basic material of construction and civil engineering like bricks bituman wood water cement plaster of paris stone wood , structural clay stone rocks

3. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
• The basic materials used in civil engineering applications or in
construction projects are
• Wood
• Stone and Rocks
• Cement and concrete
• Bitumen and bituminous materials
• Structural clay and concrete units
• Reinforcing and structural steels
• These are sometimes also called structural materials. All these materials
are employed in a variety of civil engineering structures such as dams,
bridges, roads, foundations, liquid-retaining structures, waterfront
construction, buildings, and retaining walls.

4. WOOD
Wood is derived from trees, and can be put
to use directly, as pieces of lumber cut from a
log, or as a raw material in the manufacture
of various wood products or manufactured
components.
Plywood, glue-laminated timber, and
oriented strand- board are some of the
wood products most commonly found in the
construction of buildings and bridges.

5. Stone and Rocks
Rock structures have existed for as long as
history can recall.
It is the longest lasting building material
available, and is usually readily available.
Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of
protection too, its main draw-back as a material
is its weight and awkwardness.

6. Cement and concrete
Concrete is one of the most common construction
materials, in which Portland cement is the
essential ingredient. Portland cement (and other
types of hydraulic cement) is also a key ingredient
in the manufacture of many other cementitious
products, such as masonry blocks, soil-cement
bricks, and plaster.
In combination with other materials, such as
reinforcing bars, polypropylene fibers, and high-
strength strands or wires, different types of
concrete are produced, such as reinforced, fiber,
and prestressed concrete.

7. Bitumen and bituminous materials
Bitumen, which comes in a variety of forms, is
mixed with other raw materials for the
construction of pavements, roof shingles,
waterproofing compounds, and many other
materials.

8. Structural clay and concrete units
Structural clay and concrete masonry units,
commonly called bricks and blocks, are
the principal elements in the construction of
masonry walls.

9. Reinforcing and structural steels
Structural steel, which is fabricated in many
forms and shapes, is employed in the
construction of railroad ties, high-rise buildings,
roof trusses, and many more structural
elements. These basic materials or products are
selected for their properties, performance,
availability, aesthetics, and cost. Knowledge of
all these aspects is essential in selecting a
suitable material for a particular situation.

10. secondary construction materials
In addition to the materials mentioned above,
there are a significant number of secondary
construction materials common to engineering
projects. Sealants, adhesives, floor and wall
coverings, fasteners, and doors and windows fall
into this category. Most of these, also called
nonstructural materials, are chosen based on
quality guidelines and aesthetic considerations

11. MATERIALS AND TYPES
Material is defined as a substance or thing from which
something else can be made. Cloth, cement, sugar, brick,
aluminum, soil, and water are all examples of materials.
In engineering, materials are employed to design and
build structures, elements, or products. The subject of
materials science examines the whys and hows of
materials , making it possible to advance the
development of new materials. The term materials
engineering refers to the understanding and review of
properties and uses of materials commonly used in
engineering. Materials can be divided into several
categories; some of the common groups of materials are
introduced in the following.

12. Brittle Materials
Brittleness denotes relatively little or no
elongation or increase in length at fracture. A
material that exhibits brittleness is called a
brittle material. Examples: Cast iron, concrete,
and glass.

13. Ductile Materials
Ductility is the property that makes it possible
for a material to be drawn out or stretched to a
considerable extent, from a significant sustained
load, before rupture. It is usually measured as
the percentage of elongation (increase in
length), or as the percentage of the reduction in
the cross-sectional area, when the material is
subjected to tension. Examples: mild steel,
aluminum, and wood.

14. Building Materials
Materials that are used in the building industry,
such as cement, steel, brick, plastics, wood,
glass, ceramics, and concrete, are called building
materials

15. Cementitious Materials
Materials in which the principal binder is Portland cement or
another type of hydraulic cement are called cementitious
materials. Concrete, mortar, grout, and roller-compacted
concrete, which are obtained by combining cement,
aggregates, and water, are the most common cementitious
materials. The products of the reaction between cement and
water form compounds that bind the aggregate particles
together, so that the resulting material can be considered
homogeneous. The aggregates are of two types, fine and
coarse; and both contain particles of various sizes, from large
to small. All cementitious materials are porous, the porosity
depending upon many factors, such as the amount and type
of cement, and the amount of water.

16. Ceramic Materials
The word “ceramic” comes from the Greek, meaning
“burned earth” When something is burned, it combines
with oxygen in the air; ceramic materials are nonmetallic
materials often based on clay (silicate mineral). They are
usually crystalline and brittle, do not conduct heat or
electricity very well, and can withstand high
temperatures. When loaded, they remain mostly elastic
and exhibit practically no plastic flow. Many ceramic
materials are used for insulation— thermal (firebricks),
building (fiberglass), and electrical. Examples: glass,
cement, china, stone, and brick.

17. Clay Brickwork
Brick is a burned clay masonry unit, generally
rectangular and solid. The term “brickwork”
refers to masonry built with bricks and mortar,
primarily as vertical members subjected to
compressive and bending forces.

18. Construction Materials
A construction material is any material used in
the construction industry. Examples: Concrete,
cement, soil, stones, aggregates, plastics, and
asphalt.

19. Elastic Materials
Elasticity is the ability of a material to deform under a load, without a
permanent set or deformation upon the release of the load. Springs, rubber
bands, and cricket balls behave elastically. Elasticity can also be defined as
that property of a material by virtue of which deformations from a load or
stress disappear after the removal of the load. Some materials (gases, for
example) possess elasticity of volume only (that is, the volume is the only
characteristic that remains unchanged), but solids such as metals may
possess elasticity of form and shape as well. As an example, the top of a
metal desk will not deform in shape, form or volume from the stresses caused
by a stack of books piled on the desk. A perfectly elastic material should
recover completely its original shape and dimensions when loads are
removed. None of the materials known today remain perfectly elastic
throughout the range of stress leading up to failure, but all exhibit elastic
properties up to some stress level. Metals such as steel remain elastic over
very high stress levels, whereas some materials such as polymers and
concrete can be considered elastic only at low stress levels. An elastic
material behaves in-elastically when the stresses exceed the elastic limit,
beyond which changes in the volume, shape, and form are

20. Insulating Materials
Materials that are provided for sound, thermal
(heat), or electrical insulation are called
insulating materials.

21. Manufacturing Materials
These are materials used in machinery or in
manufacturing industries—industries that make
products. Examples: metals, plastics, ceramics,
and rubber.

22. Masonry Materials
A mason is one who builds with bricks, stones, and blocks. Masonry is the
part of a building or structure that is made from combining the masonry
units: stone, block or brick, and mortar. Egyptians built their pyramids (called
mastabas) first using mud brick masonry and later (around 2500 B.c.) with
stone masonry using gypsum mortar. Romans employed a type of masonry
construction for walls in which the space between two parallel layers of
burned brick was filled with concrete. Mortar from bitumen was used to bond
the bricks in some early masonry construction. Masonry was also used for
building columns and towers, such as the Tower of Pisa, and arches, such as
the 83-ft span semicircular arch in the Basilica of Constantine (A.D. 313).
Masonry walls are erected today using the same two types of materials:
masonry units and mortar. The common masonry units are clay bricks and
concrete blocks, although stones, mud bricks, and fly ash bricks can also be
used. Masonry units can be solid (such as burned clay bricks) or hollow (such
as hollow concrete blocks). The hollow spaces, called cells, in hollow-block
masonry can be kept hollow or filled with
grout.

23. Plastic Materials
Plastics are organic-based materials derived
primarily from the petrochemical industry,
which are capable of being formed into any
shape

24. Raw Materials
Natural products or materials that are
transformed through manufacturing processes
are called raw materials. Examples: Coal,
petroleum, iron ore, and limestone

25. Repair Materials
These are materials used to repair a deteriorating
structure of concrete, masonry, or steel. They may
include several classes of materials such as fillers
(materials used as the base for the sealant in full-
movement joints), sealants (to seal the joints),
waterproofing compounds, and materials for
general repair work. Examples: rubber (filler), cork
(filler), mastics such as asphalt (sealant) and hot-
applied rubber-bitumen compound (sealant),
polyurethane (sealant and repair mortar), cement
mortar, and concrete.