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wind,storms and hurricanes
- 1. Class #7: Monday, September 13, 2010 Hurricanes Chapter 15 1Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 2. Review for test #1 • Chapter 2, pp. 30-49 • Chapter 3, pp. 58-64; 73-75 • Chapter 7, p. 174 • Chapter 9, pp. 224-5; 232-4, 238-44 • Chapter 10, pp. 260-266; 268 • Chapter 15, pp. 412-436 • Chapter 17, pp. 470-483 Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010 2
- 3. Fig. 15-CO, p. 410 3Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 4. Tropical Weather • Noon sun is always high, seasonal temperature changes small • Daily heating and humidity = cumulus clouds and afternoon thunderstorms • Non-squall clusters, tropical squall line, tropical wave • Seasons defined by precipitation (higher sun season/ITCZ) as opposed to temperature 4Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 5. 5Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 6. Anatomy of a Hurricane • Intense storm of tropical origin with winds greater than 64kts; typhoon (N. Western Pacific), cyclone (Indian Ocean), tropical cyclone (Aust.) • Eye, center, break in clouds, sinking air, lowest p • Eye wall, intense thunderstorms, upward motion • Spiral rain bands, principal rain band to northeast • Anticyclonic divergence aloft over the storm • Latent heat comes from ocean surface evaporation in strong winds, warm Temperatures 6Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 7. Fig. 15-2, p. 413 7Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 8. Fig. 15-3, p. 414 8Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 9. Stepped Art Fig. 15-3, p. 414 9Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 10. Fig. 15-4, p. 415 10Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 11. Fig. 15-5, p. 415 11Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 12. Fig. 15-6, p. 415 12Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 13. Hurricane Formation and Dissipation The Right Environment Tropical waters with light wind, high humidity 26.5°C sea surface temperatures (June-November) Surface convergence trigger (tropical wave) Coriolis effect: 5-20º latitude Weak vertical wind shear, weak winds aloft The Developing Storm Cluster of thunderstorms around a rotating low pressure center Release of latent heat, divergence aloft 13Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 14. 14Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 15. 15Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 16. 16Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 17. Hurricane Formation and Dissipation • The Storm Dies Out – Cold water, land • Hurricane Stages of Development – Tropical Disturbance – Tropical Depression (22-34kts) – Tropical Storm (35-64kts) – Hurricane (> 65kts) 17Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 18. 18Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 19. Fig. 1, p. 419 19Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 20. Hurricane Formation and Dissipation Topic: Hurricanes and Mid-latitude Storms Hurricane warm core low Mid-latitude cold-core low Arctic hurricanes Hurricane + upper level trough = mid-latitude cyclone Hurricane movement General track: west, northwest, northeast Much variation 20Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 21. 21Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 22. 22Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 23. Stepped Art Fig. 15-12, p. 421 23Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 24. 24Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 25. Fig. 15-14, p. 422 25Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 26. Naming Hurricane and Tropical Storms • Process has changed over the years: – Latitude and longitude – Letters of the alphabet – Alphabetical female names – Alphabetical, alternating female and male names – Retirement (Katrina, Camille) 26Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 27. Devastating Wind, Storm Surge, and Flooding • Highest winds on the eastern side of storm (wind + speed of storm) • Swell • Storm surge on north side of storm (tide) • Coastal flooding • River flooding • Hurricane spawned tornadoes • Saffir-Simpson scale – 1 weakest, 5 strongest 27Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 28. 28Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 29. Table 15-1a, p. 423 29Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 30. Table 15-1b, p. 423 30Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 31. 31Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 32. Fig. 15-3, p. 414 32Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 33. 33Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 34. Fig. 2, p. 425 34Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 35. Fig. 3, p. 425 35Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 36. 36Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 37. Some Notable Storms • Camille 1969 • Hugo 1989 • Andrew 1992 • Ivan 2004 • Katrina 2005 37Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 38. Some Notable Storms Observation: Atlantic Hurricanes 2004-2005 Abnormally warm ocean water and weak vertical sheer allowed for high frequency of hurricanes Environmental Issue: Hurricanes in a Warmer World No clear answer, need more data Intensity and frequency most likely to be impacted. 38Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 39. Table 15-2, p. 426 39Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 40. Table 15-3, p. 427 40Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 41. Fig. 15-18, p. 428 41Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 42. Fig. 15-19, p. 428 42Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 43. Fig. 15-20, p. 429 43Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 44. Fig. 15-21, p. 429 44Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 45. Fig. 15-22, p. 430 45Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 46. Fig. 15-22, p. 430 46Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 47. Fig. 15-22, p. 430 47Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 48. Fig. 15-23, p. 430 48Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 49. Fig. 4, p. 431 49Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 50. Stepped Art Fig. 4, p. 431 50Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 51. Fig. 15-24, p. 432 51Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 52. Fig. 15-25, p. 432 52Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 53. Fig. 15-26, p. 433 53Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 54. Fig. 15-27, p. 433 54Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 55. Fig. 5, p. 434 55Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 56. Hurricane Watches, Warnings, and Forecasts • Watch issued 24-48 hours before hurricane expected to make landfall • Warning issued when storm expected to strike coast within 24 hours and probability of strike in a given location provided. 56Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 57. 57Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 58. Stepped Art Fig. 15-27, p. 433 58Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 59. Fig. 6, p. 434 59Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
- 60. Modifying Hurricanes • Operation STORMFURY: seed clouds to create rain, weaken hurricane, and reduce winds; no conclusive evidence it was effective • Oil or film on water to reduce evaporation and latent heat available to storms 60Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010
Notas do Editor
- Hurricane Katrina over the Gulf of Mexico on August 28, 2005. With sustained winds of 152 knots (175 mi/hr) and a central pressure near 907 mb (26.78 in.), this large and powerful Category 5 hurricane takes aim on Louisiana and Mississippi.
- FIGURE 15.1 A tropical wave (also called an easterly wave) moving off the coast of Africa over the Atlantic. The wave is shown by the bending of streamlines — lines that show wind fl ow patterns. (The heavy dashed green line is the axis of the trough.) The wave moves slowly westward, bringing fair weather on its western side and rain showers on its eastern side.
- Figure 15.2 Hurricane Elena over the Gulf of Mexico about 130 km (80 mi) southwest of Apalachicola, Florida, as photographed from the space shuttle Discovery during September, 1985. Because this storm is situated north of the equator, surface winds are blowing counterclockwise about its center (eye). The central pressure of the storm is 955 mb, with sustained winds of 105 knots near its eye.
- Figure 15.3 A model that shows a vertical view of air motions and clouds in a typical hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere. The diagram is exaggerated in the vertical. Visit the Meteorology Resource Center to view this and other active figures at academic.cengage.com/login.
- Figure 11.3: A model that shows a vertical view of air motions and clouds in a typical hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere. The diagram is exaggerated in the vertical. Watch this Active Figure on ThomsonNow website at www.thomsonedu.com/login.
- Figure 15.4 The cloud mass is Hurricane Katrina’s eyewall, and the clear area is Katrina’s eye photographed inside the eye on August 28, 2005, from a NOAA reconnaissance (hurricane hunter) aircraft. For a satellite image of the storm on this day, look at the opening photo on p. 410.
- Figure 15.5 A three-dimensional TRMM satellite view of Hurricane Katrina passing over the central Gulf of Mexico on August 28, 2005. The cutaway view shows concentric bands of heavy rain (red areas inside the clouds) encircling the eye. Notice that the heaviest rain (largest red area) occurs in the eyewall. The isolated tall cloud tower (in red) in the northern section of the eyewall indicates a cloud top of 16 km (52,000 ft) above the ocean surface. Such tall clouds in the eyewall often indicate that the storm is intensifying.
- Figure 15.6 Arrows show surface winds spinning counterclockwise around Hurricane Dora situated over the eastern tropical Pacific during August, 1999. Colors indicate surface wind speeds. Notice that winds of 80 knots (92 mi/hr) are encircling the eye (the dark dot in the center). Wind speed and direction obtained from QuikSCAT satellite. (NASA/JPL)
- FIGURE 15.7 Hurricanes form over warm, tropical waters. This image shows where sea surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic exceed 28oC (82oF) — warm enough for tropical storm development — during May, 2002.
- FIGURE 15.8 The total number of hurricanes and tropical storms (red shade) and hurricanes only (yellow shade) that have formed during the past 100 years in the Atlantic Basin — the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. (NOAA)
- FIGURE 15.9 The top diagram shows an intensifying tropical cyclone. As latent heat is released inside the clouds, the warming of the air aloft creates an area of high pressure, which induces air to move outward, away from the high. The warming of the air lowers the air density, which in turn lowers the surface air pressure. As surface winds rush in toward the surface low, they extract sensible heat, latent heat, and moisture from the warm ocean. As the warm, moist air flows in toward the center of the storm, it is swept upward into the clouds of the eyewall. As warming continues, surface pressure lowers even more, the storm intensifi es, and the winds blow even faster. This situation increases the transfer of heat and moisture from the ocean surface. The middle diagram illustrates how the air pressure drops rapidly as you approach the eye of the storm. The lower diagram shows how surface winds normally reach maximum strength in the region of the eyewall.
- FIGURE 15.10 Visible satellite image showing four tropical systems, each in a different stage of its life cycle.
- Figure 1 Surface weather map for the morning of September 23, 2005, showing Hurricane Rita over the Gulf of Mexico and a middle-latitude storm system north of New England.
- FIGURE 15.11 Regions where tropical storms form (orange shading), the names given to storms, and the typical paths they take (red arrows).
- FIGURE 15.12 Some erratic paths taken by hurricanes.
- Figure 11.11: Some erratic paths taken by hurricanes.
- FIGURE 15.13 An extremely rare tropical cyclone (with no name) near 28oS latitude spins clockwise over the south Atlantic off the coast of Brazil during March, 2004. Due to cool water and vertical wind shear, storms rarely form in this region of the Atlantic Ocean. In fact, this is the only tropical storm ever offi cially reported there.
- Figure 15.14 A hurricane moving northward will have higher sustained winds on its eastern side than on its western side. If the hurricane moves from east to west, highest sustained winds will be on its northern side.
- FIGURE 15.14 A hurricane moving northward will have higher sustained winds on its eastern side than on its western side. If the hurricane moves from east to west, highest sustained winds will be on its northern side.
- FIGURE 15.15 When a storm surge moves in at high tide it can inundate and destroy a wide swath of coastal lowlands.
- Figure 15.3 A model that shows a vertical view of air motions and clouds in a typical hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere. The diagram is exaggerated in the vertical. Visit the Meteorology Resource Center to view this and other active figures at academic.cengage.com/login.
- FIGURE 15.16 The changing of the ocean level as different category hurricanes make landfall along the coast. The water typically rises about 4 feet with a Category 1 hurricane, but may rise to 22 feet (or more) with a Category 5 storm.
- Figure 2 Visible satellite image showing the remains of tropical storm Allison centered over Texas on the morning of June 6, 2001. Heavy rain is falling from the thick clouds over Louisiana and eastern Texas.
- Figure 3 Doppler radar display on June 11, 2001, showing bands of heavy rain swirling counterclockwise into the center of once tropical storm Allison. The center of the storm, which is over Mississippi, has actually deepened and formed somewhat of an eye.
- FIGURE 15.17 The number of hurricanes (by each category) that made landfall along the coastline of the United States from 1900 through 2007. All of the hurricanes struck the Gulf or Atlantic coasts. Categories 3, 4, and 5 are considered major hurricanes.
- Figure 15.18 A color-enhanced infrared satellite image of Hurricane Hugo with its eye over the coast near Charleston, South Carolina.
- Figure 15.19 Color radar image of Hurricane Andrew as it moves onshore over south Florida on the morning of August 24, 1992. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) is located about 30 km (19 mi) from the center of the eye.
- Figure 15.20 A community in Homestead, Florida, devastated by Hurricane Andrew during August, 1992.
- Figure 15.21 Visible satellite image of Hurricane Ivan as it makes landfall near Gulf Shores, Alabama, on September 15, 2004. Ivan is a major hurricane with winds of 105 knots (121 mi/hr) and a surface air pressure of 945 mb (27.91 in.).
- Figure 15.22 Beach homes along the Gulf Coast at Orange Beach, Alabama (a) before, and (b) after Hurricane Ivan made landfall during September, 2004. (Red arrows are for reference.)
- Figure 15.22 Beach homes along the Gulf Coast at Orange Beach, Alabama (a) before, and (b) after Hurricane Ivan made landfall during September, 2004. (Red arrows are for reference.)
- Figure 15.22 Beach homes along the Gulf Coast at Orange Beach, Alabama (a) before, and (b) after Hurricane Ivan made landfall during September, 2004. (Red arrows are for reference.)
- Figure 15.23 Hurricane Katrina just after making landfall along the Mississippi/Louisiana coast on the morning of August 29, 2005. Shown here, the storm is moving north with its eye due east of New Orleans. At landfall, Katrina had sustained winds of 110 knots, a central pressure of 920 mb (27.17 in.), and a storm surge over 20 feet.
- Figure 4 The paths of eight hurricanes that impacted Florida during 2004 and 2005. Notice that in 2004 hurricanes Frances and Jeanne made landfall at just about the same spot along Florida’s southeast coast. The date under the hurricane’s name indicates the date the hurricane made landfall.
- Figure 4: The paths of eight hurricanes that impacted Florida during 2004 and 2005. Notice that in 2004 hurricanes Frances and Jeanne made landfall at just about the same spot along Florida’s southeast coast. The date under the hurricane’s name indicates the date the hurricane made landfall.
- Figure 15.24 High winds and huge waves crash against a boat washed onto Highway 90 in Gulfport, Mississippi, as Hurricane Katrina makes landfall on the morning of August 29, 2005.
- Figure 15.25 Flood waters inundate New Orleans, Louisiana, during August, 2005, after the winds and storm surge from Hurricane Katrina caused several levee breaks.
- Figure 15.26 Satellite image of Tropical Cyclone Sidr on November 14, 2007, as it moves northward over the Bay of Bengal toward Bangladesh. With winds of 135 knots and a central pressure estimated at 937 mb (27.67 in.), this strong Category 4 storm caused widespread destruction and the loss of many livestock and human lives when it made landfall on November 15, 2007. (The red dashed arrow shows Sidr’s path.)
- Figure 15.27 Hurricane Katrina over the Gulf of Mexico with sustained winds of 145 mi/hr on August 28, 2005, at 1 a.m. CDT. The current movement of the storm is west-northwest at 8 mi/hr. The dashed orange line shows the hurricane’s projected path; the solid purple line, the hurricane’s actual path. Areas under a hurricane warning are in red. Those areas under a hurricane watch are in pink, while those areas under a tropical storm warning are in blue.
- Figure 5 Sea-surface temperature departures from the twelve-year average (1985–1997) on May 30, 2005. Notice that the darker the red, the warmer the surface water. (NOAA)
- FIGURE 15.27 Hurricane Katrina over the Gulf of Mexico with sustained winds of 145 mi/hr on August 28, 2005, at 1 a.m. CDT. The current movement of the storm is west-northwest at 8 mi/hr. The dashed orange line shows the hurricane’s projected path; the solid purple line, the hurricane’s actual path. Areas under a hurricane warning are in red. Those areas under a hurricane watch are in pink, while those areas under a tropical storm warning are in blue.
- Figure 11.25
- Figure 6 The total number of tropical storms and hurricanes (red bars), hurricanes only (yellow bars), and Category 3 hurricanes or greater (green bars) in the Atlantic basin for the period 1851 through 2007. (NOAA)