Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects or areas without direct contact using sensors to measure electromagnetic energy. It has applications in agriculture such as crop monitoring and yield assessment. GIS integrates geographic data by creating, managing, analyzing, and visualizing spatial data on maps. It helps analyze factors influencing agriculture and can be used for applications like crop mapping, soil analysis, and weather forecasting to improve agricultural management and sustainability.

1. Agrometerology
ANSHUL PHAUGAT

2. The topics covered:
 REMOTE SENSING
 GIS (Geographical Information Systems)

4.  Remote sensing (RS), also called earth observation, refers to obtaining
information about objects or areas at the Earth’s surface without being in direct
contact with the object or area.
 Humans accomplish this task with aid of eyes or by the sense of smell or
hearing; so, remote sensing is day-today business for people.
 Reading the newspaper, watching cars driving in front of you are all remote
sensing activities.
 Most sensing devices record information about an object by measuring an
object’s transmission of electromagnetic energy from reflecting and radiating
surfaces

5. The process involves:
 Energy Source or Illumination (A)
 Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
 Interaction with the Target (C)
 Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)
 Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E)
 Interpretation and Analysis (F)
 Application (G)

6. Passive Sensing
 Remote sensing systems which measure energy that is
naturally available are called passive sensors.
 Passive sensors can only be used to detect energy when the
naturally occurring energy is available.
For all reflected energy, this can only take place during the
time when the sun is illuminating the Earth.
There is no reflected energy available from the sun at night.
 Energy that is naturally emitted (such as thermal infrared) can
be detected day or night, as long as the amount of energy is
large enough to be recorded.

7. Active Sensing
Active sensors provide their own energy source for illumination.
 The sensor emits radiation which is directed toward the target to be
investigated.
The radiation reflected from that target is detected and measured by
the sensor.
Active sensors can be used for examining wavelengths that are not
sufficiently provided by the sun, such as microwaves, or to better
control the way a target is illuminated.
 However, active systems require the generation of a fairly large
amount of energy to adequately illuminate targets

8. Application in Agriculture

9. Remote sensing has several advantages in the field of agronomical research purpose.
The assessment of agricultural crop canopies has provided valuable insights in the agronomic
parameters.
 Remote sensing play a significant role in crop classification, crop monitoring and yield assessment.
The use of remote sensing is necessary in the field of agronomical research purpose because they are
highly vulnerable to variation in soil, climate and other physico- chemical changes.
 The monitoring of agricultural production system follows strong seasonal patterns in relation to the
biological life cycle of crops. All these factors are highly variable in space and time dimensions.
Moreover, the agricultural productivity can change within short time periods, due to unfavourable
growing conditions. Monitoring of agricultural systems should be followed in timely.
 Remote sensing are important tools in timely monitoring and giving an accurate picture of the
agricultural sector with high revisit frequency and high accuracy.

10. GIS (Geographical Information Systems)

11. GIS
A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing,
and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many
types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into
visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. ​With this unique capability, GIS reveals
deeper insights into data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations—
helping users make smarter decisions.

13. Uses of GIS
Every day, GIS powers millions of decisions around world. It makes a big impact in our life and you
might not even realize. For example, we use GIS for:
1. Pinpointing new store locations
2. Reporting power outages
3. Analyzing crime patterns
4. Routing in car navigation
5. Forecasting and predicting weather

14. Main ideas of GIS
The 4 main ideas of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are:
1. Create geographic data.
2. Manage it in a database.
3. Analyze and find patterns.
4. Visualize it on a map.
Because viewing and analyzing data on maps impacts our understanding of data, we can make better
decisions using GIS. It helps us understand what is where. Analysis becomes simple. Answers become
clear.

15. MAPS
Maps are the geographic container
for the data layers and analytics you
want to work with. GIS maps are
easily shared and embedded in apps,
and accessible by virtually everyone,
everywhere.

16. DATA
GIS integrates many different kinds
of data layers using spatial location.
Most data has a geographic
component. GIS data includes
imagery, features, and basemaps
linked to spreadsheets and tables.

17. ANALYSIS
Spatial analysis lets you evaluate
suitability and capability, estimate
and predict, interpret and
understand, and much more,
lending new perspectives to your
insight and decision-making.

18. APPS
Apps provide focused user
experiences for getting work done
and bringing GIS to life for everyone.
GIS apps work virtually everywhere:
on your mobile phones, tablets, in
web browsers, and on desktops.

19. Remote sensing and GIS
For sustainable agricultural management, all the factors which are influencing the agricultural
sector need to be analysed on spatio-temporal basis. The remote sensing along with the other
advanced techniques such as global positioning systems and geographical information systems
are playing a major role in the assessment and management of the agricultural activities. These
technologies have many fold applications in the field of agriculture such as crop acreage
estimation, crop growth monitoring, soil moisture estimation, soil fertility evaluation, crop stress
detection, detection of diseases and pest infestation, drought and flood condition monitoring,
yield estimation, weather forecasting, precision agriculture for maintaining the sustainability of
the agricultural systems and improving the economic growth of the country

20. GIS in Agriculture.
GIS in agriculture helps farmers to achieve increased production and reduced costs by enabling
better management of land resources. The risk of marginalization and vulnerability of small and
marginal farmers, who constitute about 85% of farmers globally, also gets reduced.
Agricultural Geographic Information Systems using Geomatics Technology enable the farmers to
map and project current and future fluctuations in precipitation, temperature, crop output etc.
While natural inputs in farming cannot be controlled, they can be better understood and
managed with GIS applications. GIS can substantially help in effective crop yield estimates, soil
amendment analyses and erosion identification and remediation. More accurate and reliable crop
estimates help reduce uncertainty.