1. Г.Туул
С.Буянхишиг
Б.Наранбаяр

2.  The word abstract comes from the Latin
abstractum, which means a condensed form of
a longer piece of writing.
 There are two main types of abstract:
 1. Descriptive abstract – Тойм хураангуй
 2. Informative abstract – Мэдээллийн
хураангуй

3.  An abstract is a self-contained, short, and
powerful statement that describes a larger
work.
 Abstracts are important because they give a
first impression of the document that follows,
letting readers decide whether to continue
reading and showing them what to look for if
they do. Though some abstracts only list the
contents of the document, the most useful
abstracts tell the reader more.

4. Abstracts are important parts of reports and
research papers and sometimes academic
assignments. The abstract is often the last item
that you write , but the first thing people read
when they want to have a quick overview of the
whole paper. We suggest you leave writing the
abstract to the end, because you will have a
clearer picture of all your findings and
conclusions.

5.  First re-read your paper/report for an overview. Then read
each section and condense the information in each down to 1-2
sentences.
 Next read these sentences again to ensure that they cover the
major points in your paper.
 Ensure you have written something for each of the key points
outlined above for either the descriptive or informative
abstract.
 Check the word length and further reduce your words if
necessary by cutting out unnecessary words or rewriting some
of the sentences into a single, more succinct sentence.
 Edit for flow and expression.

6.  when submitting articles to journals,
especially online journals
 when applying for research grants
 when writing a book proposal
 when completing the Ph.D. dissertation or
M.A. thesis
 when writing a proposal for a conference
paper
 when writing a proposal for a book chapter

7.  Descriptive abstracts are generally used for humanities
and social science papers or psychology essays. This
type of abstract is usually very short (50-100 words).
Most descriptive abstracts have certain key parts in
common. They are:
 background
 purpose
 particular interest/focus of paper
 overview of contents (not always included)

8.  Тойм хураангуйг ерөнхийдөө хүмүүнлэгийн болон
нийгмийн шинжлэх ухааны баримт бичигүүд мөн
сэтгэл зүйн нийтлэлүүдэд хэргэлдэг. Энэ
хураангуйн хэлбэр ер нь маш богино ( 50-100 үгтэй
) байна. Ихэнх тойм хураангуй нийтлэг тодорхой
үндсэн хэсэгтэй байна. Үүнд:
 Оршил
 Зорилго
 Баримт бичгийн сонирхол татах/гол хэсгийг
онцгойлсон
 Гол агуулгийн тойм

9.  Informative abstracts are generally used for science,
engineering or psychology reports. You must get the essence
of what your report is about, usually in about 200 words. Most
informative abstracts also have key parts in common. Each of
these parts might consist of 1-2 sentences. The parts include:
 background
 aim or purpose of research
 method used
 findings/results
 conclusion

10.  Мэдээллийн хураангуйг ерөнхийдөө шинжлэх ухаан,
инженерийн мөн сэтгэл зүйн тайлангуудад хэргэлдэг.
Өөрийн тайлангийн тухай мөн чанарыг ихэвчлэн 200
орчим үгнээс олж авах ёстой. Ихэнх мэдээллийн
хураангуй нийтлэг үндсэн хэсэгтэй байна. Эдгээр хэсгүүд
бүр 1-2 өгүүлбэрээс бүрдсэн байж болно. Үүнд:
 Оршил
 Судалгааны ажлийн зорилго болон зорилт
 Арга
 Үр дүн
 Дүгнэлт

11. Typically, an informative abstract answers
these questions in about 100-250 words:
 Why did you do this study or project?
 What did you do, and how?
 What did you find?
 What do your findings mean?

12. If the paper is about a new method or
apparatus the last two questions might be
changed to
 What are the advantages (of the method or
apparatus)?
 How well does it work?

13. Here are some other points to keep in mind about abstracts:
• An abstract will nearly always be read along with the title, so do not
repeat or rephrase the title. It will likely be read without the rest of
the document, however, so make it complete enough to stand on its
own.
• Your readers expect you to summarize your conclusions as well as
your purpose, methods, and main findings. Emphasize the different
points in proportion to the emphasis they receive in the body of the
document.
• Do not refer in the abstract to information that is not in the
document.
• Avoid using I or we, but choose active verbs instead of passive when
possible
• Avoid if possible avoid trade names, acronyms, abbreviations, or
symbols. You would need to explain them, and that takes too much
room.
• Use key words from the document.

14. Abstract - Хураангуй Introduction - Удиртгал
Covers the following academic
elements:
 background - оршил
 purpose and focus - зорилго ба гол
хэсэг
 methods - арга
 results - үр дүн (also called
‘findings’)
 conclusions - дүгнэлт
 recommendations - зөвлөмж (or
‘implication’, not always relevant)
Covers the following academic
elements:
 background - оршил
 purpose - зорилго
 proposition - санал (also called
‘point of view’ or ‘thesis’ statement)
 Outline of key issues – Гол
асуудлын тойм
 Scope – хамрах хүрээ (not always
relevant)

15. Descriptive abstract Informative abstract
Describes the major points of the
project to the reader. Includes the
background, purpose and focus of the
paper or article, but never the
methods, results and conclusions, if it
is a research paper. Is most likely used
for humanities and social science
papers or psychology essays.
Informs the audience of all essential
points of the paper. Briefly
summarises the background, purpose,
focus, methods, results, findings and
conclusions of the full-length paper.
Is concise, usually 10% of the original
paper length, often just one paragraph.
Is most likely used for sciences,
engineering or psychology reports.

16.  During the late 2000s, due to the influence of
computer storage and retrieval systems such as
the Internet, some scientific publications, such as
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, started
including graphical abstracts alongside the text
abstracts. The graphic is intended to summarize
or be an exemplar for the main thrust of the
article. It is not intended to be as exhaustive a
summary as the text abstract, rather it is
supposed to indicate the type, scope, and
technical coverage of the article at a glance.

17. Humanities Abstracts
“Margaret C. Anderson’s Little Review”
This research looks at the work of Margaret C.
Anderson, the editor of the Little Review. The review
published first works by Sherwood Anderson, James
Joyce, Wyndham Lewis, and Ezra Pound. This research
draws upon mostly primary sources including memoirs,
published letters, and a complete collection of the Little
Review. Most prior research on Anderson focuses on
her connection to the famous writers and personalities
that she published and associated with. This focus
undermines her role as the dominant creative force
behind one of the most influential little magazines
published in the 20th Century. This case example
shows how little magazine publishing is arguably a
literary art.

18. "The Commemoration and Memorialization of the American
Revolution”
This project involves discovering how the American
Revolution was remembered during the nineteenth
century. The goal is to show that the American Revolution
was memorialized by the actions of the United States
government during the 1800s. This has been done by
examining events such as the Supreme Court cases of John
Marshall and the Nullification Crisis. Upon examination of
these events, it becomes clear that John Marshall and John
Calhoun (creator of the Doctrine of Nullification) attempted
to use the American Revolution to bolster their claims by
citing speeches from Founding Fathers. Through showing
that the American Revolution lives on in memory, this
research highlights the importance of the revolution in
shaping the actions of the United States government.

19. 1. Model descriptive abstract (Stevenson, 2004) Key Parts
The opportunity to design and deliver short programs on referencing and
avoiding plagiarism for transnational UniSA students has confirmed the
necessity of combating both the ‘all-plagiarism-is-cheating’ reaction and the
‘just-give-them-a-referencing-guide’ response. The notion of referencing is but
the tip of a particularly large and intricate iceberg. Consequently, teaching
referencing is not adequate in educating students to avoid plagiarism. In this
presentation, I will use the transnational teaching experience to highlight what
educating to avoid plagiarism entails.
Оршил
Зорилго ба
Зорилт
particular
focus of
paper

20. 2. Model informative abstract (Zoltan, 2005) Key Parts
Metalinguistic awareness contributes to effective writing at university. Writing is a
meaning-making process where linguistic, cognitive, social and creative factors are at play.
University students need to master the skills of academic writing not only for getting their
degree but also for their future career. It is also significant for lecturers to know who our
students are, how they think and how we can best assist them. This study examines first-
year undergraduate Australian and international engineering students as writers of
academic texts in a multicultural setting at the University of Adelaide. A questionnaire and
interviews were used to collect data about students’level of metalinguistic awareness, their
attitudes toward, expectations for, assumptions about and motivation for writing. The
preliminary results of the research show that students from different cultures initially have
different concepts about the academic genres and handle writing with different learning
and writing styles, but those with a more developed metalanguage are more confident and
motivated. The conclusion can also be drawn that students’level of motivation for
academic writing positively correlates with their opinion about themselves as writers.
Following an in-depth multi-dimensional analysis of preliminary research results, some
recommendations for writing instruction will also be presented.
Оршил
Зорилго ба
Зорилт
Арга
Үр дүн
Дүгнэлт

21. Thank you
Goodluck