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Semelhante a Social Shaping of the Politics of Internet Search and Networking: Moving Beyond Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Fake News
Semelhante a Social Shaping of the Politics of Internet Search and Networking: Moving Beyond Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Fake News (20)
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Social Shaping of the Politics of Internet Search and Networking: Moving Beyond Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Fake News
- 1. Social Shaping of the Politics of Internet Search and Networking: Moving Beyond Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Fake News Dr. Bibi C. Reisdorf Assistant Professor, Department of Media and Information Assistant Director, Quello Center, Michigan State University TPRC45, Arlington, VA, 8-9 September 2017
- 3. The Part Played by Search in Shaping Political Opinion • Quello Center team in collaboration with the Oxford Internet Institute (OII), University of Oxford and Department of Communication, University of Ottawa • Professor William H. Dutton (Quello) • Dr. Bianca C. Reisdorf (Quello) • Dr. Grant Blank (OII) • Dr. Elizabeth Dubois (Ottawa) • With the assistance of: • Craig Robertson (PhD Student, Quello) • Sabrina Ahmed (BA Student, Ottawa) • Support from Google, with thanks to Jon Steinberg
- 4. Centrality of Information to Democratic Processes Mass Media • News, Radio, Television, and the Fourth Estate The Internet and Search • Search Engines, Algorithms, Social Media, User Choice, and a Fifth Estate
- 5. Key Questions How do media and search shape public opinion and actions? Enable citizens to make well-informed political decisions? Distort the information citizens gain access to and choose in taking political decisions and actions? How does personalization shape the results of search? Creating a filter bubble?
- 6. Approach: Cross-National Comparative Research Report on Search and Politics Review of Literature Comparative Trace Data Comparative Survey of 7 nations Britain France Germany Italy Poland Spain United States 14,000 Internet Users, January 2017
- 7. The Centrality of Search Becoming the first place people go for information After email, search is one of the most common uses of the Internet Politics is a limited, specialized topic of search
- 8. Frequency of Using a Search Engine France Germany Italy Poland Spain UK US Total Never 1.4 0.14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.54 Less than monthly 1.4 2.02 0.8 0.1 0.6 2.5 3 1.5 Monthly 1.8 2.4 0.8 0.2 1.4 2.4 2.4 1.62 Weekly 12.1 17.5 6.9 2.7 6.5 14.2 11.3 10.1 Daily 22.5 28.9 19.3 21.8 19.8 24.3 20 22.4 Greater than once per day 60.9 49.0 72.1 75 71.4 56.2 62.3 63.85 Total N 1,972 1,972 1,979 1,992 1,989 1,961 1,995 13,859 Total percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
- 9. The Purpose of Search 3.19 3.19 3.22 3.44 3.57 3.66 3.87 3.97 0 1 2 3 4 Mean results out of 5 Find entertaining content Politics and current events Medical or health questions Check accuracy of news,info Look up news on topic, event Look up fact(s) Navigation to sites Info about particular topic 0=never; 4=very often
- 10. The Reliability of Search: A Learned Level of Trust As reliable as other major sources, e.g., TV Internet users in Poland, Italy, and Spain more trusting in search than those in Germany, France, and Britain One of first places people go for information about politics
- 11. Reliability of Different Sources 2.69 3.35 3.41 3.41 3.47 3.49 3.52 0 1 2 3 4 Mean results out of 5 Social media Television Newspapers Online news Family, friends, colleagues Radio Search engine results 0=not reliable at all; 4=totally reliable
- 12. The Diversity of Sources Those interested in politics look at multiple (4.5) sources of information More than two (2.4) offline, and more than two (2.1) online Search engines most frequent online source
- 13. Multiple Sources of Information about Politics 1.53 1.82 2.13 2.24 2.31 2.50 2.51 N ever Som etim es O ften Very often Mean results out of 4 Charities, religious groups Political websites Radio Print news Family & friends Online sources TV
- 14. Online Sources of Information about Politics 2.36 2.52 2.54 2.88 3.02 3.07 3.49 N ever R arely Som etim es O ften Very often Mean results out of 5 Political website Email Online video platforms Social media Online sites of news & mags Online news sites Search engines
- 15. The Diversity of Views Encountered Online 36% read news they disagree with ‘often’/‘very often’ Less than 20% un-friend or block others Diversity of Views Among People Communicated with Online • 15%: Views Different from you • 65%: Mixed Beliefs • 20%: Same as you
- 16. Diversity of Views on Social Networks Social Media Research (OxIS, et al) • Maintains and enhances existing ties, over space • Introduces new people, friends, meet in person Diversifies the News Diet • 2017 Reuters Institute Digital News Report • News and politics not the central role of social media • Social media use increases incidental exposure to additional news sources, with more politically diverse news Social, not Politically Centric, Media
- 17. Users Check, Confirm, Information Multiple approaches to confirming information Over 80% use search to check facts 74% use search to check info on social media
- 18. Other Patterns that Bust Bubbles 76% occasionally or often find information they were not looking for (serendipity) through search 48% ‘often’ learn something new – serendipity Many recognize ‘wrong’ information
- 19. Search Matters: Outcomes Perceived to lead some to change their opinion on an issue Two-thirds of respondents say search was important to their voting decisions
- 20. Importance of Online Search to Voting France Germany Italy Poland Spain UK US Total Not important 41.7 34.5 27.4 21.1 33.3 40.5 21 31.7 Important 58.3 65.5 72.6 78.9 66.7 59.5 79 68.3 Total N 1,496 1,486 1,666 1,129 1,617 1,559 1,568 10,520 Total percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
- 21. • Google Studie • Forschungsfragen • Methodologie • Erste Resultate • Bedeutung • Diskussion Factors Shaping Individual Differences in Search
- 22. Individual Factors Shaping Strong Search Practices Political • Interest in Politics • Online political participation Internet • Skills • Levels of Internet Use • Mobile, Next Generation Users Information • Diversity of Sources • Learned Level of Trust
- 23. Key Issues Moving Forward Theoretical Perspectives • Be more critical of deterministic perspectives • Don’t underestimate users & social shaping of search Interest in Politics • Are those least interested & involved more vulnerable? Skills in Search and Internet • Are those offline or least skilled at greater risk? • Can digital media literacy reduce risks?
- 24. Mitigating Problems Search for Info about Politics Diversity of Sources/ Viewpoints Check, Confirm, Information Learn Something New Don’t Censor Others Fifth Estate, Not Mass Media
- 25. The Report Plus Dutton, W.H., Reisdorf, B.C., Dubois, E., and Blank, G. (2017), Search and Politics: The Uses and Impacts of Search in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United States, Quello Center Working Paper available on SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2960697 Dutton, W.H. (2017), ‘Fake News, Echo Chambers, and Filter Bubbles: Underresearched and Overhyped’: https://theconversation.com/fake-news- echo-chambers-and-filter-bubbles-underresearched-and-overhyped-76688 Dutton, W. H. (2017), ‘Bubblebusters’, NESTA. http://readie.eu/bubblebusters- countering-fake-news-filter-bubbles-and-echo-chambers/
Notas do Editor
- Project focuses on the centrality of information on democratic processes In addition to mass media, such as print media and broadcast media (i.e. fourth estate), we now also have the internet, search engines, algorithms, and socila media Users have a lot more choice, gatekeepers play a smaller role Fifth estate: Internet and related digital technologies is creating a space for networking individuals in ways that enable a new source of accountability in government, politics and other sectors
- We wanted to look further into how traditional and digital media affect public opinions and actions, for example voting decisions Specifically we ask whether the combination of these media enables citizens to make well-informed decisions OR whether it distorts the info they can gain access to For example, does personalization in search shape the results of search? Is it creating a filter bubble? Do people live in echo chambers, which a lot of previous research on single platforms like Twitter and Facebook seem to point to?
- To examine these questions we used a multi-pronged methodological approach. Extremely rich data set stemming from 30-minute online surveys with representative online samples from 7 nations; conducted in January 2017 Unique dataset as it inquires about a wide range of media and media uses both online and offline; so we can compare and contrast the use and importance of different media; and can compare between countries with different media systems, e.g. strong public service broadcasting traditions in Germany and Britain Trace data on most popular search topics over time
- Results There is no doubt that search engines play a central role in how Internet users find information After sending emails, search is one of the most popular uses of the Internet However !! Looking for political information is a very limited and specialized topic of search
- For example, we can see here that 86% of our complete sample said they use search at least once a day (and almost two thirds say several times daily)….
- However, looking for politics and current events is a less popular search topic – in fact, the least popular one together with finding entertaining content Instead, search is used mostly to find information on a particular non-political topic, simply to navigate to other websites, and to look up facts
- We can also observe a fairly high level of trust in search engines, which are rated as reliable as other major news sources across the complete sample However, we can also observe country differences… In addition, search engines are one of the first places people go to for information about politics
- As you can see here, Internet users regard the results of search engines as very reliable, similar to information found on the radio and obtained from friends and colleagues In contrast, trust in the accuracy of information found on social media is comparatively low—and in fact the lowest out of any information source that we asked for You can learn more about the country differences in our full paper (Table 4)
- Which table in report?
- Diversity of Views Among People Communicated with Online (Table 4.25 in full report)
- What is many?