1. By –
Mr. Ashok Bishnoi
Lecturer,JINR
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2.  Gland:- It is a group of cell which take certain
material from tissue fluid & make new substances
of them.
 Classification:- it is classified in to two groups.
◦ Exocrine & duct gland -which secrete in to cavity.
◦ Endocrine & ductless gland:- which secrete in to
tissue & blood.
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3.  Hypothalamus
 Pineal gland (1)
 Pituitary (1)
◦ Anterior P.
◦ Posterior P.
 Thyroid gland (2)
 Parathyroid glands (4)
 Thymus (1)
 Adrenal Glands (2)
◦ Cortex
◦ Medulla
 Islets of Langerhans (1)
 Gonads
◦ Ovaries in female (2)
◦ Testes in male (2)
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5. Figure 11-3: Autonomic control centers in the brain
Hypothalamus:-

6.  It Regulates , emotions, feeding/satiety, thirst,
body temperature, etc.
 Controls the release of hormones from the anterior
and posterior pituitary
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7. “7” releasing hormones are made in the hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-Releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

8. Growth hormone-Release Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
Prolactin-Releasing factor (PRF)
Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)
 All of these are released into the blood in the
capillaries and travel immediately
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10.  It is lie in the hypophyseal phosa of the sphenoid
bone below the hypothalamus.
 Weight is about “500” mg
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 10

11.  Anterior P. (Adenohypophysis):-
◦ Growth Hormone (GH)
◦ Prolactin Hormone (PH)
◦ Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
◦ Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
◦ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)
◦ Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
◦ Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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13.  Posterior p (Neurohypophysis):-
◦ Oxytocin
◦ Antidiuretic H. (ADH)
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 13

14.  Oxytocin
◦ Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus &
mammary glands.
 Antidiuretic H.
◦ Stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts.
◦ Stimulates vasoconstriction (vasopressin)
◦ Lack  diabetes insipidus

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17.  Position:- Situated in the neck in front of the
larynx & trachea at the level of 5th
,6th
& 7th
cervical
& 1st
thoracic vertebrae.
 Weight it is about:- 25 gm
 Shape:- Butterfly in shape
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19.  It consisting of two lobes one on either side of
thyroid cartilage
 The lobe are cone shaped
 About 5cm long
 3 cm wide
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20.  Blood supply by:- Superior & inferior thyroid
artery.
 Venous drainage by:- thyroid vein
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21. Secretion of hormone:-
1. T3 (Tri-iodothyronine)
2. T4 (Thyroid)
Function:-
◦ Increases BMR & produce energy
◦ It help in metabolism of protein ,fat
3. Calcitonin
Function:-
◦ Reduce blood calcium level
◦ It reduce reabsorbtion of calcium level from bone
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23.  Location:- The parathyroid gland is located in the
neck
 There are “4”small parathyroid glands.
 Two abunded in the posterior surface of each lob
of the thyroid glands.
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24.  Shape:- Spherical in shape
 Length:- 0.3-0.6cm long
 Weight:- 25mg
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26.  Arterial supply: inferior thyroid artery (superior
thyroid,)
 Venous drainage: Inferior, middle, superior
thyroid veins
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27.  Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Function:-
 Increase blood calcium level when it is low
(9-10.5 mg/dl)
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30. 30

31.  Position:-One situated on the upper pole of the
each kidney
 Length:- About “4” cm long
 Around “3” cm thick
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33.  The gland compose of two parts which have
different structure & function.
 The outer part is Cortex
 The inner parts is Medulla
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34. Secretion of hormone:-
A. Adrenal Cortex:-
1. Glucocorticoid ( Regulation of metabolism of glucose)
2. Mineralocorticoids-(Aldosterone-maintain water & electrolyte)
3. Sex hormone-(Androgen in male-play role in reproductive activity)
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 34

35. B-Renal Medulla:-
1. Adrenaline ( Epinephrine)
2. Noradrenalin (Nor epinephrine)
Function:-
 Increase HR
 Increase BP
 Increase Metabolic rate
 Dilating pupiles
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36.  Hypo-secretion
Addison’s disease -
glucocorticoid deficiency
person becomes highly
susceptible to disease and
deteriorating effects of stress
 Hyper-secretion:
Cushing’s Syndrome
mobilization of fat from lower
body to the thoracic and upper
abdominal regions giving raise
to “Buffalo Torso”

37.  Control centers for
blood glucose
 Insulin from beta
cells
 Glucagon from
alpha cells
 Somatostanin from
delta cell
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39.  Ovaries in female:-
◦ Estrogens
◦ Progesterone
 Testes in male:-
◦ Testosterone, etc.
 Reproductive functions when we study
reproductive system.
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 39

40.  Suspended in third ventricle from
diencephalon
 Melatonin
◦ ? Inhibits early puberty
◦ ? Day/night cycles
 Timing of sleep, body temperature, appetite
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41.  = “Thymus gland”
 Thymopoietins, thymic factor, thymosins
◦ Influence development of T lymphocytes
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42.  Stomach (gastrointestinal hormones)
 Heart  ANP(Atrial natriuretic peptide)
 Kidneys  erythropoietin
 Adipose tissue  leptin
 Skin  cholecalciferol (vit. D precursor)
 Placenta  progesterone
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43.  Growth
 Healing
 Water balance & Blood Pressure
 Calcium Metabolism
 Energy Metabolism
 Stress
 Regulation of other Endocrine Organs