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The Internationalization Process of
Internet Based Companies

- A multiple case study Authors:
Brynjar Thor Thorsteinsson
Hulda Júlíana Jónsdóttir
Supervisor: Moshe Yonatany

Coenhagen Business School
Cand. Merc. International Business
Agenda
1. Framework of the research
a) Research question
b) Literature Overview
c) Method of research and cases

2. Summary of the findings
a) Proposition analysis

3. Discussion
a) Research Implications
b) Managerial Implications

4. Summing Up
2
1. Framework of the research
a) What factors influence the internationalization
process of internet based companies, and how?
– What factors facilitate the speed of
internationalization of Internet Based Companies?
– What entry modes do Internet Based Companies
choose and why?
– What influences the market choice of Internet Based
Companies?

3
b) Literature Overview
– The Uppsala Model by Johaneson & WiedersheimPaul (1975), Johanson & Vahlne (1977, 2009)
• Suggests that uncertainty (lack of foreign market knowledge
and psychic distance) influences internationalization process

– Network Perspective by Bell (1995), Coviello & Munro
(1997), Sharma & Blomstermo (2003), Johanson &
Vahlne 2009
• Partners guide companies in their choice of markets

– Born Global by Oviatt & McDougall
(1994, 1999), Madsen & Servais (1997)
• Technological change is the foundation for accelerated
internationalization
4
– Knowledge Based View by Kogut & Zander (1993), Grant
(1996)
• Firms better than the market in tranferring knowledge across
borders

– Transaction Cost Economics by Oliver Williamson (1979)
• Firms exist because they refrain from the market under certain
circumstances, based on human factors (bounded rationality
and opportunism) and environmental factors (uncertainty, asset
specifity and frequency) of transactions

– Internalization Theory by Buckley & Casson
(1976, 2009), Rugman (1981)
• Based on TCE and explains the existence of the MNE and why
their activities mainly evolve around knowledge intense
industries (high R&D, high sales & marketing
expanditure, skilled labor). Firms replace the market due to the
economic benefits of developing and exploiting FSAs inside the
firms when expanding across borders

5
– Properties of the Internet
• Time moderator, information assymetry reducer, sales
channel, universal distribution channel, cheap transportation
cost, infinite capacity

– Characteristics of Digital Information Goods, Shapiro & Varian
(1999)
• High production cost, negligible reproduction cost, low
transportation cost, easy versioning, experience good
character, subject to network effect and positive
feedback, switching cost and lock-in, possible first-mover
advantage due to network effect

c) Multiple case study
– Google
– Facebook
– MySpace

- YouTube!
- eBay
- Yahoo!

6
Characteristics of DIG
• Increasing Returns

• High production cost
• Negligible reproduction cost
• Easy versioning

• Experience Good
• Network Effect
• Positive Feedback
• Switching Cost & Lock In
7
Network Effect & Positive Feedback

8
2. Summary of the Findings
a) Proposition Analysis
Prop 1: IBCs tend to Internationalize faster than physical good companies.
Google

Facebook

MySpace

YouTube

Yahoo!

eBay

Market entry

123

48

29

22

38

41

Years

10

1,5

2

1,5

8,5

10,5

Average

12,3

32

14,5

16

4,5

3,9

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

Language

Language

Country

Language

Country

Country

speed
Average
speed of
Physical
good firms
Method of
internationali
-zation

Table 7: Speed of Internationalization
9
Google

Facebook

MySpace

YouTube

Yahoo!

eBay

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Language

Country

Language

Country

Country

Network Effect Low

High

High

High

Low

High

Need

Low

High

Low

High

High

65%

72,3%

48,7%

77,6%

67,2%

32%

12,3

32

14,5

16

4,5

3,9

Need for Local No

content
Use

No

Crowdsourcin
g
Method

of Language

internationalization

for Low

physical
presence
International
Traffic
Average speed

Table 9: Summary of factors influencing the speed of internationalizaton
10
Enhancing Positive Feedbak

11
Prop 2: When expanding across borders, IBCs tend to
choose high control entry modes (wholly owned
operations) over low control (licensing agreements).
Entry

Google

Facebook

MySpace

YouTube

Yahoo!

eBay

Total

123

48

27

24

24

18

87%

12

4%

3

6,5%

8

2,5%

0

0

Mode
WOS
Acquisition
Joint

2

14

Venture
Strategic
Alliance
Licensing

0

0

0

0

0

Table 10: Entry Modes
12
Prop 3: IBCs choice of market entry is positively
related to technological infrastructure and
Internet penetration.
Group A
Average

Technol. 21,15

Group B

Group C

Group D

23,25

27,75

36,67

26,25

28,50

42,33

234,62

102,95

44,35

585,01

420,20

305,34

12,91

16,38

17,00

Infrastructure 2000

Average

Technol. 21,7

Infrastructure 2008
Average

no.

of 252,03

internet users 2000
Average

no.

of 608,94

internet users 2008
Average order of 8,28
market entry

Table13: Analysis of the Groups

13
Prop 4: Network relations of IBCs are positively
related to their choice of markets.
– Google – licencing agreement with Yahoo!
– Facebook – no evidence of network relations, driven by
crowdsourcing
– MySpace – relationship agreement with Google
– YouTube – agreement with MySpace
– Yahoo! – relationship with Softbank
– eBay – marketing agreement with AOL

14
3. Discussion
a)Research Implications
– Crowdsourcing; very intresting finding to us, no
prior research in the field of International Business
– Network Effect; gap in the literature on how
network effect influences internationalization
process of IBCs
– Measuring Network Effect; diffucult to measure
network effect
– Size of the Firm; larger networks (more traffic)
more attractive to third parties and users
15
– First mover advantage; findings not conclusive,
evidence of both first and second mover
advantage
– Language or Country; should IBCs ignore borders
and focus on language instead of country?
– Homogenization of markets; how much
localization is needed for IBCs? Cultural distance
different on the Internet?

16
b)

Managerial Implications
– Speed of Internationalization
Language

YT 16

Medium

FB 32

Fast

Google 12,3

Method
MS 14,5

Slow

Medium
Y! 4,5

eB 3,9

Country
No

Crowdsourcing

Yes

Figure 10: Model for Internationalization for IBCs
17
– Modes of Entry; Managers of IBCs should choose
high control entry modes to protect their
assets, have control over their brand, installed
base and technology and last but not least to
capture the increasing returns
– Choice of Markets; Managers of IBCs should focus
on entering markets by language rather than
country, choose widely spoken languages
– Localization; Managers of IBCs should try to keep
a simple interface, which offers easy localization
for users to participate in, when content is needed
try to let the users control and supply the content
18
4. Summing up
• Managers of IBCs should focus on language
and try to harness the crowd when possible in
their Internationalization process.

19

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Internationalization process of Internet based companies

  • 1. The Internationalization Process of Internet Based Companies - A multiple case study Authors: Brynjar Thor Thorsteinsson Hulda Júlíana Jónsdóttir Supervisor: Moshe Yonatany Coenhagen Business School Cand. Merc. International Business
  • 2. Agenda 1. Framework of the research a) Research question b) Literature Overview c) Method of research and cases 2. Summary of the findings a) Proposition analysis 3. Discussion a) Research Implications b) Managerial Implications 4. Summing Up 2
  • 3. 1. Framework of the research a) What factors influence the internationalization process of internet based companies, and how? – What factors facilitate the speed of internationalization of Internet Based Companies? – What entry modes do Internet Based Companies choose and why? – What influences the market choice of Internet Based Companies? 3
  • 4. b) Literature Overview – The Uppsala Model by Johaneson & WiedersheimPaul (1975), Johanson & Vahlne (1977, 2009) • Suggests that uncertainty (lack of foreign market knowledge and psychic distance) influences internationalization process – Network Perspective by Bell (1995), Coviello & Munro (1997), Sharma & Blomstermo (2003), Johanson & Vahlne 2009 • Partners guide companies in their choice of markets – Born Global by Oviatt & McDougall (1994, 1999), Madsen & Servais (1997) • Technological change is the foundation for accelerated internationalization 4
  • 5. – Knowledge Based View by Kogut & Zander (1993), Grant (1996) • Firms better than the market in tranferring knowledge across borders – Transaction Cost Economics by Oliver Williamson (1979) • Firms exist because they refrain from the market under certain circumstances, based on human factors (bounded rationality and opportunism) and environmental factors (uncertainty, asset specifity and frequency) of transactions – Internalization Theory by Buckley & Casson (1976, 2009), Rugman (1981) • Based on TCE and explains the existence of the MNE and why their activities mainly evolve around knowledge intense industries (high R&D, high sales & marketing expanditure, skilled labor). Firms replace the market due to the economic benefits of developing and exploiting FSAs inside the firms when expanding across borders 5
  • 6. – Properties of the Internet • Time moderator, information assymetry reducer, sales channel, universal distribution channel, cheap transportation cost, infinite capacity – Characteristics of Digital Information Goods, Shapiro & Varian (1999) • High production cost, negligible reproduction cost, low transportation cost, easy versioning, experience good character, subject to network effect and positive feedback, switching cost and lock-in, possible first-mover advantage due to network effect c) Multiple case study – Google – Facebook – MySpace - YouTube! - eBay - Yahoo! 6
  • 7. Characteristics of DIG • Increasing Returns • High production cost • Negligible reproduction cost • Easy versioning • Experience Good • Network Effect • Positive Feedback • Switching Cost & Lock In 7
  • 8. Network Effect & Positive Feedback 8
  • 9. 2. Summary of the Findings a) Proposition Analysis Prop 1: IBCs tend to Internationalize faster than physical good companies. Google Facebook MySpace YouTube Yahoo! eBay Market entry 123 48 29 22 38 41 Years 10 1,5 2 1,5 8,5 10,5 Average 12,3 32 14,5 16 4,5 3,9 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 Language Language Country Language Country Country speed Average speed of Physical good firms Method of internationali -zation Table 7: Speed of Internationalization 9
  • 10. Google Facebook MySpace YouTube Yahoo! eBay No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No Language Country Language Country Country Network Effect Low High High High Low High Need Low High Low High High 65% 72,3% 48,7% 77,6% 67,2% 32% 12,3 32 14,5 16 4,5 3,9 Need for Local No content Use No Crowdsourcin g Method of Language internationalization for Low physical presence International Traffic Average speed Table 9: Summary of factors influencing the speed of internationalizaton 10
  • 12. Prop 2: When expanding across borders, IBCs tend to choose high control entry modes (wholly owned operations) over low control (licensing agreements). Entry Google Facebook MySpace YouTube Yahoo! eBay Total 123 48 27 24 24 18 87% 12 4% 3 6,5% 8 2,5% 0 0 Mode WOS Acquisition Joint 2 14 Venture Strategic Alliance Licensing 0 0 0 0 0 Table 10: Entry Modes 12
  • 13. Prop 3: IBCs choice of market entry is positively related to technological infrastructure and Internet penetration. Group A Average Technol. 21,15 Group B Group C Group D 23,25 27,75 36,67 26,25 28,50 42,33 234,62 102,95 44,35 585,01 420,20 305,34 12,91 16,38 17,00 Infrastructure 2000 Average Technol. 21,7 Infrastructure 2008 Average no. of 252,03 internet users 2000 Average no. of 608,94 internet users 2008 Average order of 8,28 market entry Table13: Analysis of the Groups 13
  • 14. Prop 4: Network relations of IBCs are positively related to their choice of markets. – Google – licencing agreement with Yahoo! – Facebook – no evidence of network relations, driven by crowdsourcing – MySpace – relationship agreement with Google – YouTube – agreement with MySpace – Yahoo! – relationship with Softbank – eBay – marketing agreement with AOL 14
  • 15. 3. Discussion a)Research Implications – Crowdsourcing; very intresting finding to us, no prior research in the field of International Business – Network Effect; gap in the literature on how network effect influences internationalization process of IBCs – Measuring Network Effect; diffucult to measure network effect – Size of the Firm; larger networks (more traffic) more attractive to third parties and users 15
  • 16. – First mover advantage; findings not conclusive, evidence of both first and second mover advantage – Language or Country; should IBCs ignore borders and focus on language instead of country? – Homogenization of markets; how much localization is needed for IBCs? Cultural distance different on the Internet? 16
  • 17. b) Managerial Implications – Speed of Internationalization Language YT 16 Medium FB 32 Fast Google 12,3 Method MS 14,5 Slow Medium Y! 4,5 eB 3,9 Country No Crowdsourcing Yes Figure 10: Model for Internationalization for IBCs 17
  • 18. – Modes of Entry; Managers of IBCs should choose high control entry modes to protect their assets, have control over their brand, installed base and technology and last but not least to capture the increasing returns – Choice of Markets; Managers of IBCs should focus on entering markets by language rather than country, choose widely spoken languages – Localization; Managers of IBCs should try to keep a simple interface, which offers easy localization for users to participate in, when content is needed try to let the users control and supply the content 18
  • 19. 4. Summing up • Managers of IBCs should focus on language and try to harness the crowd when possible in their Internationalization process. 19

Notas do Editor

  1. We have three sub questions Put forward propositions to guide us in our research
  2. We used both older work as well as new work oninternationalization.Þegar rætt er um alþjóðaviðskipti ganga kenningar aðallega út á það skýra þrennt, hvert fara fyrirtæki, hvernig fara þau inn á markaði og hversu hratt.Kenningin gengur útfrá að fyrirtæki séu áhættufælin vegna ónægrar þekkingar á erlendum mörkuðum, og menningarmunar, og óvissa mikil. Pshycicdistance, heitir fyrirbærið og er samfylgni með því og landfræðilegri fjarlægð. Uppsalakenningin gerir ráð fyrir að alþjóðavæðing gerist í hægum þrepum, fyrst er einfaldur útflutningur í gegnum umboðsmann, síðan sett t.d. upp söluskrifstofa lager og dreifistöð og endar síðan á verksmiðju til að framleiða vöruna. Þannig ágerist alþjóðavæðingin hjá fyrirtækjum og skuldbindingin eykst með hverju þrepi fyrir sig. Markaðir sem þau velja eru fyrst til landa með sambærilega menningu tungumál og samfélag.Tengslakenningin gengur útfrá að fyrirtæki fari inná markaði í gegnum samstarfsaðila þeirra sem veitir þeim upplýsingar um þá erlendu markaði sem þeir eru starfandi á og hefur þannig áhrif á val þeirra á mörkuðum. Fá upplýsingar um viðskiptavini og aðra markaði. Rannsókn sem sýndi að meðalstór norsk hugbúnaðarfyrirtæki eltu samstarfsfyrirtæki sín inná erlenda markaði. Hefur síðan verið stutt með fleiri rannsóknum. Þess má geta að höfundar Uppsala kenningarinnar endurbættu hana og bættu tengslakenningunni við og halda því fram að hún sé þannig í fullu gildi í dag og eigi við.BornGlobal kenningin er sú nýjasta til að útskýra alþjóðavæðingu fyrirtækja og segir í raun að fyrirtæki í dag eru Alþjóðleg frá stofnun. Þetta sé runnið útfrá tæknilegum framförum og nýrra aðstæðna. T.d.er rannsókn og þróun svo dýr og mörgum tilvikum svo sérhæfð að fyrirtæki verði að leita strax út fyrir heimamarkað til að finna syllu markaði erlendis til að hafa nægjanlega marga viðskiptavini til að verða arðbær. Heimamarkaður einfaldlega of lítill. Þá hefur fólk yfirleitt meiri alþjóðlega reynslu í dag. Hugbúnaðarfyrirtæki verða að fara hratt á erlenda markaði og ná fótfestu til að önnur fái ekki tækifæri á því á herma eftir vörunni eða þjónustunni. Margar útskýringar.Network perspective:... And provide them with information on foreign markets
  3. KBV gengur útfrá að þekking sé mikilvægasta auðlind fyrirtækis, fyrirtæki eru í raun félagslegt samfélag sem flytja þekkingu á milli og yfirburðir þeirra felast í framleiðslu á þekkingu. Ástæðan fyrir fjölþjóðlegum fyrirtækjum er vegna þess að þau er betri í að flytja þekkingu á milli landa. Vöxtur fyrirtækja veltur á því hversu auðvelt það er að flytja þekkinguna á milli landa. Því erfiðara sem er að kenna eða læra þekkinguna fyrir aðra, því meiri líkur á að fyrirtæki velji WOS. Viðskiptakostnaðar kenning Williamson segir að fyrirtæki nota ekki markaðinn til að stunda viðskipti sín undir vissum kringumstæðum sem liggja í mannlegum þáttum. Prentsmiðjan og blaðið, prentsmiðjan hækkar verðið, blaðið getur ekki leitað annað verður að borga eða að kaupa prentsmiðjuna og færa starfsemina undir einn hatt. InternalizationTheory byggir á Transactioncosttheory og útskýrir tilveru alþjóðlega fyrirtækja og hvers vegna þeirra meginstarfsemi snýst um þekkingarmikla starfsemi. Hár rannsóknar og þróunarkostnaður og hár sölu og markaðskostnaður, sérmenntað starfsfólk. Fyrirtæki koma í staðinn fyrir markaði vegna efnahagslegs ábata af því að þróa og nýta sérstöðuþætti fyrirtækisins innan þess þegar þeir fara yfir landamæri. Í þessum kenningum er verið að skýra út inngönguaðferðir á markaði, e.entrymodes.Human factors: information assymetry/buyer uncertainty (bounded rationality) – firms exists to refrain from using the market to reduce the risk from these factorsLiability of foreignness: cost of going across borders. In Internalization theory the economic benefits of expl FSA across borders are higher than the cost of going across borders.
  4. To put our paper in the right context we added the properties of the internet and characteristics of DIG!Eiginleikar Internetsins, tímamismunur skiptir ekki máli, upplýsingar aðgengilegar öllum, söluleið, alþjóðleg dreifileið, ódýr flutningskostnaður, ótakmarkað gagnamagn.Eiginleikar Stafrænna vara og þjónustu, hár framleiðslukostnaður, lítilvægur endurframleiðslukostnaður, lágur flutningskostnaður auðvelt að búa til útgáfur, reynsluvara, eru háðar networkeffect, og mögulegur fyrstir á markað yfirburðir vegna þessa. Only used 6 sample companies – not able to generalize but gives us a deeper understanding and insight of the firms internationalization process which can suggest further research used on larger data baseQualitative studyConduct a case by case analysis, and cross case analysis from which we develop a cross case conclusion and develop a model of the internationalization process of IBCs
  5. Increasingreturns, engin höft á hvað er hægt að framleiða mikið, ekki bundin af landi, kvóta eða framleiðsluvélum, nýtt hagkerfi sem lýtur öðrum lögmálum. Því fleiri sem kaupa vöruna því betra, þegar vagninn byrjar að rúlla er erfitt að stoppa hann.Eiginleikar Stafrænna vara og þjónustu, hár framleiðslukostnaður, lítilvægur endurframleiðslukostnaður, sem þýðir að framleiðsla á fyrsta eintakinu er hár en það kostar nánast ekkert að framleiða næstu hundrað eða þúsung eintök. Auðvelt í dreifingu og auðvelt að búa til útgáfur, hægt að skipta niður í fría, meðal og svo dýra þjónustu. Reynsluvara, verður að prófa til að þekkja hana og upplifa hana. Margar eru háðar networkeffect, því fleiri sem nota vöruna eða þjónustuna því ákjósanlegra er að kaupa hana eða nota, og þess vegna mögulegt að fyrstir á markað hafi yfirburði yfir aðra sem koma á eftir.
  6. Til þess að að nota networkeffect í sýna þágu og til að búa til þessa samkeppnislegu yfirburði sem felst í þessum krafti þá verður fyrirtæki að efla jákvætt endurvarp, eða enhancepositivefeedback. Hérna á myndinni sjáum við að það eru tvö fyrirtæki að berjast um kúnnahópinn og annað endar sem sigurvegari en hinn tapar. Þetta er mjög algengt á Internetinu og til að vita hvenær það á við þarf að svara ákveðnum spurningum. Það getur aðeins orðið einn sigurvegari þegar það verður sterkt jákvætt endurvarp, og það er ekki eftirspurn eftir mörgum sambærilegum vörum, viðskiptavinir flykkjast í kringum vöruna og nota hana og kaupa, þá er markaðurinn tippy, eða fallvaltur.. Þetta er líka til þegar það er keppni um staðla í tækni, eins og við sem erum orðin aðeins eldri en tvævetur þá munum við eftir VHS og Beta stríðinu. Seinna var það BluRay diskannir frá Sony eða HD DVD frá Toshiba, Sony vann það stríð vegna þess að fleiri fóru að nota þá og Sony fékk mjög sterkt jákvætt endurvarp, eða positivefeedback. Einnig er hægt að sjá hvernig farsímakerfin hafa þróast á síðustu árum, framleiðendur og notendur hafa flykkst að tveimur kerfum, Android og iPhone stýrikerfinu, reyndar aðeins einn framleiðandi að iPhone því að það er lokað kerfi. Önnur eins og Blackberry og Nokia með symbian hafa setið eftir. Mjög mikilvægt á Internetinu.
  7. Jæja þá að niðurstöðunum. Fyrsta tilgátan sem við lögðum fram var að Internetfyrirtæki alþjóðavæðast hraðar en fyrirtæki með áþreifanlega vöru. Niðurstaðan er sú að tilgátan er samþykkt og heldur. Venjuleg fyrirtæki fara inná hálfan markað á ári að meðaltali, samkvæmt rannsókn Vermuelen & Barkema og Bellofl. Á meðan Internetfyrirtækin í rannsókninni okkar fara hægast inná 3,9 markaði á ári og hraðast 32 markaði á ári. Sem sýnir að Internetfyrirtæki alþjóðavæðast mun hraðar en venjuleg fyrirtæki. Mögulegar skýringar eru eiginleikar stafrænna vara, og eiginleikar Internetsins. Vegna þess hve endurframleiðslukostnaðurinn er lítill er auðvelt að fara hratt inná markaðinn og breyta vörunni eftirá, þannig að hún henti markaðinum betur, þegar boltinn byrjar að rúlla er erfitt að stoppa hann, increasingreturns hagfræðin engin höft á framleiðslugetu, og þegar það getur aðeins verið einn sigurvegari er eftirsóknarvert að vera fyrstur á markaðinn og búa til skiptikostnað og læsa kúnnann inni. Vegna þess hve auðvelt og ódýrt er að búa til útgáfur af stafrænum vörum er hægt að fara hratt inn á markað og breyta eftir á. Fjögur fyrirtæki gerðu það í rannsókninni, en Yahoo! Og MySpace opnuðu fyrst skrifstofur áður en þeir stofnuðu dótturfyrirtæki sem var miklu hægari þróun. Networkeffect, því fleiri því betra og eykur virði viðskiptavinarins og virði netsins, þetta býr til ábata til að alþjóðavæðast hraðar. Jafnvel þótt MySpace var fyrst á markað og safnaði notendum mjög hratt, var það ekki nóg, Facebook fór fram úr MS í notendum af því að MS var ekki nógu fljótt til að fanga ábatann af networkeffect eða netáhrifunum og efla jákvæða endurvarpið. Facebook endaði því sem sigurvegari. Samfélagsmiðla markaðurinn er mjög fallvaltur, við þurfum aðeins eitt af hverri tegund og það hefur mjög sterkt endurvarp. Síðan geta eiginleikar internetsins verið skýring líka, Ingternetið er hluti af tækniframförum,auðvelt að flytja vöruna, og auðveldar aðgang að upplýsingum og kemur inná kenningu BornGlobal að tækniframfarir eigi mestan þátt í alþjóðavæðingu fyrirtækja. Ourfindings show that IBCs go considerable faster than physical good companies... According to Vermuelen & Barkema (2002) and Bell et al (2004). Their research showed that physical good companies entered approx 0,5 markets per yearWedeliberately skipped 6 years in Yahoo!´s process because they stopped internationalizing for that period. Possible explanation for IBCs faster process is: characteristic of DIG, network effect and properties of the internetCharacteristics of DIG: due to its cost structure they have lower need for physical resource commitment, and because fo increasing returns and the cost structure, the combination of supply and demand side economies of scale gives IBCs the incentinve to be the first mover and create switching cost and lock-in. Versioning is easy and cheap, can enter markets quickly and localize afterwards. 4 of our compnaies did that (expl the low reprod cost) but Yahoo! And MySpace did first open an office – slower process.Network effect: each additional users increase the value of the network – creates an incentive to internationalize faster. Even though MS was the first mover and experienced fast growth in users it was not enough and FB surpassed MS because MS was not quick enough to capture the benefits of the network effect and enhance positive feedback to their demand-side economies of scale – fb resulted in a winner takes it all situation.The marekt for social network has high economies of scale and low demand for variety it is TIPPY – FB up the virtuous cycle and MC down the vicious cycle. Properties of the internet: The internet is a technological advancement and offers IBCs cheap transportation cost, time moderation, global presence and reduces information asymmetry. kemur inn technological change as suggested by the borb global
  8. Hérna komum við svo að þessum þáttum sem við fundum í rannsókninni okkar og stóðu uppúr sem mögulegar skýringar á alþjóðavæðingu fyrirtækjanna í rannsókninni. Facebook fór hraðast og notaði tungumál og crowdsourcing í alþjóðavæðingunni, er með sterkt networkeffect eða netáhrif. Samkvæmt rannsókn Huberman, Romero & Vu er athygli aðalástæða hjá fólki til að hlaða upp myndskeiðum á youtube sem er einfaldlega crowdsourcing eða hópauðlind. Facebook gat notað notendahópinn sinn sem er greinilega dyggur, til að kjósa um orð til að nota og þýða síðuna. Frábær aðferð sem tók ótrúlega stuttan tíma. Fyrsta tungumálið var spænska, og innan við sex mánuðum eftir opnun spænsku útgáfunnar hafði notendum fjölgað umtalsvert í suður ameríku. Frábær og ótrúlega auðveld leið sem Facebook fór til að þýða síðuna.Yahoo og ebay eru hægust, yahoo gerir alltaf samninga við innlenda framleiðendur á efni af því þeir reiða sig gífurlega á efni á síðunni, sem tekur tíma. eBayalþjóðavæðist með yfirtökum, sem tekur líka tíma, af því að þeir þurfa að yfirtaka kúnnahóp þar sem þeir eru ekki fyrstir á markað. Það er sterkt networkeffect í vörum eBay en það er annars eðlis en hjá samfélagsmiðlunum. En athyglisverðast er þegar fyrirtæki alþjóðavæðast með tungumáli og nota hópinn eða crowdsourcing. Ourresearch suggests that these factors influence the internationalization process of IBCs for our sample companies.As we compare the slowest company to the fastest company we can see.... CompareFacebook fastest: crowdsourcing ability and do not rely on local content. Huberman, Romero & Vu (dataset on Youtube and made linear regression) results: the time and effort that is exhibited in crowdsourcing is driven by attention , that is (social) attention is the main driver for people to upload videos. FB is a network of users which are a part of the fb community which makes it easy for FB to rely on their users when internationalizing. Compare also FB and MSYahoo and eBay slowest: Yahoo makes agreements with local content providers because they rely heavily on content – takes time. eBay enters through WOS or acquisitions – which takes time – they want to acquire installed base where they are not the first movers because of the strong network effectThe most important finding is that when going by language and using crowdsourcing
  9. Hérna sjáum við svo FB og MS berjast, og loks er aðeins einn sigurvegar. FB tók framúr MS í október 2008 og hefur vaxið gríðarlega síðan þá, núna eru um 850 notendur.
  10. Hérna sjáum við að fyrirtækin alþjóðavæðast með highcontrolentrymode, eða þeir vilja stjórna sjálfir dótturfyrirtækjum sínum og kúnnahópnum. Þetta er í samræmi við KBV og Internalizationtheory sem ég fór yfir áðan munið þið. Fyrirtæki flytja þekkingu betur yfir landamæri en þriðji aðili, eða markaðurinn. Fyrirtækin vernda þekkingu sína, vörumerki og tækniþekkingu, geta notið increasingreturns ein og þurfa ekki að deila hagnaðinum með öðrum sem gefur mikið tilefni til að fara ein inn á markaði. Þetta þýðir að tilgáta nr. 2 er studd, sem var að Internetfyrirtæki vilja frekar fara ein inná markaði heldur en í samstarfi við aðra.Aswe can see from our findings the entry mode of our sample companies was almost always high control entry mode or WOS and Aqcuisition. JV are not many and Yahoo! Changed their entry modes to WOS after having entered most markets in the beginning by JV with Softbank, 1996. These findings support the knowledge based view and internalization theory. The companies protect their knowledge, brand and technology and enjoying increasing returns which motivates them to enter through high control entry modes, if you strike gold, the sky is the limit. Experience goods have to be in control over their installed base
  11. Þriðja tilgátan er líka studd, en það var svolítið erfitt að vinna úr þessari tilgátu sem gerði ráð fyrir að val á mörkuðum færi eftir tæknilegum innviðum og fjölda internet notenda á markaði. Við bjuggum til 4 hópa, í hópi A voru markaðir þar sem öll fyrirtækin fóru inná og í hópi B voru markaðir sem 5 fyrirtæki fóru inná og svo koll af kolli. Þar sem tilgátan var samþykkt þá þýðir það í raun að það sem skiptir máli í vali á mörkuðum er stærð og vöxtur markaðar. Við sjáum að í hópi A eru besti tæknilegi innviðurinn og flestir internetnotendur sem fara síðan lækkandi og minnkandi eftir hópum. Fyrirtækin fóru öll inn á markaði í þeim hóp að meðaltali fyrst. Það sem var erfiðast við þessa tilgátu var að fræðin segja að fyrirtæki alþjóðavæðast eftir löndum, en við sáum að Internetfyrirtæki geta líka alþjóðavæðst með tungumáli. Með rannsóknina í huga og til að komast að niðurstöðu ákváðum við hins vegar að segja að þegar fyrirtæki alþjóðavæðist með tungumáli, eins og þegar Facebook opnar á spænsku þá er fyrirtækið að fara inní öll lönd sem er með með spænsku sem móðurmál. En þegar aðferðin er að alþjóðavæðast eftir löndum eins og þegar MySpace fór inn í Kína, þá fór það bara inn í Kína en ekki Singapore og HongKong. Þarna er gat í kenningunum, og spurning hvort að þurfi ekki að bæta við þær að hægt sé að alþjóðavæðast eftir tungumálum, sérstaklega þegar um er að ræða Internetfyrirtæki. Ourproposition is supported, We divided the companies into groups according to how many countries they entered, group A was entered by 6 companies, B by 5 etc.our sample companies entered markets first that have high technical infrastructure and internet penetration, and last countries with lower technological infrastructure and internet penetration. Countries in group A were entered by all of our sample companies, and on average they entered the countries in group A first. This means that what influences market choice of IBCs is market size and growth. It was difficult to present this proposition in a good manner. The problem is that the internationalization on the internet is different than I is in the theories. Internationalization by IBCs is possible by entering a market by language and to come to a conclusion we chose to say that when a company goes by language they enter more than one country at a time, that is all the countries that speak that particular language. Facebooklauncehdespanish they were entering all the countries that speak spanish. But when a company goes by country, fx when MS entered China we say that they are only entering Chinaa, and not singapore or hongkong. This raises the question whether it should be added to the literature that it is possible, especially on the internet, to enter a market by language. A gap in the literature and not easily solved.
  12. We found clear evidence of network relations of our sample companies which supported our proposition regarding choice of markets, where the bigger company guides the smaller one into markets by providing them with information about foreign markets through their relationship. The most important evidence is probably Yahoo´s extension of agreement with Softbank to Europe and Google´s licensing agreement with Yahoo which gave both companies valuable access of information.Only company with no relations was FB. Also the fact that the homogenization of markets is increasing which facilitates easier internationalization, as 60% of FB users came from outside the US before they started to internationalize.
  13. The crowdsourcing phenoma is in our oppinion one of the most interesting finding in our research where as it is unexplored but seems to have a great impact on the internationalization process for IBCs. The network effect is known (how it explains the growth of a company but not how it accelerates internationalization), but in the context of International Business literature it is however non existant, and how it is measured regarding to the size of the network and comparing them between networks. Also we found multiple network effects which brings us to another interesting finding or question, regarding size, does size matter in the information economy, our findings suggests that it does as it is more attractive to users, advertisers and third party developers, resulting in a multi sided network effect, once the snowball gets rolling it is difficult to stop it. The bigger the company the better which will facilitate a faster internationalization process.
  14. First mover advantage is of course known and debated in IB literature, our evidence suggest that both first and seccond mover are successful which gives us an unconclusive results. We can see that eBay lost in Japan because of Yahoo´s presence, and after that they always entered a market by acquisitions when they were not the first mover. And second mover advantage when Facebook has beaten MySpace the first mover in their race for users. MS wasn´t able to grasp the positive feedback and grasp the strong network effect it is subject to. Also Google the most trafficed website on the Internet and has surpassed Yahoo in revenue as well which was once the giant on the Internet with the most traffic. Yahoo! Was teh biggest webportal in 2005 and amazingly Google has surpassed them As we found that when our sample companies go by language it results in a faster process we can ask ourselves wether IBCs should only focus on languages spoken in many countries or regions rather than focusing on one particular country and ignoring geographical borders. International Business literature has always focused on entering a specific country, and has emphasized on things like psychic distance and liability of foreignness. In the information economy this is possible and should be added to the literature. The homogenization of markets seems to be happening rapidly on the Internet as we found that 60% of Facebook users were already using the site in English before their internationalization process began. This brings us to the questions of How much localization is needed on the Internet, and is cultural distance different on the Internet. Then again is A simple interface which makes localization easy – is that enough
  15. We developed this model which represents our most interesting findings. Explains axisHere we can see that when IBCs use crowdsourcing and go by language it results in a faster process. Both Facebook and YouTube internationalize by language and harness the crowd, that is giving them advantage over other companies. Google goes at medium pace where they go by language but do not use crowdsourcing.MS, Ebay and Y! go at a slow pace. MySpace is internationalizing at a fast pace but goes by country and does not use crowdsourcing, but as it is subject to strong network effect it can offer a possible explanation for their rapid pace. But when comparing MySpace to Facebook we see that it is slow.
  16. When choosing entry modes, the WOS is the most popular one in our sample companies which we also recommend. As this is a knowledge intensive industry, whith high R&D and high initial cost. Protecting knowledge, and having control over the installed base is important as well as capturing the increasing returns which the network economy is subject to. As we found that going by language facilitates faster process we recommend IBCs to focus on widely spoken languages rather than focusing on a particular country. To facilitate easy localization, managers should try to keep the inferface simple and let the users supply the content if content is necessary for the product or service.
  17. What are the implications of your research for theory and practice. For example:Theory: how can we advance the existing theories ? – existing theories mainly focus on physical goods companies so they need to add characteristics of DIG and prop of the internet. Focus on entering markets by language and not countries because this is possible on the internet. what are the gaps between theory and reality and how can we explain them and improve the theory? you can choose whatever location and language (this is not possible in physical good companies), you can be in one country and choose another. You can use the users, crowdsourcing, in your process and network effect is very common in IBCs and theory doesn´t mention these two things.Practice: how would you advice a manager of an Internet based company to internationalize? – he should focus on internationalizing by language and/or locations, not internationalize by country that is ignore borders. He should also focus on trying to harness the crowd by getting them to internationalize their service. Get in a network of firms with much international traffic. Have the ability to integrate service from other companies (platforms/applications) (youtube videos in ms)to attract more users also enhance positive feedback by providing services/applications and increase the value of the network, very important when a company is subject to a strong network effect! Second mover can be succesful, look for opportunities where the incumbent is not for ex. Enahancing positive feedback for its users, try to step in and seize the opportunity, especially when subject to strong network effect. Also, try to let the user control the content, it could result in a localized content preferred by users in a particular country or region and would also probably result in a faster internationalization process e.g. YouTube, Facebook.Which factors should she/he consider? Why ?