the age of 107. She was
Melchora
Aquino

17. Mabini served as General Emilio
Aguinaldo's adviser. He advised
Aguinaldo to change the dictatorial form
of government to revolutionary. He
organized the municipalities, and
provinces, and the judiciary and the
police forces, and formulated army
regulations. When the revolutionary
congress convened at Barasoain,
Malolos, Bulacan, he was Aguinaldo's
Prime Minister.
He helped outline the Malolos
constitution. Hence, he was aptly called
the "Brains of the Revolution” and
“Sublime Paralytic”. He continued writing
articles advocating for reforms while in
hiding, but was captured by the
Apolinario
Mabini

18. The three priests, all graduates of the
University of Sto. Tomas, were brilliant men
who used their education to fight for
reforms to break the 300 year old
dominance of the Spanish government.
They headed the secularization movement
which alleviated the plight of Filipino priests
by insisting on the prior right of the native
secular clergy to assignment in parishes
over that of the friars newly arrived from
Spain. Burgos, the youngest and most
brilliant of the three, was especially
vulnerable in this regard since he was the
synodal examiner of parish priests. He got
into a tiff more than once with then
Archbishop of Manila Gregorio Martinez in
this regard.
It was after the execution of
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
Apolonio Burgos and Jacinto
Zamora on February 17, 1873
that this needed impetus to
fight for freedom came.

19. Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (November
30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a Filipino
revolutionary leader and one of the main
leaders of the
Philippine Revolution against Spanish
colonial rule in the late 19th century. He
is regarded as the "Father of the
Philippine Revolution" and one of the
most influential national heroes of
his country. A Freemason, Bonifacio was
the leading founder of the Katipunan
organization which aimed to start an
independence movement against Spain.
Andres Bonifacio

20. Jose Rizal, our national hero, was born in Calamba,
Laguna. His parents were Francisco Mercado
Rizal and Teodora Alonso. He was educated in
Europe and obtained his license in ophthalmology
and philosophy in France. He wrote Noli Me Tangere
(Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Rebel) in
Europe, which told about the oppression of Spanish
colonial rule. In 1892, when Rizal returned to the
Philippines, he formed La Liga Filipina, a forum for
Filipinos to express their hopes for reform and
freedom from the oppressive Spanish colonial
administration. He was arrested as a revolutionary
and was exiled in Dapitan, Mindanao. His writings
and La Liga Filipina were banned. Later, he was
imprisoned in Fort Santiago, Manila after a trial.
On December 30, 1896, he was executed by a firing
squad at Bagumbayan, now known as Luneta, in
Manila for spreading ideals of revolution.
Jose Rizal