Intro to theo lecture

Introduction to
Theology
An Invitation to Theology?

Copyright © 2004, The Theology Program. All rights reserved.

“Jesus said to him, ‘Love the Lord your
God with all your heart, with all your
soul, and with all your mind.’”
–Matthew 22:37


Question Outline
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Who are you and why are you here?
What is The Theology Program?
What is theology?
Who is a theologian?
How do we do theology every day?
What are the different categories of
theology?
What is the Theological Process?
What is epistemology?
What is postmodernism?
What questions are postmoderns asking?
What is the postmodern view of truth?
What is the modern view of truth?
What is the Christian view of truth?
What truths are relative and what truths
are objective?

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What truths are essential for orthodoxy?
How certain are you about your beliefs?
What is the essential difference in Roman
Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and
Protestantism?
Why are there so many Protestant
denominations?
What are the different sources for truth?
What are the benefits and deficiencies of
each source?
How do the different sources interact to
form our theology?
Does God still speak today?
What is the Continuationist view of
prophecy?
What is the Hard Cessationist view of
prophecy?
What is the Soft Cessationist view of
prophecy?
How do we do theology in our emerging
context?

Course Outline
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.

Introduction
Defining Theology
Categories of Theology
Postmodern Epistemology
Christian Epistemology
Essentials of Theology
Traditions of Christian Theology
Sources of Theology
Does God Still Speak Today?
Unity and Diversity

Introduction to
Theology
BIBLICAL THEOLOGY
SYSTEMATIC
THEOLOGY


Question

Who are you and why are you here?


Introduction to
Theology module
Who you are and why you are taking
this course?


Introduction to
Theology module
Who are you and why are you taking
this course?
• Practical Pricilla: You are a person who
Pricilla
has never seen the practicality in deep
theological study. You are here to see if
we can change your mind.


Introduction to
Theology module
this course?
2. Scared Susan: Big words scare you. You
Susan
don’t really think that you are smart
enough to be here. You are here this time,
but you may not be here the next.


Introduction to
Theology module
this course?
3. Know-it-all Nick: You already know
Nick
everything. You are just here to see if we
do… and to pick up where we leave off.


Introduction to
Theology module
this course?
4. Fundamental Fred: You are the GodFred
ordained guardian of orthodoxy. You are
here to sit, with arms crossed, and
protect.


Introduction to
Theology module
this course?
5. Want-an-answer Will: You have a lot
Will
of questions. You are here not to do
theology in community, but to write
theology down with a pen and paper.


Introduction to
Theology module
this course?
6. Traditionalist Teri: You want to learn,
Teri
but your traditions and preconceived
notions bind you. You are here to have
your traditions confirmed to be true.


Introduction to
the Theology Program
this course?
7. Confrontational Carl: You are not a
Carl
believer in Christ or the Bible and have no
intention of becoming one. You are here
to argue.


Introduction to
Theology module
this course?
8. Struggling Sam: You are a believer in
Sam
Christ, but you have a lot of doubts and
struggles. You have never had a safe place
to express those doubts. You are here to
see if this is the place.


Introduction to
Theology module
this course?
9. Curious Carla: You are not really sure
Carla
why you are here, but you’re excited to
find out.


Introduction to
Theology module
We are all real people created by a real
God, and we all have real struggles,
real questions, and real convictions.
We are glad that you are here!


Question

What is The Theology Program?


Introduction to
Theology module
The Introduction to Theology Module is an intense
theological studies program, designed for busy people
who may never go to seminary but who want deep
theological training. While there are many great
subjects, biblical and spiritual, that Christians can and
need to study, our focus is on seven specific courses
of systematic theology. Our desire is to teach people
how to think by opening their minds to diverse
views, learning from history, wrestling with difficult
issues, and graciously engaging an increasingly
relativistic and postmodern world.

Introduction to
Theology module
Mission:

Renewing minds and changing
lives by purposefully guiding
people through a study of
historic and biblical Christian
theology.

Goal:

“Our goal is not so much to
teach good theology, as
important as that is, but to teach
people to think.”

Introduction to Theology
module
What makes Introduction to Theology
Module different?
1. Intensity in studies
2. Irenic theology
3. Intentional program design
4. Comprehensive / Practical coverage
5. Doing theology in community (relevance)

Intensity in Studies
The Church must have an avenue of intense,
interactive Christian education through a
program which gives people an opportunity to
learn at a level that other venues cannot
provide.
HOPE TRAINING CENTER endeavors to be
this avenue.


Sermon

Low Commitment

Fellowship/
Sunday School

Interactive Classroom

High Commitment


Sermon

Fellowship/
Sunday School

Low Expectations


High Expectations
•Attendance
•Assigned readings
•Books
•Papers
•Case studies
•Memorization of Scripture
•Grades



Fellowship/
Sunday School

Sermon

Devotional
(Brings encouragement for the week)



Foundational
(Builds theology for a lifetime)


Sermon

Fellowship/
Sunday School

Short-term life change


Long-term life change



Sermon

Fellowship/
Sunday School

Exhortation


Education



Sermon

Fellowship/
Sunday School


The education program of the
Church needs to include all of
these in balance.

Irenic Theology
Key Terms
Irenic Theology:
Polemic Theology:

Apologetic Theology:

Theology that is done peaceably,
accurately representing all views,
even when you oppose them.
Theology that is done in a warlike
manner inside the Church,
speaking against those with
whom there is disagreement.
Theology that is done to defend
the faith against those who
oppose outside the church.


Irenic Theology
Irenic
Peace

War

Polemic

Defense

Apologetic

Comprehensive Coverage
In the courses, we will address all the relevant
major issues, current and historic, of which we
think people need to be aware.


Doing Theology in a
Community
We believe that truth is not found in Spiritilluminated individuals, but in a community of
Spirit-illuminated individuals. Therefore, we
believe that the Body of Christ, must come
together to understand theology, clarifying it
from many perspectives and differing
experiences, and applying theology in the
community.

Discussion Groups


Defining Theology
“What does it mean to ‘do’
theology?”


Question

What is theology?


Traditions of Theology
Epistemology
Epistemology

Denominations

Eastern Orthodox
Eastern Orthodox
Pluralism
Protestant

Experience

Cessationism

Relativism

PENTECOSTALI
SM

Truth

Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic
Exclusivism
Special Revelation
Special Revelation

Modernism

Prophecy

Protestant theology

Postmodernism

Cessationism

Defining Theology
What is Theology?
Write a one or two sentence definition of
theology:


Defining Theology
“The study or science
“The study or science
of God.”
of God.”
–Millard Erickson
–Millard Erickson
Christian Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2001), 22

Christian Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2001), 22

“The Science of God
“The Science of God
and of the relations
and of the relations
between God and
between God and
the universe.”
the universe.”
–A. H. Strong
–A. H. Strong

“Rational discussion
“Rational discussion
respecting the deity.”
respecting the deity.”
–Augustine
–Augustine
“Thinking about God
“Thinking about God
and expressing those
and expressing those
thoughts in some
thoughts in some
way.”
way.”
–Charles Ryrie
–Charles Ryrie

Basic Theology (Wheaton, IL: 1986), 99
Basic Theology (Wheaton, IL: 1986),


Defining Theology
“The science of God or of religion; the science which
“The science of God or of religion; the science which
treats of the existence, character, and attributes of
treats of the existence, character, and attributes of
God, his laws and government, the doctrines we are
God, his laws and government, the doctrines we are
to believe, and the duties we are to practice; divinity;
to believe, and the duties we are to practice; divinity;
(as more commonly understood) the knowledge
(as more commonly understood) the knowledge
derivable from the Scriptures, the systematic exhibition of
derivable from the Scriptures, the systematic exhibition of
revealed truth, the science of Christian faith and life.”
revealed truth, the science of Christian faith and life.”
—Webster’s Dictionary

Question



Defining Theology
Anyone who has asked the ultimate questions of life:
• Why am I here?
• What is life?
• What happens after death?
• What is the difference between right and
wrong?
• Why is there something instead of nothing?

Defining Theology
The question is not, “Who is a
The question is not, “Who is a
theologian?” but “What kind of
theologian?” but “What kind of
theologian am II going to be?” Are
theologian am going to be?” Are
you going to be a good theologian
you going to be a good theologian
or a bad theologian? This is a
or a bad theologian? This is a
more accurate question because,
more accurate question because,
as one writer put it, “not all
as one writer put it, “not all
theologies are equal.”
theologies are equal.”
–Source unknown
–Source unknown


Defining Theology
“We live in what may be the most anti“We live in what may be the most antiintellectual period in the history of
intellectual period in the history of
Western civilization. .. .. We must have
Western civilization. We must have
passion—indeed hearts on fire for the
passion—indeed hearts on fire for the
things of God. But that passion must
things of God. But that passion must
resist with intensity the antiresist with intensity the antiintellectual spirit of the world.”
intellectual spirit of the world.”
—R. C. Sproul
—R. C. Sproul

“Burning Hearts Are Not Nourished by Empty Heads,” Christianity Today 26 (Sept. 3, 1982), 100
“Burning Hearts Are Not Nourished by Empty Heads,” Christianity Today 26 (Sept. 3, 1982), 100


Defining Theology
There are basically six arenas in which
we can do theology:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Tabloid Theology
Folk Theology
Lay Theology
Ministerial Theology
Professional Theology
Academic Theology

Defining Theology

Tabloid

Folk

Lay

Ministerial

Fundamental

Academic

Defining Theology
Tabloid Theologian: One who constructs his or
her theology based upon
naïve hearsay information
that has no basis in fact and
very little, if any, evidence
to be believed. Many times
people are Tabloid
theologians because of the
theology’s appearance of
originality. As well, it can
be “cutting edge” in many
people’s minds.

Defining Theology
What are some examples of Tabloid
theology?


Defining Theology
• Tabloid theology examples


Defining Theology
•
•
•
•
•
•

Hitchhiking angel
Growing fire hose
“I Saw Heaven”
Statues with tears of blood
Apparitions of Mary
(what other examples can you give?)


Defining Theology
Folk Theologian: One who uncritically
and unreflectively
constructs his or her
theology according to
traditions and religious
folklore. The Folk
theologian is often very
dogmatic about his or
her beliefs.

Defining Theology
What are some examples of Folk
theology?


Defining Theology
Folk theology examples:


Defining Theology

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Occults; Espiritistas
Ghosts
Angels’ wings
Good works salvation
All people are good at heart


Defining Theology
•
Amulets
•
Talismans
•
Witch Doctors
•
Divination
•
Ghosts
•
Animism
•
(give your own examples)


Defining Theology
Why do you think that it is so hard for
Folk theologians to learn?


Defining Theology
Lay Theologian:

A layperson who constructs his
or her theology and who, unlike
the folk and tabloid theologian,
is . . .
(1) more reflective upon learned
theological concepts
(2) likely to formulate a system
of beliefs which distinguishes
between essential and nonessential doctrine
(3) more critical of unfounded
traditions
(4) willing to use study tools


Defining Theology
Ministerial Theologian: A layperson who constructs his
or her theology and who, unlike
the lay theologian is . . .
(1) educated in theological
methodology
(2) able to use study tools and
resources at a more effective
level
(3) able to openly critique
personal theology against
competing models
(4) intent on devoting more time
to reflection so that theological
integration can take place

Defining Theology
Fundamental Theologian:


One who constructs his
or her theology seriously
and fundamentally. They
usually. . .
(1) are didactically
purposed toward lay and
pastoral theologians
(2) conduct practical
original research
(3) critically evaluate
common theological
trends and folk theology.

Defining Theology
Fundamental theologians are often
accused of “quenching the Spirit.” Why
do you think they receive this
accusation?


• BECAUSE THEY WILL USUALLY ASK
THE QUESTIONS:
• Is that Biblical?
• Where in the Bible can you find that?
• Is it Theological?


Defining Theology
Academic Theologian: A professional theologian
who constructs his
theology with an overly
speculative and critical
spirit. His dialogue can
usually come only with
other theologians. It is
often called “Ivory
Tower theology.”


Defining Theology
What are some examples of
Academic theology?
Why do you think someone would
want to be an Academic theologian?


Defining Theology
Skeptical

Naïve

Critical
Gates permanently locked

Sensational
Gates wide open
Tabloid

Folk

Lay

Ministerial

Fundamental

Academic

Defining Theology

Acceptable range
Tabloid

Folk

Lay

Ministerial

Professional

Academic

Defining Theology
“Theology is for everyone. Indeed,
“Theology is for everyone. Indeed,
everyone needs to be a theologian. In
everyone needs to be a theologian. In
reality, everyone is a theologian—of one
reality, everyone is a theologian—of one
sort or another. And therein lies the
sort or another. And therein lies the
problem. There is nothing wrong with
problem. There is nothing wrong with
being an amateur theologian or a
being an amateur theologian or a
professional theologian, but there is
professional theologian, but there is
everything wrong with being an ignorant
everything wrong with being an ignorant
or sloppy theologian.”
or sloppy theologian.”
—Charles Ryrie
—Charles Ryrie

Basic Theology (Wheaton, IL: 1986), 9.
Basic Theology (Wheaton, IL: 1986), 9.


Defining Theology
How do we “do” theology every day?


Defining Theology
How do we “do” theology every day? In other
words, how does our theology influence our
daily routine?


Defining Theology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

When we think about God.
When we share the Gospel.
When we interpret the Bible.
When we get sick.
When we defend the faith.
When we plan for the future.
When we choose schooling for our children.


Defining Theology
8. When we vote.
9. When we attempt to deal with sin in our
lives.
10. When we decide on who we marry.


Defining Theology
What is theology?


Defining Theology

credo ut intelligam
“faith seeking understanding”
This is aaLatin phrase coined by Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)
This is Latin phrase coined by Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)
meaning “faith seeking understanding.” This is one of the earliest
meaning “faith seeking understanding.” This is one of the earliest
definitions of theology. It starts with the assumption that we are
definitions of theology. It starts with the assumption that we are
believers and, as such, we are seeking to understand our beliefs better.
believers and, as such, we are seeking to understand our beliefs better.

Categories of
Theology


Question

What are the different categories of
theology?


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Systematic
Biblical
Historical
Philosophical
Creedal/Dogmatic
Apologetic


Systematic Theology
•

Prolegomena:
Literally means “things which are spoken
beforehand.” Deals with the foundational
issues of theology such as theological
methodology, sources, and reasons for the
study of theology.


•

•

Bibliology:
The study of the nature, transmission,
canonization, and purpose of Scripture.
Theology Proper:
The study of God’s existence, nature, and
attributes. Sometimes called
“Trinitarianism.”


•

•

Christology:
The study of the person and work of
Christ.
Pneumatology:
The study of the person and work of the
Holy Spirit.


•

•

•

Anthropology:
The study of the purpose and nature of
humanity, both in its pre-fall and post-fall state.
Hamartiology:
The study of the nature, origin, and effects of sin
on all creation.
Angelology:
The study of the nature and works of demons
and angels.

•
•
•

Soteriology:
The study of salvation.
Ecclesiology:
The study of the nature of the Church.
Eschatology:
The study of the end times.


Systematic

Biblical
•

Restricts the formulation of theology
only to the Scripture.

•

Formulates theology from all sources of
theology, including Scripture.

•

Sometimes will examine the individual
parts of Scripture in order to formulate a
particular theology that is restricted to a
certain time period and a particular people
(e.g., Pre-mosaic theology).

•

Correlates the entirety of Scripture to
formulate a general theology for all
time and for all people.

•

Sometimes examines the theology of a
certain author (e.g.,, John or Paul).

•

Correlates information on a doctrine
by examining the theology of all the
authors.

Systematic

Historical
•

only to the history of the Church.

•

theology.

•

periods of Church history in order to
formulate a particular theology that is
restricted to a certain time period (e.g.,,
Patristic, Medieval, Reformation).

•

Correlates the all of Church history to
formulate a general theology for all

Systematic

Philosophical
•

only to that which can be ascertained by
reason.

•

theology.

•

periods of philosophical history in order
to formulate a particular theology that
is restricted to a certain time period (e.g.,,
enlightenment, modern,
postmodern).

•

Correlates the all of philosophical history
to formulate a general theology for all

Creedal

Systematic

• Restricts the formulation of • Formulates theology from
all sources of theology
theology only to that of a
including the creedal
particular religious institution
statement of many
or denomination.
institutions and
denominations.

Apologetic
• Formulates theology for
the purpose of explaining
and defending the faith to
those outside the faith.

Systematic
• Formulates theology for
the purpose of creating a
comprehensive and
coherent understanding of
various doctrines.

Question

What is the Theological Process?


Truth
Extract timeless
principles

2 Theological Statement

“What is the timeless truth taught?”

.

“What did it mean then?”
•
•
•
•

Historical interpretation
Grammatical interpretation
Contextual interpretation
Literary Interpretation

Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

1 Exegetical Statement

Contemporary Audience

Timeless Audience
Time bound Audience

Contextualize
Contextualize
Principles for today

Analogy
of Scripture

.

3 Homiletical Statement
.

“How does it apply to us?”

Systematic
Theology

Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

Biblical
Hermeneutics


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

Application

Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

?


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

Liberal Theology
Liberal Theology

Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

?


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?
Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

Hypocritical Folk Theology
Hypocritical Folk Theology

?
Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?

Subjective Theology
Subjective Theology

Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?

Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

?


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?

Irrelevant Theology
Irrelevant Theology

Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

?


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?

?
Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?

?
Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience
Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience


Folk Theology
Folk Theology

?

?
Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

?


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

Short-circuit Theology
Short-circuit Theology

?
Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

?


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?
Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

?


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?

Eisegetical Theology
Eisegetical Theology

?
Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

?


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?

Exegetical Theology
Exegetical Theology

?
Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

?


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

?

•
•
•
•


Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

1. Exegetical Statement


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

Contextualize
Contextualize

Analogy
of Scripture

Theology

3. Homiletical Statement


Scripture
Biblical Theology
Historical Theology
Philosophical Theology

Systematic Theology
Apologetic Theology

Creedal/Dogmatic Theology

Postmodern
Epistemology
Understanding Our
Changing Culture



What is Epistemology?


“The theory or science
“The theory or science
of the method or
of the method or
grounds of
grounds of
knowledge.”
knowledge.”


“The branch of philosophy
“The branch of philosophy
that is concerned with the
that is concerned with the
theory of knowledge. It is
theory of knowledge. It is
an inquiry into the nature
an inquiry into the nature
and source of knowledge,
and source of knowledge,
the bounds of knowledge,
the bounds of knowledge,
and the justification of
and the justification of
claims to knowledge.”
claims to knowledge.”
—Paul Feinberg
—Paul Feinberg

Walter A. Elwell ed., “Epistemology” in The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology
Walter A. Elwell ed., “Epistemology” in The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology
(Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2001), 382.
(Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2001), 382.


Key Terms
Relativism:
Subjectivism:
Skepticism:
Perspectivism:
Pragmatism:
Objectivism:

The belief that all truth is relative, being determined
by some group.
The belief that all truth is subjective, being defined by
the perspective of the individual.
The belief that truth cannot be known with certainty.
The belief that truth is found in the combined
perspectives of many.
The belief that truth is ultimately defined by that which
works to accomplish the best outcome. “The end
justifies the means.”
The belief that truth is an objective reality that exist
whether someone believes it or not.


Which best describes our culture
today?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Relativism
Subjectivism
Skepticism
Perspectivalism
Pragmatism
Objectivism

Which is true?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Relativism
Subjectivism
Skepticism
Perspectivalism
Pragmatism
Objectivism


Question

What is Postmodernism?


“Christian’s today cannot work with the
“Christian’s today cannot work with the
same assumptions that we did just 20
same assumptions that we did just 20
years ago. At that time, people would
years ago. At that time, people would
join you in your search for absolute
join you in your search for absolute
truth. It is different now. Today, before
truth. It is different now. Today, before
we begin to lead people to the truth of
we begin to lead people to the truth of
Jesus Christ, we may have to lead them
Jesus Christ, we may have to lead them
to the truth of truth. Common ground
to the truth of truth. Common ground
must be created before the Gospel can be
must be created before the Gospel can be
proclaimed”
proclaimed”

“Apologetically, the question which arises in
“Apologetically, the question which arises in
the postmodern context is the following. How
the postmodern context is the following. How
can Christianity’s claims to truth be taken
can Christianity’s claims to truth be taken
seriously, when there are so many rival
seriously, when there are so many rival
alternatives, and when ‘truth’ itself has
alternatives, and when ‘truth’ itself has
become a devalued notion? No-one can lay
become a devalued notion? No-one can lay
claim to possession of truth. It is all a
claim to possession of truth. It is all a
question of perspective. The conclusion of
question of perspective. The conclusion of
this line of thought is as simple as it is
this line of thought is as simple as it is
devastating: ‘the truth is that there is no
devastating: ‘the truth is that there is no
truth”
truth”
–Alister McGrath
–Alister McGrath

A Passion for Truth (Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1996), 188
Copyright © 2004, The Theology Program. All rights reserved. for Truth (Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1996), 188
A Passion

A Conversation Between Protagoras and
Socrates (4th Century B.C.)
Protagoras: Truth is relative. It is only a matter
of opinion.
Socrates: You mean that truth is mere subjective
opinion?
Protagoras: Exactly. What is true for you is true
for you, and what is true for me is true for me.
Truth is subjective.
Socrates: Do you really mean that? That my opinion
is true by virtue of its being my opinion?

Protagoras: Indeed I do.
Socrates: My opinion is: Truth is absolute, not opinion,
and that you, Mr. Protagoras, are absolutely in error.
Since this is my opinion, you must grant that it is true
according to your philosophy.
Protagoras: You are quite correct, Socrates.


Self-defeating Statements
“I cannot speak a word in English.”
“My wife has never been married.”
“We cannot know anything about God.”
“There is no such thing as truth.”
“Truth cannot be known with certainty.”


A short history of western civilization
Three periods:
1. Premodern (400-1600 A.D.)
2. Modern (1600-1900 A.D.)
3. Postmodern (1960-present)



Premodern
400

Modern
1600

Postmodern
1960

Back

Stage of Truth
Stage of Truth

Front


Postmodern
Postmodern

Modern
Modern

Transition
1960-?

Modern Generation
– Preboomers
– Boomers

53%
53%

Postmodern Generation
– Busters (Gen X)
– Bridgers (Gen Y)

57%
57%

Modernism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Intellectual
Reason
Optimism
Hope for the future
Objectivism
Exclusivism
Science method
Man is evolving

Postmodernism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Anti-intellectual
Feeling
Pessimism
Despair for the present
Subjectivism/relativism
Pluralism/inclusivism
Distrust in science
Man is devolving

The Ideal Modern Man:

Mr. Spock

• Spock is always logical and
objective.
• Never acts upon feeling,
because that would be
“illogical.”
“Physical laws simply cannot
be ignored. Existence cannot
be without them.”
“Pain is a thing of the mind.
The mind can be controlled.”

The Ideal Modern Man Mocked:

Data

•
•

Data is the “perfect”
modern human.
Despite his
“perfection,” Data . . .
1. Wants to be human.
2. Rebels against logic.
3. Attempts to develop
emotions and feelings

• Premodern: “There’s balls and
Premodern
there’s strikes, and I call them as
they are.”
• Modern: “There’s balls and
Modern
there’s strikes, and I call them as
I see them.”
• Postmodern: “They ain’t
Postmodern
nothing ‘til I call ‘em.”

“In Postmodernism, there is no
“In Postmodernism, there is no
objective, universal truth; there is
objective, universal truth; there is
only the perspective of the group. .. .. ..
only the perspective of the group.
In postmodernism, all viewpoints, all
In postmodernism, all viewpoints, all
lifestyles, all beliefs and behaviors
lifestyles, all beliefs and behaviors
are regarded as equally valid. .. .. ..
are regarded as equally valid.
Tolerance has become so important
Tolerance has become so important
that no exception is tolerated.”
that no exception is tolerated.”
–Charles Colson
–Charles Colson

How Now Shall We Live? (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale, 1999), 23
How Now Shall We Live? (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale, 1999), 23


Christian
Epistemology


Question
What questions are postmoderns
asking?


Modernist Objections to Christianity
1. What about all the contradictions?
2. God is just a crutch. Religion was invented by
man.
3. Jesus was just a man.
4. The Bible we have today is not the same as when
it was written 2000 years ago.
5. I don’t believe in what I can’t see.
6. Evolution has proven Christianity to be wrong.

7. The Bible is a myth full of fairy tales.
8. How did Noah get all of the animals on the
Ark?
9. There are no such thing as miracles.
10. Do you really believe in the story of Adam
and Eve?


Postmodernist Objections to Christianity
1. If God exists, why is there evil?
2. The Inquisition and the Crusades show that
Christianity is oppressive.
3. Christianity is a way to God but not the only
way.
4. Christianity is arrogant and exclusive.
5. How do you know that your Bible is better than
other religious writings?
6. Why does God allow bad things to happen to
good people?

7. What about those who have never heard?
8. The church is full of hypocrites.
9. Why would God send anyone to Hell?
10. The God of the OT is cruel, partial, and
unjust.



Modernist
Facts
Rationality
Evidence

Postmodernis
t
Fairness
Relationships
Emotion


Question
What is the modern view of truth?


Correspondence view of truth: (1) Truth
is an objective reality that exists whether
someone believes it or not, (2) and that
objective reality is grounded in nature.


True statements are those which correspond
to that objective reality.
False statements are those which do not
correspond to that objective reality.


Law of non-contradiction applies

A ≠ -A
at the same time and in the same relationship.


Epistemology

Key Motto
Key Motto

“Man can and will know all truth.”
“Man can and will know all truth.”


Question
What is the postmodern view of
truth?


Relative view of truth: (1) Truth is a
perspective reality that exists in the
perspective of the individual or group, (2) and
that perspective reality is grounded in time.


Law of non-contradiction does not
apply

A = -A
at the same time and in the same relationship.



Key Motto
Key Motto

“The truth cannot be known.”
“The truth cannot be known.”


Religious Spin on Postmodern Epistemology
Universalism:
The belief that all people, good or
bad, will eventually make it to
Heaven.
Pluralism:
The belief that there are many ways
to God that are equally valid.
Syncretism:
The assimilation of differing beliefs
and practices.
Inclusivism:
The belief that salvation is only
through Christ, but Christ may be
revealed in other religions.


Vatican II (1962-1965) and inclusivism
“But the plan of salvation also includes those who
acknowledge the creator. In the first place among
these there are the Moslems, whom professing to
hold the faith of Abraham, along with us adore the
one and merciful god, who on the last day will
judge mankind. Those also can attain salvation who
through no fault of their own do not know the
gospel of Christ or his church, yet sincerely seek
god and, moved by grace, strive by their deeds to
do his will as it is known to them through the
dictates of conscience.”

Question
What is the Christian view truth?


Correspondence view of truth: (1) Truth
is an objective reality that exists whether
someone believes it or not, (2) and that
objective reality is grounded in an eternal
God.


The law of non-contradiction is a
foundational necessity to all truth.
God cannot even violate this principle since it is a
logical impossibility.


Key Motto
Key Motto
“The secret things belong to the Lord
“The secret things belong to the Lord
our God, but the things revealed
our God, but the things revealed
belong to us and to our sons forever, that
belong to us and to our sons forever, that
we may observe all the words of this law”
we may observe all the words of this law”
(Deut. 29:29).
(Deut. 29:29).


Christian truth must have a balance
between the “things revealed” and
mystery (“secret things”).


Apophadic Theology:

Lit. “negative theology.”
Apophadic Theology emphasizes
mystery. Often called the “way of
negation” (via negativa) or
“negative theology,” apophadic
theology sees God, and much of
theology, as beyond our
understanding and, therefore,
beyond defining through positive
assertations. Finite people cannot
say what the infinite God is but
only what He is not. God is
“uncreated,” “immutable,”
“infinite,” “immortal.”


Cataphatic Theology:

Lit. “affirmative theology.”
Cataphatic Theology
emphasizes revelation. Often
called “positive theology,”
cataphatic theology seeks to
understand God in positive
terms, understanding that
God communicates to us
through language and
concepts that are analogous
to who and what He truly is
(“analogy of language”).


Cataphatic Theology Apophatic Theology
“things revealed”

“secret things”

Modernism
West
Rationalists
Roman Catholic/Protestants

Postmodernism
East
Mystics
Eastern Orthodox

Responsible theology

Objectivism

Cataphatic
Theology

Perspicuity

Prov. 23:23

Apophatic
Theology

Soft Skepticism

Perspectivism

Prov. 8:5

Prov. 12:15

Objectivism
Prov. 23:23

Perspicuity

“You who are naive,
“You who are naive,
discern wisdom!
discern wisdom!
And you fools,
And you fools,
understand
understand
discernment!”
discernment!”
Cataphatic
Theology

Apophatic
Theology

Soft Skepticism

Perspectivism

Prov. 8:5

Prov. 12:15


Objectivism
Prov. 23:23

““The way of aa fool is
The way of fool is

Perspicuity

Cataphatic
Theology

right in his own
right in his own
opinion, but the one who
opinion, but the one who
listens to advice is
listens to advice is
Apophatic
wise.”
wise.”
Theology

Soft Skepticism

Perspectivism

Prov. 8:5

Prov. 12:15


Objectivism
Prov. 23:23

Cataphatic
Theology

Perspicuity

“Acquire truth
“Acquire truth
and do not sell it ..
and do not sell it
.. .”
.”
Apophatic
Theology

Soft Skepticism

Perspectivism

Prov. 8:5

Prov. 12:15


Defining Essentials
and Non-essentials


Question
What truths are relative and what
truths are objective?


Essentials and Non-Essentials
Discussion of paper “Representing
Christ to a Postmodern World”


Essentials and Non-essentials
Quadrant of Objectivity


True Relativity

True Objectivity

True Relativity
Drinking a
Drinking a
glass of
glass of
wine/beer
wine/beer

Going to
Going to
the
the
movies
movies

Situational
Situational
Relativity
Relativity
Wearing
Wearing
aa head
head
covering
covering

Eating
Eating
meat
meat
sacrificed
sacrificed
to idols
to idols

Home
Home
schooling
schooling


True Objectivity

True Relativity
Drinking a
Drinking a
glass of
glass of
wine/beer
wine/beer

Going to
Going to
the
the
movies
movies

Situational
Situational
Relativity
Relativity
Wearing
Wearing
aa head
head
covering
covering

Home
Home
schooling
schooling

Eating
Eating
meat
meat
sacrificed
sacrificed
to idols
to idols

Best kind of
Best kind of
food
food

Coke or
Coke or
Pepsi
Pepsi

Autonomous
Autonomous
Relativity
Relativity
Church
Church
music
music

Temperature
Temperature
of aa room (hot
of room (hot
or cold)
or cold)

Best song
Best song


True Objectivity

True Relativity

True Objectivity

Drinking a
Drinking a
glass of
glass of
wine/beer
wine/beer

Going to
Going to
the
the
movies
movies

Situational
Situational
Relativity
Relativity
Wearing
Wearing
aa head
head
covering
covering

Home
Home
schooling
schooling

Eating
Eating
meat
meat
sacrificed
sacrificed
to idols
to idols

Best kind of
Best kind of
food
food

Coke or
Coke or
Pepsi
Pepsi

Non-Essential
Non-Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity

Autonomous
Autonomous
Relativity
Relativity
Church
Church
music
music

Temperature
Temperature
of aa room (hot
of room (hot
or cold)
or cold)

Views of
Views of
Predestinatio
Predestinatio
nn

Date of
Date of
Christ’s
Christ’s
coming
coming

Best song
Best song

Young
Young
earth/Old
earth/Old
earth
earth


Canon of
Canon of
Scripture
Scripture
Continuation
Continuation
of tongues
of tongues

True Relativity

True Objectivity

Drinking a
Drinking a
glass of
glass of
wine/beer
wine/beer

Going to
Going to
the
the
movies
movies

Situational
Situational
Relativity
Relativity
Wearing
Wearing
aa head
head
covering
covering

Essential
Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity
Home
Home
schooling
schooling

Eating
Eating
meat
meat
sacrificed
sacrificed
to idols
to idols

Best kind of
Best kind of
food
food

Coke or
Coke or
Pepsi
Pepsi

Non-Essential
Non-Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity

Autonomous
Autonomous
Relativity
Relativity
Church
Church
music
music

Temperature
Temperature
of aa room (hot
of room (hot
or cold)
or cold)

Views of
Views of
Predestinatio
Predestinatio
nn

Date of
Date of
Christ’s
Christ’s
coming
coming

Best song
Best song

Young
Young
earth/Old
earth/Old
earth
earth


Canon of
Canon of
Scripture
Scripture
Continuation
Continuation
of tongues
of tongues

True Relativity

True Objectivity

Drinking a
Drinking a
glass of
glass of
wine/beer
wine/beer

Going to
Going to
the
the
movies
movies

Existence of
Existence of
God
God

Situational
Situational
Relativity
Relativity
Wearing
Wearing
aa head
head
covering
covering

Essential
Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity
Home
Home
schooling
schooling

Eating
Eating
meat
meat
sacrificed
sacrificed
to idols
to idols

Best kind of
Best kind of
food
food

Coke or
Coke or
Pepsi
Pepsi

Non-Essential
Non-Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity

Autonomous
Autonomous
Relativity
Relativity
Church
Church
music
music

Temperature
Temperature
of aa room (hot
of room (hot
or cold)
or cold)

Views of
Views of
Predestinatio
Predestinatio
nn

Date of
Date of
Christ’s
Christ’s
coming
coming

Best song
Best song

Young
Young
earth/Old
earth/Old
earth
earth


Canon of
Canon of
Scripture
Scripture
Continuation
Continuation
of tongues
of tongues

True Relativity
Drinking a
Drinking a
glass of
glass of
wine/beer
wine/beer

Going to
Going to
the
the
movies
movies

True Objectivity

Situational
Situational
Relativity
Relativity
Wearing
Wearing
aa head
head
covering
covering

Essential
Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity
Home
Home
schooling
schooling

Eating
Eating
meat
meat
sacrificed
sacrificed
to idols
to idols

Best kind of
Best kind of
food
food

Coke or
Coke or
Pepsi
Pepsi

Temperature
Temperature
of aa room (hot
of room (hot
or cold)
or cold)

Views of
Views of
Predestinatio
Predestinatio
nn

Date of
Date of
Christ’s
Christ’s
coming
coming

Non-Essential
Non-Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity

Autonomous
Autonomous
Relativity
Relativity
Church
Church
music
music

Existence of
Existence of
God
God

Christ’s
Christ’s
deity
deity

Best song
Best song

Young
Young
earth/Old
earth/Old
earth
earth


Canon of
Canon of
Scripture
Scripture
Continuation
Continuation
of tongues
of tongues

True Relativity
Drinking a
Drinking a
glass of
glass of
wine/beer
wine/beer

Going to
Going to
the
the
movies
movies

True Objectivity

Situational
Situational
Relativity
Relativity
Wearing
Wearing
aa head
head
covering
covering

Essential
Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity
Home
Home
schooling
schooling

Faith
Faith
alone
alone

Best kind of
Best kind of
food
food

Eating
Eating
meat
meat
sacrificed
sacrificed
to idols
to idols

Coke or
Coke or
Pepsi
Pepsi

Date of
Date of
Christ’s
Christ’s
coming
coming

Temperature
Temperature
of aa room (hot
of room (hot
or cold)
or cold)

Views of
Views of
Predestinatio
Predestinatio
nn

Non-Essential
Non-Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity

Autonomous
Autonomous
Relativity
Relativity
Church
Church
music
music

Existence of
Existence of
God
God

Christ’s
Christ’s
deity
deity

Best song
Best song

Young
Young
earth/Old
earth/Old
earth
earth


Canon of
Canon of
Scripture
Scripture
Continuation
Continuation
of tongues
of tongues

True Relativity
Drinking a
Drinking a
glass of
glass of
wine/beer
wine/beer

Going to
Going to
the
the
movies
movies

True Objectivity

Situational
Situational
Relativity
Relativity
Wearing
Wearing
aa head
head
covering
covering

Essential
Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity
Home
Home
schooling
schooling

Faith
Faith
alone
alone

Best kind of
Best kind of
food
food

Eating
Eating
meat
meat
sacrificed
sacrificed
to idols
to idols

Coke or
Coke or
Pepsi
Pepsi

Date of
Date of
Christ’s
Christ’s
coming
coming

Temperature
Temperature
of aa room (hot
of room (hot
or cold)
or cold)

Death,
Death,
burial, and
burial, and
resurrection
resurrection
of Christ
of Christ

Views of
Views of
Predestinatio
Predestinatio
nn

Non-Essential
Non-Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity

Autonomous
Autonomous
Relativity
Relativity
Church
Church
music
music

Existence of
Existence of
God
God

Christ’s
Christ’s
deity
deity

Best song
Best song

Young
Young
earth/Old
earth/Old
earth
earth


Canon of
Canon of
Scripture
Scripture
Continuation
Continuation
of tongues
of tongues

True Relativity
Drinking a
Drinking a
glass of
glass of
wine/beer
wine/beer

Going to
Going to
the
the
movies
movies

True Objectivity

Situational
Situational
Relativity
Relativity
Wearing
Wearing
aa head
head
covering
covering

Essential
Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity
Home
Home
schooling
schooling

Faith
Faith
alone
alone

Best kind of
Best kind of
food
food

Eating
Eating
meat
meat
sacrificed
sacrificed
to idols
to idols

Coke or
Coke or
Pepsi
Pepsi

Date of
Date of
Christ’s
Christ’s
coming
coming

Temperature
Temperature
of aa room (hot
of room (hot
or cold)
or cold)

Death,
Death,
burial, and
burial, and
resurrection
resurrection
of Christ
of Christ

The
The
atonemen
atonemen
tt

Views of
Views of
Predestinatio
Predestinatio
nn

Non-Essential
Non-Essential
Objectivity
Objectivity

Autonomous
Autonomous
Relativity
Relativity
Church
Church
music
music

Existence of
Existence of
God
God

Christ’s
Christ’s
deity
deity

Best song
Best song

Young
Young
earth/Old
earth/Old
earth
earth


Canon of
Canon of
Scripture
Scripture
Continuation
Continuation
of tongues
of tongues

Where would you place these on the
quadrant?
1. Belief in the doctrine of the Trinity? Why?
2. Smoking? Why?
3. Eating healthy and exercising? Why?
4. Getting intoxicated? Why?
5. Having your mind altered by antidepressants? Why?

Question
What truths are essential for
orthodoxy?


Concentric Circle of Importance


Pure Speculation
Not Important
Important, but
Not Essential
Essential for
Orthodoxy
Essential for
Salvation


“For the Christian, beliefs
“For the Christian, beliefs
matter, but not all beliefs
matter, but not all beliefs
matter equally .”
matter equally .”
–Roger Olsen
–Roger Olsen

Mosaic of Christian Beliefs (Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 2002), 33


Question
How certain are you
about your beliefs?


“There are those dogmatic Christians
“There are those dogmatic Christians
who seem to overdefine Christianity
who seem to overdefine Christianity
such that being authentically
such that being authentically
Christian includes (for them) firm
Christian includes (for them) firm
adherence to a detailed set of
adherence to a detailed set of
extrabiblical beliefs, some of which
extrabiblical beliefs, some of which
are quite outside the Great Tradition
are quite outside the Great Tradition
itself.”
itself.”
–Roger Olsen
–Roger Olsen



Essentials and non-essentials
“Certain” (Webster’s)
– Definite; fixed.
– Sure to come or happen; inevitable.
– Established beyond doubt or question;
indisputable.
– Capable of being relied on; dependable.
– Having or showing confidence; assured.


The Existence of God
Types of Certainty
1.Mathematical certainty (scientific method)
2.Empirical certainty (weight of evidences)
3.Logical certainty (what is reasonable)
4.Moral certainty (what is demanded)


Chart of Certainty



Chart of
Certainty
I Do not
believe

I believe

1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91
0
0

–

+

How certain are you that . . .
1.
There is a God?
2.
That Christ rose from the grave?
3.
That God loves you?
4.
That Christ is going to come and Rapture the Church before the Great Tribulaton?
5.
That Christ is coming back to reign on the earth for a thousand years?
6.
That Christ is coming back?
7.
That God wants you to trust that He will protect you from all physical harm?
8.
That God wants you to trust that He will protect you from all emotional harm?
9.
That God wants you to trust in Him in every circumstance?
10.
That the Bible does not have any historical errors?
11.
That Adam and Eve were real people?
12.
That there was really a snake in the garden?
13.
That God created the earth in seven literal days?
14.
The God created the earth?
15.
That Christ paid for the sins of all mankind?
16.
That Christ died for you?
17.
That the Apocrypha (15 books in the Roman Catholic Bible) should not be included in Scripture?
18.
That the book of 3 John should be included in Scripture?
19.
That the book of Genesis should be included in Scripture?
20.
That the gift of tongues ceased in the first century?

“When you overstate, readers will be
“When you overstate, readers will be
instantly on guard and everything that
instantly on guard and everything that
has preceded your overstatement as well as
has preceded your overstatement as well as
everything that follows it will be suspect in
everything that follows it will be suspect in
their minds because they have lost
their minds because they have lost
confidence in your judgment or your poise.
confidence in your judgment or your poise.
Overstatement is one of the common faults.
Overstatement is one of the common faults.
A single overstatement, wherever or however
A single overstatement, wherever or however
it occurs, diminishes the whole, and a
it occurs, diminishes the whole, and a
single carefree superlative has the power to
single carefree superlative has the power to
destroy, for readers, the object of your
destroy, for readers, the object of your
enthusiasm.”
enthusiasm.”
–Strunk and White
–Strunk and White

Elements of Style, (Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon), 7.
Elements of Style, (Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon), 7.


“In essentials unity, in
“In essentials unity, in
non-essentials liberty,
non-essentials liberty,
in all things charity.”
in all things charity.”
–Rupertus Meldenius
–Rupertus Meldenius


Guiding Principles and Application:
Application
1. Don’t divide over non-essentials no matter how
convicted you are about their truth.
2. Never compromise the essentials no matter what
the consequence.
3. There is no shame in being less certain about
some things than others. The Bible does not
teach all things with the same clarity.
4. Showing honest uncertainty about difficult issues
makes your witness more authentic and
powerful to a postmodern world.

Traditions in
Christian Theology


Question
What is the essential difference in
Roman Catholicism, Eastern
Orthodoxy, and Protestantism?


Traditions in Theology
Traditions in Christian Theology
1. Roman Catholic
2. Eastern Orthodox
3. Protestant



Protestant
Roman Catholic
Orthodox

349 million
943 million
211 million


Question
What is the Protestant view of
Church history?


Protestant View of Ecclesiastical History
Formulation

Gospel
100 AD
500

Corruption

Loss of Gospel

Restoration
Protestant Church

1054

1200

Greek Orthodox

1500

Roman Catholic

“Christianity stands or
“Christianity stands or
falls upon the doctrine
falls upon the doctrine
of justification.”
of justification.”
–Martin Luther
–Martin Luther
“Justification is the
“Justification is the
hinge upon which true
hinge upon which true
Christianity stands.”
Christianity stands.”
–John Calvin
–John Calvin

Question
What is the Roman Catholic view of
Church history?


Roman Catholic View of Ecclesiastical History
Formulation

Church
100 AD
500

Establishing

Corruption of Morals Restoration
Roman Catholicism

1054

1200

Greek Orthodox

1500

Protestants

Five Bishoprics of the Early
Church

Rome

Constantinople

Antioch

Jerusalem
Alexandria

Rome

Constantinople

Antioch

Invasion of Islam
Invasion of Islam
612
612

Jerusalem
Alexandria

Fight for Supremacy
Fight for Supremacy
Split
Split
1054
1054

Catholic
Rome
Catholic
Filioque
Filioque

Constantinople

Eastern Orthodox
Eastern Orthodox

Rome

Invasion of Islam
Invasion of Islam
1453
1453

Constantinople

Rome

Eastern Church moves north.
Eastern Church moves north.
Russian Orthodoxy becomes primary
Russian Orthodoxy becomes primary
Orthodox Church.
Orthodox Church.

Question
What is the Eastern Orthodox view
of Church history?


Eastern Orthodox View of Ecclesiastical History

Formulation

Church
100 AD

Disruption Purification
East
500
West

Eastern Orthodox
1500
1200
Roman Catholics

Protestants

Question

Why are there so many
Protestant denominations?


Sub-traditions:
Sub-traditions
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Reformed
Arminian
Liberal
Fundamental
Charismatic
Evangelical
Postmodernist


Brief History of the Protestant Movement
Liberal Tradition

Reformed Tradition

s
an d
s s ri
an nist yte me sts
r i
er i
th alv resb efo apt
Lu C P R B

Charismatic Tradition
Fundamentalist Tradition

ts t
tis hris
s
ap
ts ns ll B of C stal es
is a i
n
od ley -w rch teco are
Arminian Tradition eth es ree hu en az
M W F C P N

1500

1700

1900

Evangelical Tradition
Postmodern Tradition

2000

Sources of
Theology
“Where do we go for truth?”


Question

What are the different sources of truth?


Sources of Theology
John Wesley’s Quadrilateral
Tradition

Scripture

Reason

Experience


Sources of Theology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Tradition
Reason
Experience
General Revelation
Emotions
Special Revelation (Scripture)


Sources of Theology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Tradition
Reason
Experience
Emotions
General Revelation
Special Revelation
(Scripture)

Stage of Truth


Back

Front

Roman Catholic
Back

Experience

General Revelation
Reason
Tradition Scripture
Front

Eastern Orthodox
Stage of Truth
Back

General Revelation

Experience
Tradition Scripture
Front

Protestant Reformation
Stage of Truth
Back

Experience
General Revelation
Tradition

Reason

Scripture
Front

Liberal
Stage of Truth
Back

General Revelation
Emotions
Experience
Reason
Front

Charismatic
Stage of Truth
Back

Emotions
Experience
Special Revelation
Front

Fundamentalist Stage of
Truth
Back

General Revelation

Scripture
Front

Postmodern Stage of Truth
Back

Front

Question

What are the benefits and deficiencies of
each source?


Sources of Theology
Tradition:

Religious information that
has been handed down to us
from various sources.


Sources of Theology
Examples:
Benefits:
Deficiencies:


Sources of Theology

“Tradition is the living faith of
“Tradition is the living faith of
those now dead. Traditionalism is
those now dead. Traditionalism is
the dead faith of those now living.”
the dead faith of those now living.”
–Jarislav Pelikan
–Jarislav Pelikan


Sources of Theology
Reason:

Information that comes
through the human mind’s
capacity for logical,
rational, and analytic
thought.


Sources of Theology
“All truth is given by revelation,
“All truth is given by revelation,
either general or special, and it must
either general or special, and it must
be received by reason. Reason is the
be received by reason. Reason is the
God-given means for discovering the
God-given means for discovering the
truth that God discloses, whether in
truth that God discloses, whether in
his world or his Word. While God
his world or his Word. While God
wants to reach the heart with truth,
wants to reach the heart with truth,
he does not bypass the mind.”
he does not bypass the mind.”
–Jonathan Edwards
–Jonathan Edwards

Sources of Theology
“The truth of the Christian
“The truth of the Christian
faith surpasses the capacity
faith surpasses the capacity
of reason.”
of reason.”
–Thomas Aquinas
–Thomas Aquinas


Sources of Theology

credo quia absurdum
“I believe because it is absurd”
This Latin phrase coined by Tertullian (150-225) evidences some of the
This Latin phrase coined by Tertullian (150-225) evidences some of the
early Church’s disdain for the Greek philosophers’ reliance upon reason
early Church’s disdain for the Greek philosophers’ reliance upon reason
for truth. He said, “What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem, or the
for truth. He said, “What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem, or the
academy with the Church?” He sought to return the element of mystery
academy with the Church?” He sought to return the element of mystery
to the Christian faith.
to the Christian faith.

Sources of Theology
Experience:

through direct encounter,
participation, or
observation.


Sources of Theology
Emotions:

through subjectively
experienced psychological
feelings.


Sources of Theology

sensus divinitatus
“Sense of the divine”
The sensus divinitatus is the inward persuasion all people have that directs
The sensus divinitatus is the inward persuasion all people have that directs
them to aabelief in God and aapropensity to worship. While the sensus
them to belief in God and propensity to worship. While the sensus
divinitatas can contribute to and shape our theology (natural theology),
divinitatas can contribute to and shape our theology (natural theology),
the information is insufficient to bring aaperson into aaright relationship
the information is insufficient to bring person into right relationship
with God.
with God.

Sources of Theology
General Revelation: Revelation about God
given through the
created order
(Ps. 19:1–6 ;
Rom. 1:18–20;
2:14–15).


Sources of Theology
Special Revelation: Revelation given by
God’s supernatural
intervention in
history through (1)
miraculous events,
(2) divine speech, and
(3) visible
manifestations.

Sources of Theology

norma normans sed non normata
“A norm which norms but is not normed”
This is aaLatin phrase of the Protestant Reformation that stresses the
This is Latin phrase of the Protestant Reformation that stresses the
importance of Scripture above all other sources of theology. The
importance of Scripture above all other sources of theology. The
Scripture, according to the Reformers, is the standard (norm) against
Scripture, according to the Reformers, is the standard (norm) against
which all other sources for theology must be judged, but this standard
which all other sources for theology must be judged, but this standard
cannot be judged by them.
cannot be judged by them.

Proposed Stage of Truth
Back

Experience

Emotions

General Revelation
Tradition

Reason

Scripture
Front

Question

How do the different sources interact
to form our theology?


Tradition
Tradition

Reason
Reason

Emotions
Emotions

General Revelation
General Revelation

Experience
Experience

2 Theological Statement
.

“What is the timeless truth taught?”

.

•
•
•
•


Ancient Audience
Ancient Audience

1 Exegetical Statement


Timeless Audience
Time-bound Audience

3 Homiletical Statement
.


Subjectiv
e

Objectiv
e

•Tradition
•Reason
•Experience
•Emotions
•General Revelation
Acts 17:11
These Jews were more open-minded than those in
Thessalonica, for they eagerly received the message, examining
the Scriptures carefully every day to see if these things were so.

Excursus:
Does God still Speak Today?


Excursus:
Has Special Revelation ceased, or does
God still communicate to people through
prophets, dreams, visions, and audible
encounters?


Excursus:
Three positions:
1. Continuationism
2. Hard Cessationism
3. Soft Cessationism


Temporary Gifts
Supernatural Sign

Permanent Gifts
Speaking

Confirmator
Revelatory
y
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Apostleship
•
Prophecy
•
Discerning of •
spirits
Word of
wisdom
Word of
knowledge
Tongues
Interpretation
of tongues

Healings
Miracles
Tongues

•
•
•
•

Evangelism
Teaching
Pastorteacher
Exhortation

Serving
•
•
•
•
•

Service
Showing Mercy
Giving
Administration
Helps

Question
What is the Continuationist view of
Prophecy?


Excursus:
Continuationism: View that miraculous
sign gifts are still being
given and, therefore,
God still speaks directly
in various ways today.
Adherents:
Wayne Grudem, Jack
Deere, Craig Keener,
Jack Hayford

Excursus:
Defense of Continuationism:
Continuationism


Excursus:
1. Acts 2:14-21 seems to teach that
supernatural occurrences such as tongues
and prophecy would be normative for the
Church era.


Excursus:
2. The entire book of Acts seems to show
that the supernatural gifts are common
within the Church.


Excursus:
3. All of Scripture supports the idea that it is
God’s nature to work in supernatural
ways.


Excursus:
4. The New Testament never explicitly states
that the supernatural sign gifts would
cease.


Excursus:
“If you were to lock a
“If you were to lock a
brand-new Christian in a
brand-new Christian in a
room with a Bible and tell him
room with a Bible and tell him
to study what Scripture has to
to study what Scripture has to
say about healings and
say about healings and
miracles, he would never come
miracles, he would never come
out of the room a
out of the room a
cessationist.”
cessationist.”
–Jack Deere
–Jack Deere

Surprised by the Power of the Spirit (Grand Rapids, Mi: Zondervan, 1997), 54
(Grand Rapids, Mi: Zondervan, 1997), 54

Surprised by the Power rights reserved.
Copyright © 2004, The Theology Program. Allof the Spirit

Question
What is the Hard Cessationist
view of Prophecy?


Excursus:
Hard Cessationism: View that miraculous sign
gifts ceased with the death of
the last apostle and the
completion of the New
Testament. Therefore, God
does not speak directly to
people today.
Adherents:
Charles Hodge, John
MacArthur, majority of
Church history

Excursus:
Defense of Hard Cessationism:
Cessationism


Excursus:
1. The Bible implicitly supports the idea that
the supernatural sign gifts were for the
establishment of the Church era.


Excursus:
Eph. 2:19-20
“So then you are no longer foreigners and
noncitizens, but you are fellow citizens with
the saints and members of God’s household,
because you have been built on the foundation
of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus
himself as the cornerstone.”


Excursus:
2 Cor. 12:12
“Indeed, the signs of an apostle were
performed among you with great perseverance
by signs and wonders and powerful deeds.”


Excursus:
Heb. 2:3-4
“How will we escape if we neglect such a great
salvation? It was first communicated through
the Lord and was confirmed to us by those
who heard him, while God confirmed their
witness with signs and wonders and various
miracles and gifts of the Holy Spirit distributed
according to his will.”


Excursus:
1 Cor. 13:8-10
•“Love never ends. But if there are prophecies,
they will be set aside; if there are tongues,
they will cease; if there is knowledge, it will
be set aside. For we know in part and we
prophesy in part; but when the perfect comes,
the partial will be done away.”
”

Excursus:
2. It is agreed that the Bible never explicitly states
that the sign gifts have ceased. But the Bible
never explicitly states that Scripture is complete,
yet both cessetionists and non-cessetionists agree
that it is.


Excursus:
3. If God is still speaking supernaturally
through prophecy, tongues, word of
wisdom, etc., then the Canon of Scripture
is still open.


Excursus:
“It might, indeed, be a priori conceivable
“It might, indeed, be a priori conceivable
that God should deal with men
that God should deal with men
[individually], and reveal Himself and
[individually], and reveal Himself and
His will to each individual, throughout the
His will to each individual, throughout the
whole course of history, in the [depths] of
whole course of history, in the [depths] of
his own consciousness. This is the mystics
his own consciousness. This is the mystics
dream. It has not, however, been God’s
dream. It has not, however, been God’s
way. He has chosen rather to deal with the
way. He has chosen rather to deal with the
race in its entirety, and to give this race
race in its entirety, and to give this race
His complete revelation of Himself in an
His complete revelation of Himself in an
organic whole.”
organic whole.”
–B.B. Warfield
–B.B. Warfield
Counterfeit Miracles (Carlisle, PN: Banner of Truth, 1972), 26
Counterfeit Miracles

(Carlisle, PN: Banner of Truth, 1972), 26

Excursus:
4. If one were to examine the Scripture closely, it
becomes evident that God’s direct intervention
through prophecy and supernatural signs and
wonders was not the norm as it may seem. The
Bible, as theological history (not exhaustive
history), only records the times when God does
intervene, thereby giving the impression that
God’s direct encounters through prophets,
dreams, visions, etc. are God’s modus operandi
when they are not.

Noah

2000+ yrs of apparent silence

50

Elijah & Elisha

fa
o
rs
0y

t si
ren
a
pp

Moses

e
nc
le

900 yrs of apparent silence

Christ and
The Apostles

Excursus:
5. History convincingly suggests that the
supernatural sign gifts have ceased. We do
not see evidence of confirmed prophets
after the death of the last apostle. Only
fringe groups here and there have claimed
that God still speaks through prophets,
tongues, etc., until the 20th century when
the charismatic revival began.

Excursus:
“This whole place [1 Cor. 12 on
“This whole place [1 Cor. 12 on
spiritual gifts] is very
spiritual gifts] is very
obscure .. .. .. but the obscurity is
obscure
but the obscurity is
produced by our ignorance of the
produced by our ignorance of the
facts referred to and by their
facts referred to and by their
cessation, being such as then
cessation, being such as then
used to occur, but now no longer
used to occur, but now no longer
take place.”
take place.”
–John Chrysostom (347-407)
–John Chrysostom (347-407)

ECF 2.12.1.1.29.0
ECF 2.12.1.1.29.0


Excursus:
“In the earliest time the Holy Ghost fell
“In the earliest time the Holy Ghost fell
upon them that believed: and they spoke
upon them that believed: and they spoke
with tongues which they had not learned ‘as
with tongues which they had not learned ‘as
the Spirit gave them utterance.’ These were
the Spirit gave them utterance.’ These were
signs adapted to the time. For it was proper
signs adapted to the time. For it was proper
for the Holy Spirit to evidence Himself in
for the Holy Spirit to evidence Himself in
all tongues, and to show that the Gospel of
all tongues, and to show that the Gospel of
God had come to all tongues [languages]
God had come to all tongues [languages]
over the whole earth. The thing was done for
over the whole earth. The thing was done for
a authentication and it passed away.”
a authentication and it passed away.”
–St. Augustine (354-430)
–St. Augustinethe(354-430)
Ten Homilies on
first Epistle of John VI, 10

Ten Homilies on the first Epistle of John VI, 10


Question
What is the Soft Cessationist view of
Prophecy?


Excursus:
Soft Cessationism:

Adherents:

Or “Soft Continuationist.”
The view that the
miraculous sign gifts could
still be given today, but
believers need to be careful
about outright acceptance of
people’s claims of
possession.
D. A. Carson, Robert Saucy


Excursus:
Defense of Soft Cessationism:


Excursus:
1. Neither side’s arguments are conclusive.
We must therefore proceed with great
caution.


Excursus:
2. While it may be true that Church history
has not seen the continuation of God
speaking directly, this does not mean that
it is not possible.


Excursus:
“God, in his ordinary providence,
“God, in his ordinary providence,
makes use of means, yet is free
makes use of means, yet is free
to work without, above, and
to work without, above, and
against them, at his pleasure.”
against them, at his pleasure.”
–Westminster Confession of
–Westminster Confession of
Faith
Faith

5.3
5.3


Excursus:
3. Those who adhere to a futuristic
interpretation of Revelation must concede
that there are going to be prophets in the
future as represented by the Two
Witnesses (Rev. 11:3) and, possibly, the
144,000 Israelites (Rev. 7:4). Therefore,
we must be open to further direct
revelation from God.

Excursus:
Guiding Principles:
Principles
1. God’s Word is not something to be trifled with
(Ex. 20:7).
2. If you are a prophet, you must show convincing
signs of a prophet (Deut 18:15-22).
3. If you are a prophet, you must have orthodox
theology (Deut. 13:1-3).
4. If someone believes that they have a word from
the Lord, they had better be certain and be ready
to live by the consequences if it turns out false.

Unity and Diversity
Doing Theology in the
Emerging Context


Unity and Diversity

How do we do theology in our
emerging context?


Unity and Diversity

semper reformanda
“Always reforming”
This is the Reformation principle that Christian theology is always
This is the Reformation principle that Christian theology is always
undergoing change, enhancement, and development. the Reformers
undergoing change, enhancement, and development. the Reformers
understood that if theology was, at any point, thought to be solidified
understood that if theology was, at any point, thought to be solidified
and one person’s, group’s, tradition’s, or denomination’s perspective
and one person’s, group’s, tradition’s, or denomination’s perspective
was thought of to be “above all reproach” and, therefore, unable to be
was thought of to be “above all reproach” and, therefore, unable to be
developed, the task of doing theology would be severely grieved. Our
developed, the task of doing theology would be severely grieved. Our
theology must be reforming itself continually.
theology must be reforming itself continually.

Unity and Diversity
Apostles’ Creed

I believe in God the Father, Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth
And in Jesus Christ, his only begotten Son, our Lord
Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary
Suffered under Pontius Pilate; was crucified, dead and buried; He descended into
the grave
The third day he rose again from the dead
He ascended into heaven, and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty
From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead
I believe in the Holy Ghost
I believe a holy catholic church; the communion of saints
The forgiveness of sins
The resurrection of the body
And the life everlasting. Amen.


Unity and Diversity

Unity and Diversity among the
Traditions


Unity and Diversity

Doctrine of Man and Grace
(fifth century)

Doctrine of Christ

Definition of Chalcedon (451)

Trinity (325)

Counsel of Nicea (325)

100
A.D.

400
A.D.

Doctrine of the Atonement
(eleventh century)

1100
A.D.

1600
A.D.

2000
A.D.

Unity and Diversity

Unity and Diversity among
Protestant Denominations


Unity and Diversity
Five “Solas” of the Protestant Reformation
Reformed
Understanding
Meaning

Sola Scriptura

Sola Christus

The “Scripture
alone” contains
primary
authority to
dictate the lives
of believers.

The work of
“Christ alone”
is the basis for
justification.

Sola Gratia
Justification is
by means of
God’s “grace
alone.”

Sola Fide

Sola deo Gloria

“Faith alone” is
the only
instrumental
cause of
justification.

All is done for
“God’s glory
alone.”

Unity and Diversity

Doctrine of Man and Grace
(fifth century)

Doctrine of Christ

Definition of Chalcedon (451)

Trinity (325)

Counsel of Nicea (325)

100
A.D.

400
A.D.

Doctrine of Scripture
(sixteenth century)

Doctrine of Justification
(sixteenth century)

Doctrine of the Atonement
(eleventh century)

1100
A.D.

1600
A.D.

2000
A.D.

Unity and Diversity

Sexes


Unity and Diversity

Nations


Unity and Diversity

Peoples


Unity and Diversity
Luke 8:5-18


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