Questions and answer on the 1987 Philippine Constitution

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
title situations Aspects influences seven ways charisma end
The 1987The 1987
PhilippinePhilippine
ConstitutionConstitution
 BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITYBOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
 Candijay CampusCandijay Campus

Questions and Answer on theQuestions and Answer on the
Constitution of the PhilippinesConstitution of the Philippines
Q1. What is a constitution?
Q2. What is the fundamental
objective of the constitution?
Q3. What are the concerns of the
constitution?
Q4. Cite State Policies declared in
Article 2 of the Constitution
that is related to education.
Make a synthesis.
Q5. Enumerate the basic rights of
the individual embodied in the
Constitution.
Q6. Differentiate Law and Statute.

Questions and Answer onQuestions and Answer on
the Constitution of thethe Constitution of the
PhilippinesPhilippines
Q. What is a constitution?Q. What is a constitution?
A. A constitution is body of rules in accordance with which theA. A constitution is body of rules in accordance with which the
powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised. (Cooley)powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised. (Cooley)
Q. What is the fundamental objective of theQ. What is the fundamental objective of the
constitution?constitution?
A. As states in its preamble, the constitution seeks to build a justA. As states in its preamble, the constitution seeks to build a just
and humane society under a government that will promoteand humane society under a government that will promote
the general welfare and preserve our independence andthe general welfare and preserve our independence and
democracy.democracy.

PURPOSE OF THE CONSTITUTION
FREEDOM
ABSOLUTE
GOV’T.
REGULATED
ANARCHY/C
HAOS
SOCIAL
ORDER
GOV’T.
POWER
ABSOLUTE
CONSTITUTIONALLY
REGULATED
TYRANNY/
OPPRESSION
POLITICAL
ORDER

Q. What are the concerns of theQ. What are the concerns of the
 A. The constitution addresses itself to the following concerns:A. The constitution addresses itself to the following concerns:
 Article IArticle I -- National TerritoryNational Territory
 Article IIArticle II -- Declaration of Principles and State PoliciesDeclaration of Principles and State Policies
 Article IIIArticle III -- Bill of RightsBill of Rights
 Article IVArticle IV -- CitizenshipCitizenship
 Article VArticle V -- SuffrageSuffrage
 Article VIArticle VI -- The Legislative DepartmentThe Legislative Department
 Article VIIArticle VII -- Executive DepartmentExecutive Department
 Article VIIIArticle VIII -- Judicial DepartmentJudicial Department
 Article IXArticle IX -- Constitutional CommissionsConstitutional Commissions
 Article XArticle X -- Local GovernmentLocal Government
 Article XIArticle XI -- Accountability of Public OfficeAccountability of Public Office
 Article XIIArticle XII -- National Economy and PatrimonyNational Economy and Patrimony
 Article XIIIArticle XIII -- Social Justice and Human RightSocial Justice and Human Right
 Article XIVArticle XIV -- Education, Science and Technology, Arts, CultureEducation, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture
and sportsand sports
 Article XVArticle XV -- The FamilyThe Family
 Article XVIArticle XVI -- General ProvisionsGeneral Provisions
 Article XVIIArticle XVII -- Amendments or RevisionsAmendments or Revisions
 Article XVIIIArticle XVIII -- Transitory ProvisionsTransitory Provisions

ARTICLE 1ARTICLE 1
NATIONAL TERRITORYNATIONAL TERRITORY
Q. Describe briefly the national territory as defined byQ. Describe briefly the national territory as defined by
the constitution.the constitution.
 The national territory shall comprise allThe national territory shall comprise all
the islands and waters embraced withinthe islands and waters embraced within
the Philippines archipelago and includesthe Philippines archipelago and includes
all the water around, between andall the water around, between and
connecting the islands. It also includesconnecting the islands. It also includes
all other territories over which theall other territories over which the
Philippines has sovereignty. (Article 1).Philippines has sovereignty. (Article 1).

ARTICLE IIARTICLE II
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIESDECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
Q. Cite some important principles declared in theQ. Cite some important principles declared in the
constitution.constitution.
 Article II of the constitution declares:Article II of the constitution declares:
 The Philippines is a democratic and republican stateThe Philippines is a democratic and republican state
Sovereignty and government authority belong to theSovereignty and government authority belong to the
people.people.
 The first duty of the government is to serve and protectThe first duty of the government is to serve and protect
the people.the people.
 The Philippines renounces war and adopts a policy ofThe Philippines renounces war and adopts a policy of
friendly relations with all nations.friendly relations with all nations.
 The separation of church and state shall at all times beThe separation of church and state shall at all times be
upheld.upheld.
 Civilian authority is at all times supreme to the military.Civilian authority is at all times supreme to the military.

Q. Cite some state policies.Q. Cite some state policies.
 Among the state policies declared in Article IIAmong the state policies declared in Article II
of the constitutions are:of the constitutions are:
 The Philippines adopts a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons.The Philippines adopts a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons.
 The state shall promote a just social order to eradicate poverty. (See alsoThe state shall promote a just social order to eradicate poverty. (See also
Article XIII).Article XIII).
 The state values the dignity of every person and guarantees full respect forThe state values the dignity of every person and guarantees full respect for
human right. For this purpose the constitution creates an independenthuman right. For this purpose the constitution creates an independent
Commission on Human Rights. (Article XIII, Sec. 17).Commission on Human Rights. (Article XIII, Sec. 17).
 The state recognizes the family as a sacred social institution and shall protectThe state recognizes the family as a sacred social institution and shall protect
the life of the unborn child from the moment of conception. (See also Articlethe life of the unborn child from the moment of conception. (See also Article
XV).XV).
 The state recognizes the role of youth in nation-building and shall protect himThe state recognizes the role of youth in nation-building and shall protect him
and promote his well-being. (See also Article XIV).and promote his well-being. (See also Article XIV).
 The state shall protect and promote the health of the people.The state shall protect and promote the health of the people.
 The state protects its natural environment.The state protects its natural environment.
 The state shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, cultureThe state shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture
and sports. (See also Article XIV).and sports. (See also Article XIV).
 The state shall protect the workers and promote their well-being. (See alsoThe state shall protect the workers and promote their well-being. (See also
Article XIII).Article XIII).
 The state shall develop a self-sustaining national economy controlled byThe state shall develop a self-sustaining national economy controlled by
Filipinos.Filipinos.
 The state shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarianThe state shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian
reform. (See also Article XIII).reform. (See also Article XIII).

ARTICLE IIIARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTSBILL OF RIGHTS
Q. Enumerate some basic rights of the individualQ. Enumerate some basic rights of the individual
embodied in the constitution.embodied in the constitution.
 Some basic rights of the individual embodied inSome basic rights of the individual embodied in
the constitution are the following:the constitution are the following:
 The right to life, liberty, or property, and equal protection of the laws.The right to life, liberty, or property, and equal protection of the laws.
(Section 1).(Section 1).
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers andThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures. (Sec. 22).effects against unreasonable searches and seizures. (Sec. 22).
 The right of privacy of communication and correspondence. (sec. 3, (1)).The right of privacy of communication and correspondence. (sec. 3, (1)).
 The right of freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the rightThe right of freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right
of the people to assemble peaceable to petition the government forof the people to assemble peaceable to petition the government for
redress of grievances. (Sec. 4).redress of grievances. (Sec. 4).
 The right of free exercise and enjoyment of religion. (Sec. 5).The right of free exercise and enjoyment of religion. (Sec. 5).
 The right of liberty of abode and of changing the same. (Sec. 6).The right of liberty of abode and of changing the same. (Sec. 6).
 The right of the people to information on matters of public concern. (Sec.The right of the people to information on matters of public concern. (Sec.
7).7).

Q. What are the rights of theQ. What are the rights of the
accused under the constitution?accused under the constitution?
 The rights of accused under the constitutionThe rights of accused under the constitution
are the following:are the following:
 The right to be informed of his right to remain silent and toThe right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to
counsel. (Sec. 12, (1)).counsel. (Sec. 12, (1)).
 The right to bail. (Sec. 13).The right to bail. (Sec. 13).
 The right to be presumed innocent until the contrary is proven,The right to be presumed innocent until the contrary is proven,
and the right to be heard by himself or counsel. (Sec. 14, (2)).and the right to be heard by himself or counsel. (Sec. 14, (2)).
 The right to be informed of the nature and cause of theThe right to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation against him. (Sec. 14, (2)).accusation against him. (Sec. 14, (2)).
 The right to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial. (Sec.The right to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial. (Sec.
14 (2)).14 (2)).
 The right to meet the witnesses face to face. (Sec, 14 (2)).The right to meet the witnesses face to face. (Sec, 14 (2)).
 The right to a speedy disposition of his case before a judicial,The right to a speedy disposition of his case before a judicial,
quasi-judicial or administrative body. (Sec. 16).quasi-judicial or administrative body. (Sec. 16).
 The right against self-incrimination. (Sec. 17).The right against self-incrimination. (Sec. 17).
 The right against excessive fines. (Sec. 19).The right against excessive fines. (Sec. 19).
 The right against double jeopardy. (Sec. 21).The right against double jeopardy. (Sec. 21).

Q. Cite some new features in theQ. Cite some new features in the
Bill of Rights of the constitution.Bill of Rights of the constitution.
 Some new features in the Bill of Rights of theSome new features in the Bill of Rights of the
constitution are the following:constitution are the following:
 A person under investigation shall not be subject to torture, force,A person under investigation shall not be subject to torture, force,
violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate theviolence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the
free will, and detention in secret places, solitary, in communicadofree will, and detention in secret places, solitary, in communicado
or other similar forms of detention. (Sec. 12, (2)).or other similar forms of detention. (Sec. 12, (2)).
 A person shall not be detained for his political beliefs andA person shall not be detained for his political beliefs and
aspirations. (Sec. 18, (1)).aspirations. (Sec. 18, (1)).
 The death penalty shall not be imposed, unless for compellingThe death penalty shall not be imposed, unless for compelling
reasons involving graves crimes the Congress hereafter providesreasons involving graves crimes the Congress hereafter provides
for it. (Sec. 19, (1)).for it. (Sec. 19, (1)).
 A detainee shall not be subject to physical, psychological, orA detainee shall not be subject to physical, psychological, or
degrading punishment or the use of substandard or inadequatedegrading punishment or the use of substandard or inadequate
penal facilities under subhuman conditions. (Sec. 19, (2)).penal facilities under subhuman conditions. (Sec. 19, (2)).

ARTICLE IVARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIPCITIZENSHIP
9.) Q. Who are citizens of the Philippines?9.) Q. Who are citizens of the Philippines?
 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at
the time of the adoption of this constitution.the time of the adoption of this constitution.
 2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens
of the Philippines.of the Philippines.
 3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, who elect PhilippineFilipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority;citizenship upon reaching the age of majority;
andand
 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance4. Those who are naturalized in accordance
with law. (section 1)with law. (section 1)

10.) Q. What is a natural born10.) Q. What is a natural born
citizen?citizen?
 He is a citizen of the Philippines fromHe is a citizen of the Philippines from
birth without having to perform any act tobirth without having to perform any act to
acquire or perfect his Philippineacquire or perfect his Philippine
citizenship. (Sec.2)citizenship. (Sec.2)

11.) Q. What is the effect of11.) Q. What is the effect of
marriage to aliens?marriage to aliens?
 Filipino marrying aliens retain theirFilipino marrying aliens retain their
Philippine citizenship, unless by their actPhilippine citizenship, unless by their act
or omission they are deemed, under theor omission they are deemed, under the
law, to have renounced it (Sec.4).law, to have renounced it (Sec.4).

Q. Is dual allegiance allowed underQ. Is dual allegiance allowed under
the constitution?the constitution?
A.A. No, it is inimical to the national interestNo, it is inimical to the national interest
and shall be dealt with by law. (Sec.5).and shall be dealt with by law. (Sec.5).

ARTICLE VARTICLE V
SUFFRAGESUFFRAGE
13.) Q. What are the qualifications of a voter13.) Q. What are the qualifications of a voter
under the constitution?under the constitution?
 A. 1. He must be a citizen of the PhilippinesA. 1. He must be a citizen of the Philippines
who is not otherwise disqualified by law;who is not otherwise disqualified by law;
 1. He must be a citizen of the Philippines who is1. He must be a citizen of the Philippines who is
not otherwise disqualified by law;not otherwise disqualified by law;
 2. He must be at least eighteen of age; and2. He must be at least eighteen of age; and
 3. He must be a resident of the Philippines for at3. He must be a resident of the Philippines for at
least one year and in the place wherein heleast one year and in the place wherein he
proposes to vote, for at least six monthsproposes to vote, for at least six months
immediately preceding the election. (Section 1).immediately preceding the election. (Section 1).

Q. Aside from these qualifications, areQ. Aside from these qualifications, are
there other requirements for the exercisethere other requirements for the exercise
of suffrage?of suffrage?
 A. The constitution prohibits literacy,A. The constitution prohibits literacy,
property or other substantive impositionsproperty or other substantive impositions
on the exercise of suffrage. (Section 1)on the exercise of suffrage. (Section 1)

Q. If so, many overseas Filipino voters,Q. If so, many overseas Filipino voters,
the illiterates and the disable be allowedthe illiterates and the disable be allowed
to vote? And how?to vote? And how?
 A. Yes. Congress shall provide a system forA. Yes. Congress shall provide a system for
absentee voting a voting by the illiterates andabsentee voting a voting by the illiterates and
the disable without assistance from otherthe disable without assistance from other
persons. (RA9189)persons. (RA9189)
 Until Congress can so provide, the OmnibusUntil Congress can so provide, the Omnibus
Electrons Code allows illiterates and theElectrons Code allows illiterates and the
disabled to vote with the help of assistors.disabled to vote with the help of assistors.
 Absentee voting by qualified overseas FilipinoAbsentee voting by qualified overseas Filipino
voters is not allowed under present legislation.voters is not allowed under present legislation.
(Sec. 2).(Sec. 2).

ARTICLE VIARTICLE VI
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENTTHE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
16) Q. Where is the law making power vested?16) Q. Where is the law making power vested?
 A. The legislative power is vested in theA. The legislative power is vested in the
Congress which shall consist of a SenateCongress which shall consist of a Senate
and a House of Representatives. (Section 1).and a House of Representatives. (Section 1).

Q. What is the composition of theseQ. What is the composition of these
two Houses of the congress?two Houses of the congress?
 A. The Senate shall be composed ofA. The Senate shall be composed of
twenty-four Senators and the House oftwenty-four Senators and the House of
Representatives, of not more than twoRepresentatives, of not more than two
hundred and fifty members including thosehundred and fifty members including those
who shall be elected through a party-listwho shall be elected through a party-list
system of registered national, regional,system of registered national, regional,
and sectoral parties or organization. (Sec.and sectoral parties or organization. (Sec.
2, and 5 (1)).2, and 5 (1)).

Q. What are the qualifications set by theQ. What are the qualifications set by the
constitution for Senator or Member of theconstitution for Senator or Member of the
House Representatives?House Representatives?
 A. No person shall be Senator unless he is a natural-A. No person shall be Senator unless he is a natural-
born citizen of the Philippines, and on the day of theborn citizen of the Philippines, and on the day of the
election, is at least thirty-five years of age, able to readelection, is at least thirty-five years of age, able to read
and write, a registered voter, and a resident of theand write, a registered voter, and a resident of the
Philippine for not less than two years immediatelyPhilippine for not less than two years immediately
preceding the day of the election. (Sec.3).preceding the day of the election. (Sec.3).
 No person shall be a Member of the House ofNo person shall be a Member of the House of
Representatives unless he is a natural-born citizen of theRepresentatives unless he is a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at leastPhilippines and, on the day of the election, is at least
twenty-five years of age, able to read and write, andtwenty-five years of age, able to read and write, and
except the party-list representatives, a registered voter inexcept the party-list representatives, a registered voter in
the district in which he shall be elected, and a residentthe district in which he shall be elected, and a resident
thereof for a period of not less than one yearthereof for a period of not less than one year
immediately preceding the day of the election. (Sec. 6).immediately preceding the day of the election. (Sec. 6).

Q. What are the terms of office of the SenatorQ. What are the terms of office of the Senator
and the Members of the House ofand the Members of the House of
Representatives?Representatives?
 A. The term of office of the Senators shallA. The term of office of the Senators shall
be six years, and no Senators shall servebe six years, and no Senators shall serve
for more than two consecutive terms. Thefor more than two consecutive terms. The
term of office of the members of theterm of office of the members of the
House Representatives shall be threeHouse Representatives shall be three
years, and no Members shall serve foryears, and no Members shall serve for
more than three consecutive terms.more than three consecutive terms.
(Secs.4 and 7).(Secs.4 and 7).

Q. How shall the Senators and the Members ofQ. How shall the Senators and the Members of
the House of Representatives be elected?the House of Representatives be elected?
 A. The Senators shall be elected at large by the qualifiedA. The Senators shall be elected at large by the qualified
voters of the Philippines. (Sec.2).voters of the Philippines. (Sec.2).
 The Members of the House of Representatives shallThe Members of the House of Representatives shall
be elected from being legislative district appointedbe elected from being legislative district appointed
among the provinces cities, and the Metropolitan Manilaamong the provinces cities, and the Metropolitan Manila
area in accordance with the number of their respectivearea in accordance with the number of their respective
inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform andinhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and
progressive ratio. With respect to the party-listprogressive ratio. With respect to the party-list
representatives, they shall be elected through a party-listrepresentatives, they shall be elected through a party-list
system of registered national, regional and sectoralsystem of registered national, regional and sectoral
parties or organizations. (Sec. 5, (1)).parties or organizations. (Sec. 5, (1)).

Q. Cite some disqualifications andQ. Cite some disqualifications and
disabilities of the Members of Congress.disabilities of the Members of Congress.
 A. The following are some disqualifications andA. The following are some disqualifications and
disabilities of the Members of Congress: (a) No memberdisabilities of the Members of Congress: (a) No member
of the Congress may hold any other office orof the Congress may hold any other office or
employment in the Government; (b) No such Memberemployment in the Government; (b) No such Member
shall be appointed to any office which may have seenshall be appointed to any office which may have seen
created or the emoluments thereof increase during thecreated or the emoluments thereof increase during the
term for which he was elected; (c) No such Member mayterm for which he was elected; (c) No such Member may
personally appear as counsel before any court of justicepersonally appear as counsel before any court of justice
or before the Electoral Tribunals, or quasijudicial andor before the Electoral Tribunals, or quasijudicial and
other administrative bodies; (d) No such Member shall,other administrative bodies; (d) No such Member shall,
directly or indirectly, be interested financially in anydirectly or indirectly, be interested financially in any
contract with the Government; and (e) No such Membercontract with the Government; and (e) No such Member
shall intervene in any matter before any office of theshall intervene in any matter before any office of the
Government for his pecuniary benefit or where he mayGovernment for his pecuniary benefit or where he may
be called upon to act on account of his office. (Sec. 13be called upon to act on account of his office. (Sec. 13
and 14).and 14).

Q. When does a bill passed by bothQ. When does a bill passed by both
Houses of Congress become a law?Houses of Congress become a law?
 A. A bill passed by both Houses ofA. A bill passed by both Houses of
Congress become a law: 1. If theCongress become a law: 1. If the
President fails to return the bill to thePresident fails to return the bill to the
House where it originated within thirtyHouse where it originated within thirty
days after the date of receipt thereof; anddays after the date of receipt thereof; and
3. If the President disapproves the bill and3. If the President disapproves the bill and
such veto is overridden by a two-thirdssuch veto is overridden by a two-thirds
vote of each House. (Sec. 27, (1)vote of each House. (Sec. 27, (1)

ARTICLE VIIARTICLE VII
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
23.) Q. Where is the executive power vested?23.) Q. Where is the executive power vested?
 . Executive power is vested in the. Executive power is vested in the
President of the Philippines. (Section 1).President of the Philippines. (Section 1).

Q. What are the qualifications prescribedQ. What are the qualifications prescribed
by the constitution for President?by the constitution for President?
 A. No person may be elected PresidentA. No person may be elected President
unless he is natural-born citizen of theunless he is natural-born citizen of the
Philippines, as registered voter, able to readPhilippines, as registered voter, able to read
and write, at least forty years of age on theand write, at least forty years of age on the
day of the election, and a resident of theday of the election, and a resident of the
Philippines for at least ten years immediatelyPhilippines for at least ten years immediately
preceding such election. (Sec. 2).preceding such election. (Sec. 2).

Q. Who succeeds the PresidentQ. Who succeeds the President
should he be unable to govern?should he be unable to govern?
 A. Sec. 3 provides that there shall be aA. Sec. 3 provides that there shall be a
Vice-President who shall have the sameVice-President who shall have the same
qualifications and term of office and bequalifications and term of office and be
elected with and in the same manner aselected with and in the same manner as
the President.the President.

Q. Explain briefly the rule ofQ. Explain briefly the rule of
succession to the President?succession to the President?
 A. If, as a result of the election forA. If, as a result of the election for
President and Vice-President, aPresident and Vice-President, a
President has not been chosen or thePresident has not been chosen or the
President-elect fails to qualify, the Vice-President-elect fails to qualify, the Vice-
President-elect shall act as PresidentPresident-elect shall act as President
until the President is elected and hasuntil the President is elected and has
qualified. (Sec. 7)qualified. (Sec. 7)
 In case of death, permanent disability,In case of death, permanent disability,
removal from office or resignation of theremoval from office or resignation of the
President during his term, the Vice-President during his term, the Vice-
President shall become President toPresident shall become President to
serve the unexpired term (Secs. 7 andserve the unexpired term (Secs. 7 and
8).8).

Q. What is the manner of election and theQ. What is the manner of election and the
term of office of the President and theterm of office of the President and the
Vice-President?Vice-President?
 A. The President and the Vice-PresidentA. The President and the Vice-President
shall be elected by direct vote of theshall be elected by direct vote of the
people for a term of six years. Thepeople for a term of six years. The
President shall not be eligible for anyPresident shall not be eligible for any
reelection whereas the Vice-Presidentreelection whereas the Vice-President
shall serve for not more than twoshall serve for not more than two
successive terms (Sec. 4)successive terms (Sec. 4)

Q. Is the public entitled to knowQ. Is the public entitled to know
the state of health of thethe state of health of the
President?President?
 A. Yes, in case of serious illness of theA. Yes, in case of serious illness of the
President, the public shall be informed ofPresident, the public shall be informed of
the state of his health. Moreover, duringthe state of his health. Moreover, during
such illness, the members of the Cabinetsuch illness, the members of the Cabinet
in charge of national security and foreignin charge of national security and foreign
relations and the Chief of Staff of therelations and the Chief of Staff of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines shall notArmed Forces of the Philippines shall not
be denied access to him. (Sec. 12).be denied access to him. (Sec. 12).

Q. Explain briefly the provisions of theQ. Explain briefly the provisions of the
constitution with respect to declaration ofconstitution with respect to declaration of
martial law or suspension of the privilege ofmartial law or suspension of the privilege of
the writ ofthe writ of habeas corpus.habeas corpus.
 A. 1. Basis for declaration or suspension: In case of invasion orA. 1. Basis for declaration or suspension: In case of invasion or
rebellion, when the public safety requires it, the President mayrebellion, when the public safety requires it, the President may
suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place thesuspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the
Philippines or any part thereof under martial law.Philippines or any part thereof under martial law.
 2. Limitations2. Limitations
 (a) The duration of martial or suspension of the privilege shall not(a) The duration of martial or suspension of the privilege shall not
exceed a period of sixty days.exceed a period of sixty days.
 (b) The Congress voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all(b) The Congress voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all
its Members may revoke such proclamation or suspension. Thisits Members may revoke such proclamation or suspension. This
revocation shall not be set aside by the President. If the crisisrevocation shall not be set aside by the President. If the crisis
should persist, upon the initiative of the President. if the crisisshould persist, upon the initiative of the President. if the crisis
should persist, upon the initiative of the President, the Congressshould persist, upon the initiative of the President, the Congress
may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or suspension;may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or suspension;

 (c) The Supreme Court may review and decide within 30(c) The Supreme Court may review and decide within 30
days from the filing of an appropriate proceeding by anydays from the filing of an appropriate proceeding by any
citizen the factual basis of the proclamation of martialcitizen the factual basis of the proclamation of martial
law or the suspension of the privilege;law or the suspension of the privilege;
 (d) A state of martial law does not suspend the operation(d) A state of martial law does not suspend the operation
of the Constitution, nor supplant the functioning of theof the Constitution, nor supplant the functioning of the
civil courts or legislative assemblies, not authorize thecivil courts or legislative assemblies, not authorize the
conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agenciesconferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies
over civilians where ever starts are able to function, norover civilians where ever starts are able to function, nor
automatically suspend the privilege of the writ;automatically suspend the privilege of the writ;
 (e) The suspension of the privilege of the writ shall apply(e) The suspension of the privilege of the writ shall apply
only to persons judicially charged with rebellion oronly to persons judicially charged with rebellion or
invasion; andinvasion; and
 (f) During the suspension of the privilege of the writ, any(f) During the suspension of the privilege of the writ, any
person thus arrested or detained shall be judiciallyperson thus arrested or detained shall be judicially
charge within three days, otherwise he shall be released.charge within three days, otherwise he shall be released.
(Sec. 18).(Sec. 18).

Q. Cite some inhibitions on theQ. Cite some inhibitions on the
officials in the Executiveofficials in the Executive
Department.Department.
 A. Basically they shall strictly avoid conflict ofA. Basically they shall strictly avoid conflict of
interest in the conduct of their office.interest in the conduct of their office.
 They spouse and relatives by consanguinityThey spouse and relatives by consanguinity
or affinity within the fourth civil degree of theor affinity within the fourth civil degree of the
President shall not during his tenure bePresident shall not during his tenure be
appointed as Members of the Constitutionalappointed as Members of the Constitutional
Commission, or the Office of the Ombudsman,Commission, or the Office of the Ombudsman,
or as Secretaries, Undersecretaries, chairman oror as Secretaries, Undersecretaries, chairman or
heads of bureaus or offices, includingheads of bureaus or offices, including
government owned or controlled corporationsgovernment owned or controlled corporations
and their subsidiaries. (Sec. 13).and their subsidiaries. (Sec. 13).

ARTICLE VIIIARTICLE VIII
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENTJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
31) Q. In the general plan of government, where31) Q. In the general plan of government, where
is the judicial power vested?is the judicial power vested?
 A. The judicial power is vested in oneA. The judicial power is vested in one
Supreme Court and in such lower courtsSupreme Court and in such lower courts
as may be established by law. (Sec. 1).as may be established by law. (Sec. 1).

Q. What is the composition of theQ. What is the composition of the
Supreme Court and in what manner maySupreme Court and in what manner may
it is sit to hear and dispose of cases?it is sit to hear and dispose of cases?
 A. The Supreme Court shall be composedA. The Supreme Court shall be composed
of a Chief Justice and fourteen Justices. Itof a Chief Justice and fourteen Justices. It
may sit en banc or in its discretion, inmay sit en banc or in its discretion, in
divisions of three, five, or seven members.divisions of three, five, or seven members.
(Sec. 4; (1)).(Sec. 4; (1)).

Q. How are Members of theQ. How are Members of the
Judiciary selected?Judiciary selected?
 A. Prospective appointees to the Judiciary shall beA. Prospective appointees to the Judiciary shall be
recommended by the Judicial and Bar Council. This is arecommended by the Judicial and Bar Council. This is a
body created by the constitution and placed by it underbody created by the constitution and placed by it under
the supervision of the Supreme Court. It is composed ofthe supervision of the Supreme Court. It is composed of
the Chief Justices as ex-officio. Chairman, the Secretarythe Chief Justices as ex-officio. Chairman, the Secretary
of Justice and a representative of the Congress as officioof Justice and a representative of the Congress as officio
Members, a representative of the Integrated Bar, aMembers, a representative of the Integrated Bar, a
professor of law, a retired Member of the Supremeprofessor of law, a retired Member of the Supreme
Court, and a representative of the private sector. TheCourt, and a representative of the private sector. The
members of the Supreme Court and judges of lowermembers of the Supreme Court and judges of lower
courts shall be appointed by the President from a list ofcourts shall be appointed by the President from a list of
at least three nominees prepared by the judicial and barat least three nominees prepared by the judicial and bar
Council. Such appointments need no confirmation by theCouncil. Such appointments need no confirmation by the
Commission on Appointments. (Sec. 8, pars. (1) and (5),Commission on Appointments. (Sec. 8, pars. (1) and (5),
and Sec. 9).and Sec. 9).

Q. May Members of the Supreme Court and ofQ. May Members of the Supreme Court and of
other lower courts be designated to anyother lower courts be designated to any
agency performing quasi-judicial andagency performing quasi-judicial and
administrative functions?administrative functions?
 A. No. The Members of the SupremeA. No. The Members of the Supreme
Court and of other courts established byCourt and of other courts established by
law shall not be designated to any agencylaw shall not be designated to any agency
performing quasi-judicial or administrativeperforming quasi-judicial or administrative
functions. (Sec. 12).functions. (Sec. 12).

Q. Cite some of the guarantees ofQ. Cite some of the guarantees of
independence for the Judiciary.independence for the Judiciary.
 A. Some guarantees of independent are the following:A. Some guarantees of independent are the following:
 1. The judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy.1. The judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy.
Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced byAppropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced by
the legislature below the amount appropriated for thethe legislature below the amount appropriated for the
previous year and, after approval, shall be automaticallyprevious year and, after approval, shall be automatically
and regularly released;and regularly released;
 2. No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary2. No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary
when it undermines the security of tenure of itswhen it undermines the security of tenure of its
Members.Members.
 3. The Supreme Court shall have administrative3. The Supreme Court shall have administrative
supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof;supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof;
 4. The salary of the Chief Justice and of the Associate4. The salary of the Chief Justice and of the Associate
Justices of the Supreme Court and the Judges of lowerJustices of the Supreme Court and the Judges of lower
courts shall not be decreased during their continuance incourts shall not be decreased during their continuance in
office. (Secs. 2, 3, 6 and 10).office. (Secs. 2, 3, 6 and 10).

ARTICLE IXARTICLE IX
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONSCONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
36) Q. What are the Constitutional Commissions36) Q. What are the Constitutional Commissions
created by the constitution?created by the constitution?
 A. There are three ConstitutionalA. There are three Constitutional
Commissions under the constitutionCommissions under the constitution
namely:namely:
 The Civil Service Commission;The Civil Service Commission;
 The Commission on Elections; andThe Commission on Elections; and
 The Commission on Audit.The Commission on Audit.

Q. How is the Civil ServiceQ. How is the Civil Service
Commission constituted, and whatCommission constituted, and what
is the term of office of its Members:is the term of office of its Members:
 A. The Civil Service Commission is composed of aA. The Civil Service Commission is composed of a
Chairman and two Commissioners. The Chairman andChairman and two Commissioners. The Chairman and
the Commissioners shall be appointed by the Presidentthe Commissioners shall be appointed by the President
with the consent of the Commission on Appointments forwith the consent of the Commission on Appointments for
a terms of seven years without reappointment. Of thosea terms of seven years without reappointment. Of those
first appointment, the Chairman shall hold office forfirst appointment, the Chairman shall hold office for
seven years, a Commissioner for five years, and anotherseven years, a Commissioner for five years, and another
Commissioner for three years without reappointment.Commissioner for three years without reappointment.
Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for anAppointment to any vacancy shall be only for an
unexpired term of the predecessor. (B. Section 1, pars.unexpired term of the predecessor. (B. Section 1, pars.
(1) and (2).(1) and (2).

Q. What are the basic functions ofQ. What are the basic functions of
the Civil Service Commission?the Civil Service Commission?
 A. The basic functions of the Civil ServiceA. The basic functions of the Civil Service
Commission are:Commission are:
 1. It shall administer the civil service;1. It shall administer the civil service;
 2. It shall be the central personnel agency2. It shall be the central personnel agency
of the Government and for that purpose itof the Government and for that purpose it
shall, among others.shall, among others.
 established a career service;established a career service;
 strengthen the merit and rewards system andstrengthen the merit and rewards system and
 integrate all human resources program. (B, Sec. 3)integrate all human resources program. (B, Sec. 3)

Q. How is the Commission on ElectionsQ. How is the Commission on Elections
constituted and what is the term of officeconstituted and what is the term of office
of its Members?of its Members?
 A. The Commission on Elections is composed ofA. The Commission on Elections is composed of
a chairman and six Commissioners. Thea chairman and six Commissioners. The
Chairman and the Commissioners shall beChairman and the Commissioners shall be
appointed by the President with consent of theappointed by the President with consent of the
Commission on appointments for a term ofCommission on appointments for a term of
seven years without reappointment. Of thoseseven years without reappointment. Of those
first appointed, three members shall hold officefirst appointed, three members shall hold office
for seven years, two members for five years, andfor seven years, two members for five years, and
the last members for three years, withoutthe last members for three years, without
reappointment. Appointment to any predecessor.reappointment. Appointment to any predecessor.
(C. Section 1 pars, (1) and (2)(C. Section 1 pars, (1) and (2)

the Commission on Election?the Commission on Election?
 A. The basic functions of the Commission onA. The basic functions of the Commission on
Election are:Election are:
 1. Enforce and administer all laws and1. Enforce and administer all laws and
regulations relative to the conduct of anregulations relative to the conduct of an
electron, plebiscite, referendum and recall;electron, plebiscite, referendum and recall;
 Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction overExercise exclusive original jurisdiction over
all contests relating to the election, returns,all contests relating to the election, returns,
and qualifications of all elective regional,and qualifications of all elective regional,
provincial, and city officials and appellateprovincial, and city officials and appellate
jurisdiction over all contest involving electivejurisdiction over all contest involving elective
municipal official decided by trial courts ofmunicipal official decided by trial courts of
general jurisdiction, or involving electivegeneral jurisdiction, or involving elective
barangay officials decided by trial courts ofbarangay officials decided by trial courts of
limited jurisdiction. (C, Sec 2, pars. (1) andlimited jurisdiction. (C, Sec 2, pars. (1) and
(2)).(2)).

Q. How is the Commission on AuditQ. How is the Commission on Audit
constituted and what is the term of officeconstituted and what is the term of office
of its Members?of its Members?
 A. The Commission on Audit is composed of a ChairmanA. The Commission on Audit is composed of a Chairman
and two Commissioners. The chairman and theand two Commissioners. The chairman and the
Commissioners shall be appointed by the President withCommissioners shall be appointed by the President with
the consent of the Commission on Appointments for athe consent of the Commission on Appointments for a
term of seven years without reappointment. Of those firstterm of seven years without reappointment. Of those first
appointed. The Chairman shall hold office for sevenappointed. The Chairman shall hold office for seven
years, one Commissioner for five years, and the otheryears, one Commissioner for five years, and the other
Commissioner for three years, without reappointment.Commissioner for three years, without reappointment.
Appointment to a vacancy shall be only for the unexpiredAppointment to a vacancy shall be only for the unexpired
portion of the term of the predecessor. (D. Section 1,portion of the term of the predecessor. (D. Section 1,
pars, (1) and (2)).pars, (1) and (2)).

the Commission on Audit?the Commission on Audit?
 A. The basic functions of the Commission on Audit are toA. The basic functions of the Commission on Audit are to
examine, audit and settle all accounts pertaining to theexamine, audit and settle all accounts pertaining to the
revenue and receipts of, and expenditures or uses ofrevenue and receipts of, and expenditures or uses of
funds and property, owned or held in trust by, orfunds and property, owned or held in trust by, or
pertaining to, the Government, or any of its subdivisions,pertaining to, the Government, or any of its subdivisions,
agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-
owned or controlled corporations with original charters.owned or controlled corporations with original charters.
Pursuant hereto, no entity of the Government, or anyPursuant hereto, no entity of the Government, or any
investment of public funds may, by law, be exempt frominvestment of public funds may, by law, be exempt from
the jurisdiction of this Commission. (D, Sec. 2 (1) andthe jurisdiction of this Commission. (D, Sec. 2 (1) and
Sec. 3).Sec. 3).

Q. Cite some of the guarantees ofQ. Cite some of the guarantees of
independence for the Constitutionalindependence for the Constitutional
CommissionCommission
 A. Some guarantees of independence are the following:A. Some guarantees of independence are the following:
 1. The Commission shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Their1. The Commission shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Their
approved annual appropriation shall be automaticallyapproved annual appropriation shall be automatically
and regularly released;and regularly released;
 2. The salary of the Chairman and the Commissioners2. The salary of the Chairman and the Commissioners
shall not be decreased during their tenure;shall not be decreased during their tenure;
 3. The Chairman and the Commissioners shall not be3. The Chairman and the Commissioners shall not be
reappointed;reappointed;
 4. The Members of the Constitutional Commissions may4. The Members of the Constitutional Commissions may
be removed from office only on impeachment. (A, Sec. 3be removed from office only on impeachment. (A, Sec. 3
and 5, B, Sectio 1 (2), C, Section 1 (2), and D, Section 1and 5, B, Sectio 1 (2), C, Section 1 (2), and D, Section 1
(2), Article XI, Sec. 2).(2), Article XI, Sec. 2).

ARTICLE XARTICLE X
LOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT
44) Q. What is the policy under the constitution for44) Q. What is the policy under the constitution for
territorial and political subdivisions?territorial and political subdivisions?
RA 7160. LGU Code of 1991RA 7160. LGU Code of 1991
 A. The territorial and political subdivisionsA. The territorial and political subdivisions
shall enjoy local autonomy. (Sec. 2)shall enjoy local autonomy. (Sec. 2)

Q. Cite some provisions in theQ. Cite some provisions in the
constitution that assures localconstitution that assures local
autonomy. (Sec. 2)autonomy. (Sec. 2)
 A. Local government units are empoweredA. Local government units are empowered
to create their sources of revenues andto create their sources of revenues and
levy, taxes, and are entitled to a share inlevy, taxes, and are entitled to a share in
the national taxes which shall bethe national taxes which shall be
automatically released to them. (Sec. 5automatically released to them. (Sec. 5
and 6).and 6).

Q. What are the political units of theQ. What are the political units of the
Republic of the Philippines?Republic of the Philippines?
 A. The political units of the Republic areA. The political units of the Republic are
the:the:
 ProvincesProvinces
 CitiesCities
 MunicipalitiesMunicipalities
 BarangayBarangay
 Autonomous regions, such as Muslim Mindanao and theAutonomous regions, such as Muslim Mindanao and the
Cordilleras (Section 1).Cordilleras (Section 1).

Q. May other political units,Q. May other political units,
metropolitan political subdivisionsmetropolitan political subdivisions
or autonomousor autonomous
 A. Yes, These political creations shall beA. Yes, These political creations shall be
effective when approved by a majority ofeffective when approved by a majority of
the votes cast in a plebiscite in the politicalthe votes cast in a plebiscite in the political
units or geographical areas directlyunits or geographical areas directly
affected. (Sec. 11).affected. (Sec. 11).

Q. What is the term of office ofQ. What is the term of office of
elective local official as prescribedelective local official as prescribed
in the constitution?in the constitution?
 A. The term prescribed for elective localA. The term prescribed for elective local
officials is three years, but no suchofficials is three years, but no such
officials shall serve for more threeofficials shall serve for more three
consecutive terms. This rule, howeverconsecutive terms. This rule, however
shall not apply to elective barangayshall not apply to elective barangay
officials (Sec. 8).officials (Sec. 8).
 Note: SK is not part of the LGU but 1 ofNote: SK is not part of the LGU but 1 of
the structure of the Barangaythe structure of the Barangay

ARTICLE XIARTICLE XI
ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERSACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
49) Q. What is the significance of a public49) Q. What is the significance of a public
office under the constitution?office under the constitution?
 A. Under the constitution of a public officeA. Under the constitution of a public office
is a public trust. Public officers andis a public trust. Public officers and
employees shall at all times beemployees shall at all times be
accountable to the people. They shallaccountable to the people. They shall
serve with utmost responsibility, integrity,serve with utmost responsibility, integrity,
loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotismloyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism
and justice, and lead modest lives.and justice, and lead modest lives.

Q. Who of the government officialsQ. Who of the government officials
may be removed by impeachment?may be removed by impeachment?
 A. The government officials who may beA. The government officials who may be
removed by impeachment are the following:removed by impeachment are the following:
 1. The President1. The President
 2. Vice-President2. Vice-President
 3. Members of the Supreme Court3. Members of the Supreme Court
 4. Members of the Constitutional Commissions;4. Members of the Constitutional Commissions;
andand
 5. Ombudsman (Sec. 2)5. Ombudsman (Sec. 2)

Q. Describe briefly the procedure ofQ. Describe briefly the procedure of
removal by impeachmentremoval by impeachment
 A. The procedures of removal by impeachment:A. The procedures of removal by impeachment:
 1. The House of Representatives shall initiate1. The House of Representatives shall initiate
the impeachment;the impeachment;
 2. The Senate shall try and decide the case of2. The Senate shall try and decide the case of
impeachment. In case the President of theimpeachment. In case the President of the
Philippines is on trial, the Chief Justice of thePhilippines is on trial, the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote,Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote,
(Sec. 3, pars. (1) and (6)).(Sec. 3, pars. (1) and (6)).

Q. What is the Ombudsman in theQ. What is the Ombudsman in the
 A. The Ombudsman of the Constitution asA. The Ombudsman of the Constitution as
protector of the people, shall act promptly onprotector of the people, shall act promptly on
complaints against public officials or employeescomplaints against public officials or employees
of the Government. His office shall investigateof the Government. His office shall investigate
on its own or on complaint by any person, anyon its own or on complaint by any person, any
act or omission by a public official or employeeact or omission by a public official or employee
which appears to be illegal, unjust, improper orwhich appears to be illegal, unjust, improper or
inefficient. (Secs. 12 and 13, (1)).inefficient. (Secs. 12 and 13, (1)).

ARTICLE XIIARTICLE XII
NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONYNATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
53) Q. What is the policy under the53) Q. What is the policy under the
constitution regarding the nationalconstitution regarding the national
economy?economy?
 A. The policy in relation to the nationalA. The policy in relation to the national
economy is toward a more equitableeconomy is toward a more equitable
distribution of opportunities, income, anddistribution of opportunities, income, and
wealth, with a view to raising quality of lifewealth, with a view to raising quality of life
for all, especially the underprivilegedfor all, especially the underprivileged

Q. In relation to national resources,Q. In relation to national resources,
cite some policies under thecite some policies under the
 A. Some policies under the constitution are:A. Some policies under the constitution are:
 1. All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal,1. All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal,
petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potentialpetroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential
energy, fisheries, forests or timber wildlife, flora and fauna,energy, fisheries, forests or timber wildlife, flora and fauna,
and other natural resources are owned by the State;and other natural resources are owned by the State;
 2. The exploration, development, and utilization of natural2. The exploration, development, and utilization of natural
resources shall be under the full control and supervision ofresources shall be under the full control and supervision of
the State;the State;
 3. The state may directly undertake activities, or it may3. The state may directly undertake activities, or it may
enter into co-production, joint venture, or production-enter into co-production, joint venture, or production-
sharing agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporationssharing agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations
or associations. Such agreements may be for a period notor associations. Such agreements may be for a period not
exceeding twenty-five years and renewable for not moreexceeding twenty-five years and renewable for not more
than twenty-five years. (Sec. 2).than twenty-five years. (Sec. 2).

Q. Under the constitution how areQ. Under the constitution how are
lands of the public domainlands of the public domain
classified?classified?
 A. They are classified into:A. They are classified into:
 1. Agricultural1. Agricultural
 2. Forest or timber2. Forest or timber
 3. Mineral3. Mineral
 4. National Parks (Sec. 3, (1)).4. National Parks (Sec. 3, (1)).

Q. Which of these may be soldQ. Which of these may be sold
alienated?alienated?
 A. Only agricultural lands may be sold orA. Only agricultural lands may be sold or
alienated. (Sec. 3).alienated. (Sec. 3).

Q. To whom may these alienableQ. To whom may these alienable
lands be disposed and under whatlands be disposed and under what
forms of disposition?forms of disposition?
 A. Alienable lands shall be disposed of as follows:A. Alienable lands shall be disposed of as follows:
 1. To private corporations and associations, by lease for1. To private corporations and associations, by lease for
period not exceeding twenty-five years and renewableperiod not exceeding twenty-five years and renewable
for not more than twenty-five years, and not exceed onefor not more than twenty-five years, and not exceed one
thousand hectares in area.thousand hectares in area.
 2. To Filipino Citizens:2. To Filipino Citizens:
 a. By lease of an area of not more than five hundreda. By lease of an area of not more than five hundred
hectares.hectares.
 b. By purchase, homestead, or grant of an area of notb. By purchase, homestead, or grant of an area of not
more that twelve hectares. (Sec. 3, (1)).more that twelve hectares. (Sec. 3, (1)).

Q. May a natural-born citizen of the PhilippinesQ. May a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
who has lost his Philippine citizenship be awho has lost his Philippine citizenship be a
transferee of private lands?transferee of private lands?
 A. Yes. A Natural-born citizen of theA. Yes. A Natural-born citizen of the
Philippines who has lost his PhilippinePhilippines who has lost his Philippine
citizenship may be a transferee of privatecitizenship may be a transferee of private
lands, under limitations provided by law.lands, under limitations provided by law.
(Sec. 8)(Sec. 8)

Q. What are the limitations in theQ. What are the limitations in the
operation of a public utility?operation of a public utility?
 A. It shall be limited to Filipino citizens orA. It shall be limited to Filipino citizens or
to corporations at least sixty per centum ofto corporations at least sixty per centum of
whose capital is owned by such citizens.whose capital is owned by such citizens.
The authority to operate shall not be aThe authority to operate shall not be a
longer period than fifty years and it shalllonger period than fifty years and it shall
be subject to amendment or repeal bybe subject to amendment or repeal by
Congress when the common good soCongress when the common good so
requires. (Sec. 11).requires. (Sec. 11).

Q. What is the policy of theQ. What is the policy of the
constitution in the practice ofconstitution in the practice of
professions?professions?
 A. The practice of all professions in theA. The practice of all professions in the
Philippines shall be limited to FilipinoPhilippines shall be limited to Filipino
citizens, save in cases prescribed by law.citizens, save in cases prescribed by law.
(Sec. 14).(Sec. 14).

ARTICLE XVIIARTICLE XVII
AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONSAMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS
61) Q. What are the three methods of amending or61) Q. What are the three methods of amending or
revising the constitution as prescribed under therevising the constitution as prescribed under the
 A. The three (3) methods of amending or revising the constitution are:A. The three (3) methods of amending or revising the constitution are:
 The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members may proposeThe Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members may propose
amendments;amendments;
 A constitutional convention duly called for the purpose, by Congress or theA constitutional convention duly called for the purpose, by Congress or the
electorate, may proposes amendments;electorate, may proposes amendments;
 Amendments may be proposed directly by the people through initiative uponAmendments may be proposed directly by the people through initiative upon
a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registereda petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered
voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at leastvoters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least
three per centum of the registered votes therein.three per centum of the registered votes therein.
 In every case above, the proposed amendments or revisions shall be validIn every case above, the proposed amendments or revisions shall be valid
when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite.when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite.
 When proposes by congress or by constitutional convention,When proposes by congress or by constitutional convention,
the plebiscite shall be held no earlier than sixty (60) days nor later thanthe plebiscite shall be held no earlier than sixty (60) days nor later than
ninety (90) days after the approval of such amendment or revision.ninety (90) days after the approval of such amendment or revision.
 When proposed through an initiative the plebiscite shall be heldWhen proposed through an initiative the plebiscite shall be held
not earlier than sixty days not later than ninety days after the certification bynot earlier than sixty days not later than ninety days after the certification by
the commission on Elections of the sufficiency of the petition. (Section 1,the commission on Elections of the sufficiency of the petition. (Section 1,
and Secs. 2, and 4).and Secs. 2, and 4).

Q. Is there a limitation on theQ. Is there a limitation on the
method of amendment by initiative?method of amendment by initiative?
 A. Yes, No amendment through initiativeA. Yes, No amendment through initiative
shall be authorized within five yearsshall be authorized within five years
following the ratification of this constitutionfollowing the ratification of this constitution
nor oftener than once every yearsnor oftener than once every years
thereafter. (Sec. 2).thereafter. (Sec. 2).

ARTICLE XVIIIARTICLE XVIII
TRANSITORY PROVISIONSTRANSITORY PROVISIONS
63) Q. When will the first election be held under the63) Q. When will the first election be held under the
constitution and until when will these officials holdconstitution and until when will these officials hold
office?office?
 A. 1. The first election for Senators and RepresentativesA. 1. The first election for Senators and Representatives
will be held on the second Monday of May 1987. Thosewill be held on the second Monday of May 1987. Those
elected will hold office until noon of June 30, 1992.elected will hold office until noon of June 30, 1992.
(Section 1 and Sec. 2).(Section 1 and Sec. 2).
 2. For provincial, city municipal officials, including the2. For provincial, city municipal officials, including the
members of the Local Councils in Metropolitan Manila,members of the Local Councils in Metropolitan Manila,
the elections will be held on a date to be determined bythe elections will be held on a date to be determined by
the President which may be the same date as thethe President which may be the same date as the
election of the members of Congress. The local officialelection of the members of Congress. The local official
so elected will hold office for three years. (Section 1.).so elected will hold office for three years. (Section 1.).

Q. What is the term of theQ. What is the term of the
incumbent President and Vice-incumbent President and Vice-
President under the constitution?President under the constitution?
 A. The incumbent President and Vice-A. The incumbent President and Vice-
President have a term of six years to bePresident have a term of six years to be
counted from February 7, 1986 until nooncounted from February 7, 1986 until noon
of June 30, 1992. (Sec. 5).of June 30, 1992. (Sec. 5).

Q. What is the first task of the firstQ. What is the first task of the first
Congress under this constitution?Congress under this constitution?
 A. The first Congress shall give priority toA. The first Congress shall give priority to
the full implementation of free publicthe full implementation of free public
secondary education. (Sec. 20).secondary education. (Sec. 20).

Q. What is the policy regarding public landsQ. What is the policy regarding public lands
acquired in violation of public lands acquiredacquired in violation of public lands acquired
in violation of public laws, or through corruptin violation of public laws, or through corrupt
practices?practices?
 A. The Congress shall provide efficaciousA. The Congress shall provide efficacious
procedure and adequate remedies forprocedure and adequate remedies for
their reversion to the State. Within onetheir reversion to the State. Within one
year from the ratification of thisyear from the ratification of this
constitution no transfer of such lands willconstitution no transfer of such lands will
be allowed. (Sec.21).be allowed. (Sec.21).

Q. What will happen to the militaryQ. What will happen to the military
bases after this constitution isbases after this constitution is
ratified?ratified?
 A. After the expiration of the AgreementA. After the expiration of the Agreement
between the Republic of the Philippinesbetween the Republic of the Philippines
and the United States of America in 1991and the United States of America in 1991
these bases will no longer be allowedthese bases will no longer be allowed
within the Philippines territory unless saidwithin the Philippines territory unless said
Agreement is renewed under a treatyAgreement is renewed under a treaty
concurred in by the Senate and dulyconcurred in by the Senate and duly
ratified in a national referendum held forratified in a national referendum held for
that purpose. (Sec. 25).that purpose. (Sec. 25).

Q. Shall the authority of the PresidentialQ. Shall the authority of the Presidential
Commission on Good Government (PCGG) toCommission on Good Government (PCGG) to
issue sequestration or freeze order’s of ill-issue sequestration or freeze order’s of ill-
gotten wealth continue and the ratification ofgotten wealth continue and the ratification of
this constitution?this constitution?
 A. Yes, but this authority shall remain forA. Yes, but this authority shall remain for
not more than 18 months from thenot more than 18 months from the
ratification of the constitution. However, inratification of the constitution. However, in
the national interest as certified by thethe national interest as certified by the
President the Congress may extend saidPresident the Congress may extend said
period, but the same shall be a judicialperiod, but the same shall be a judicial
action or proceeding. (Sec. 26).action or proceeding. (Sec. 26).

MISCELLANEOUSMISCELLANEOUS
ARTICLES XII, XIII, XIV, AND XVIARTICLES XII, XIII, XIV, AND XVI
69) Q. What is the national language of the69) Q. What is the national language of the
Philippines?Philippines?
 A. The national language of theA. The national language of the
Philippines is Filipino. For purposes ofPhilippines is Filipino. For purposes of
communication and instruction, the officialcommunication and instruction, the official
language of the Philippines are Filipinolanguage of the Philippines are Filipino
and English, with the dialects as auxiliaryand English, with the dialects as auxiliary
languages. (Article XIV, Secs. 6 and 7).languages. (Article XIV, Secs. 6 and 7).

Q. Name some sectoral interestsQ. Name some sectoral interests
given special mention in thegiven special mention in the
 A. Some sectoral interests which the constitutionA. Some sectoral interests which the constitution
specifically mentions are the:specifically mentions are the:
 Cultural communities (Article XII, Sec. 5).Cultural communities (Article XII, Sec. 5).
 Urban poor (Article XIII, Sec. 9).Urban poor (Article XIII, Sec. 9).
 Working women (Article XIII, Sec. 14)Working women (Article XIII, Sec. 14)
 Veterans (Article XVI, Sec. 8).Veterans (Article XVI, Sec. 8).
 Retirees (Article XVI, Sec. 8).Retirees (Article XVI, Sec. 8).
 Consumer (Article XVI, Sec. 9).Consumer (Article XVI, Sec. 9).

Q. What is the State policy towardsQ. What is the State policy towards
the police force?the police force?
A.A. 1. Police force:1. Police force:
 The State shall establish and maintain a police forceThe State shall establish and maintain a police force
which shall be national in scope and civilian inwhich shall be national in scope and civilian in
character. (Article XVI, Sec. 6).character. (Article XVI, Sec. 6).
 2. Armed Forces;2. Armed Forces;
 The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall beThe Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be
composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergocomposed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo
military training.military training.
 Professionalism in the Armed Forces shall be a primeProfessionalism in the Armed Forces shall be a prime
concern of the State. The Armed Forces shall beconcern of the State. The Armed Forces shall be
insulated from partisan politics. The officers and meninsulated from partisan politics. The officers and men
of the regular force of the Armed Forces shall beof the regular force of the Armed Forces shall be
recruited from all provinces and cities as far asrecruited from all provinces and cities as far as
practicable. (Secs. 4, 5, (3) (6)).practicable. (Secs. 4, 5, (3) (6)).

Q. Why is the commission on ElectionsQ. Why is the commission on Elections
presenting the constitution to the peoplepresenting the constitution to the people
in a plebiscite?in a plebiscite?
 A. Pursuant to Sec. 5, Article V,A. Pursuant to Sec. 5, Article V,
Proclamation No. 3 as amended byProclamation No. 3 as amended by
Proclamation No. 36, and Sec. 14 ofProclamation No. 36, and Sec. 14 of
Proclamation No. 9 as amended byProclamation No. 9 as amended by
Proclamation No. 3y, No. 37, theProclamation No. 3y, No. 37, the
constitution adopted by 1986constitution adopted by 1986
Constitutional Commission “shall becomeConstitutional Commission “shall become
valid effective upon ratification by avalid effective upon ratification by a
majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite.”majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite.”

ALLAN S. TIEMPO, Ph. D.
Doctorand

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Questions and answer on the 1987 Philippine Constitution