sociology-culture,folkways,mores

1. Mr.Allen Anil. Mohite
Clinical Instructor
PBBSc(N)
College Of Nursing Wanless Hospital Miraj
416410

2. Culture is derived from the
English word 'kulthra’ and
Sanskrit word ‘samskar’, which
denotes social channel and
intellectual excellence. Culture
is a way of life.

3. Culture is a complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals,
customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by the man as a
member of society
-EB Taylor.

4.  Culture is a symbolic, continuous, cumulative and
progressive process-
Leglic AY White
 "The cumulative creation of man; the handwork of
man and the medium through which he achieves is
ends-
Malinowski B

5.  An accumulation of thoughts, values and objects; it is
the social heritage acquired by us from preceding
generations through learning, as distinguished from
the biological heritage which is passed on to us
automatically through the genes -
Graham Wallas

6.  ‘ The instruments constituted by man to assist him
in satisfying his wants-
CC NORTH

7.  The body of thoughts and knowledge, both theoretical
and practical, which only man can possess’-
EV DeRoberty

8.  Culture is an organization of phenomenon of acts
(patterns of behavior) objects (tools) ideas (belief,
knowledge, sentiment) attitudes values the use of
symbols. Culture is an organized body of conventional
understanding manifested in art and artifact
(indication) which persisting through tradition,
characterizes the human group-
Redfield

9. 1. Culture is an acquired quality or learned way of
behavior. It is learned through experience, imitation,
communication, concept, thinking and socialization
process.

10. 2. Culture is transmitted by vertically or horizontally and
thus it is communicative. Vertical transmission is from
generation to generation, horizontal transmission is
from one group to another group within the same
period Knowledge is accumulative. Language is the
chief vehicle of culture. the expression, body
movements, gestures, feelings, attitudes, thinking also
exhibit the culture.

11. 3. Culture is social but not individual. The patterns of
thinking, feeling, acting are characteristics of culture.
Culture can be shared by members of group and kept
relatively uniform through group pressures.

12. 4. Culture is idealistic. The learned ways of behavior
which make up the culture are regarded as ideal
patterns to which members are supported to conform
disparities often occur between ideals and practice but
members will understand and be aware ot ideal means
of culture.

13. 5. Culture fulfills some needs and desires of individual to
fulfill group functions.

14. 6. Culture is adoptive. It may institute changes in the
environment as a means of adopting instead of
altering themselves to the changing environment.

15. 7. Culture is integrative. The parts of culture display a
tendency to be molded in an integrated consistent
pattern.

16. 8. Culture evolves into more complex forms through
division of labor, which develops special skills, the
interdependence of members within the society

17. 9. Culture is continuóus and cumulative. culture is a
growing whole which includes in itself, the
achievements of the past and the present and makes
provision for the future achievements of the mankind.
Culture is the social heritage of man.

18. 10. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subjected to slow but
constant changes: Change and growth are latent on
culture and is responsive to the changing conditions of
the world. It is the process of, adjustment.

19.  11. Culture is gratifying. Culture provides opportunities
and provides means for the satisfaction of our needs
(biological and social) and desires.

20. 12. Culture varies from society to society. Every culture
has a culture of its own/unique. Cultural elements are
not uniform everywhere, e.g. Customs, traditions,
morals, ideals, values, ideologies, beliefs, practices,
institutions etc., and culture varies from time to time.

21.  13. Culture is super organic. Culture is independent of
physical and physiological properties and
characteristics. People are proud of their cultural
heritage. e.g.: The 'flag represents the nation.

22.  Culture is unique, every culture has its own varied and
diverse; culture is based on society. Certain cultural
similarities and variations will be observed,
 e.g.: People worship different Gods but the basic
concept is religion. People will hold different
Occupations built ultimate aim is living and earning
Some ritual ceremonies customs may have similar or of
little variation. 1he content culture is of two types

23.  1. Material culture: Manmade objects, which may be
experienced with senses, e.g: Pen, table, pad, etc. it is
concerned with external, mechanical and utilitarian
objects. the devices and instruments by which nature is
controlled. It includes technical and material equipments
like: Housing, press, locomotive, media. Material culture
represents "the whole apparatus of life' or 'civilisation'. It
can be easily communicated and makes our life more
comfortable, meaningful and luxurious. It has thus
extrinsic value, e.g Housing- when people are constructing
the houses they will take the opinions of elders, customs,
traditions and vaastu apart from suggestions of engineers.

24.  2. Non-material culture: It includes the concepts,
values, and ideas, e.g: Monogamy, democracy.

25. 1. Culture makes man as a social being
2. To regulate the conduct and prepares the human
being for group life through the process of
socialization
3. It defines the meaning of situation.
4. Provides solutions to complicated situations as it
provides traditional interpretation to certain
situations.
5. Defines values, attitudes and goals.

26. 5. Broaden the vision of individuals.
6. Provides behaviour pattern and relationship with
others.
7. Creates new needs and interests.
8. Moulds national character.
9. Keeps the individual behaviour intact.
10. Defines myths, legends, supernatural believes.

27. Cultural Trait
 The smallest unit of culture is 'cultural trail. It may be
material of non-material. These traits develop
concurrently and collect together to gain the
importance in terms of degrees or significance they
have tor the behavior of human being. This effective
group behavior 1s called "cultural complex, e.g.
Joint family system, caste system.

28. Cultural Pattern
 The combination of material and non-material traits
into a functional whole. Which reflect the dominant
characteristics of culture in standardized manner
among the members of group, e-g:child rearing
practices, Childs behavior in sch00l.

29. Cultural Area
 Refers to a geographic locality, which shares common
cultural climates, e.g.: tribal areas, industrial belts.

31. The word 'folkways' literally means the
ways of the people. Conformity to folkways
is expected but is not absolutely insisted
upon. These are accepted ways of behavior.
Folkways make man in unique means of
adapting himself to the environment.
The customary traits and ways of behavior
of people that are binding. A group through
trial and error influences or may arrive
some possibilities of behavior. It is passing
through generation to generation.

32. Behavior patterns of everyday_ life, which
unconsciously arises Within a group
- Gillin and Gillin
 The ways of acting that are common to a society or a
group that are handed down from one generation to
the next.
- AW Green

33. Typical or habitual beliefs, attitudes, styles of conduct
Observed within a group or community .
- Lundberg
Social habits or group expectations that have arised in
the daily life of the group
- Merill
 For example: Eating pattern, habits, communication,
dressing walking working greeting.

34. 1. Social 1n nature: Products of man's group life. For
sustaining, maintaining, to get social recognition
individuals has to conform the folkways.
2. Repetitive in character: If majority of people observe
constantly and regularly, it becomes folkways.
Practice become standardized by constant
repetition.
3. Unplanned origt1: Spontaneous, automatic,
unconscious in origin. No advance planning is
required, e.g: Hairstyle, dressing style, conversation
style, etc.

35. 4. Informal enforcement: Folkways are informal means
of social control. If the individual is not following the
folkways, it becomes 'ridicule or 8oSsip
5. Varied in nature: it differs from group to group;
society to society, e.g.: Table manners, eating pattern.
6. Numerous and diverse: Depending upon society and
group varied folkways are observed.
7. Subjected to change: Based on social conditions,
situations, environment the folkways will be varied.
Based on cultural traits, people will adopt certain
cultural practices.

36.  Spontaneous in origin, automatic
 Approved behavior
 Distinctiveness (recognized ways of behavior)
 Hereditary
 To meet the needs/problems of the society, e.g.
Greeting. lunch in the noon, dress pattern.

37. Folkways, t so internalized (fully assimilated) they
become
personal habits. They save our energy and time,
solve the
social problems and strive t0wards achieving the
targets or
goals. It meets felt needs of the individuals,
thereby tension, stress, and strain over the
society is reduced., It helps us to handle the
situations, to maintain social relations and makes
the individual to live in a comfortable manner.
Folkways Constitute social structure. It provides
predictability to both of Our behavior and that of
them. It informally controls the behavior of the

39. The standards of behavior which influences the moral
conduct of people conformity to mass is called as,
'mores. It is more vital (security) of society than folk
ways, e.g.: eating with right hand, prescribed accepted
behavior patterns. The word mores was a Latin word
and ancient Romans means 'more as a respected and
sacred customs. the term mores was introduced in
sociological context by summer. The folkways, which
are considered by the group to be essential for its
welfare and existence are called as mores; certified
mores are called 'laws',

40. When the folkways have added to group welfare and
high standards, that are converted into mores
-RN MacIver and CH page
Customs and group routines, which are thought by the
societal members to be necessary to the group’s
continued existence
-Gillin and Gillin
Customs, which can note fairly strong feeling of the
rightness or wrongness of mode of behavior
- Edward Sapir

42. Positive Mores
It prescribes behaviour patterns. They provide
instruction and
guidance for the people to behave in a particular
manner, e-g:
Giving respect to elders, protecting children; care of
diseased
and aged, doing correct things, speaking truth.

43. Negative Mores/Taboos
It prescribes, which they should not exhibit through
behavior taboos prohibits certain behavior patterns,
e.g. Instructions like not to have anti-social behavior.

44.  They regulate the social behavior: It dictates the right
attitudes and shapes the personality ot the individual. They
are compulsive and everybody should follow it and if
anybody violates, they will be punished.
 Relatively persistent: Mores are long lasting, conservative
in nature.
 Varied from group to group: one group prohibit one kind
of more, others may accept or practice it, e g: Some follows
monogamy, others accept polygamy.
 Mores are backed by values and religion: Religious
sanction, values are shared by mores.

45. Determines individual behaviour
Moulds personality or individual and character
formation
Restrains our tendencies
Powerful means of social control
Identifies the individual with the group and maintains
social relationship; essential for satisfactory living
Preserves social solidarity (unity)
Helpful for training the social laws which will govern
our Social relations.

47. FOLKWAYS MORES
Simple in nature Wider and general in character
Maintains good relationship and comfortable means
in solving
social problems
Value judgment about the folkways
May have chances to disobey;
rewards will be given if people adapt
folkways but isolation may not
be punished
Profound conviction violation of the
t mores brings the individuals
for wider chances of disapproval
and punishment
Folkways are subject to change,
varied from society to society
Compulsive, persistent, regulative,
rigid and effective influencing factors
over the individuals behavior
Maintains social relationship,
bondage developed when it is
followed
Moulds the personality, restricts the
tendencies of individuals
All folkways may not be equally
important, if the folkways are
added to the group welfare,
transferred to mores
Promotes right living, group welfare
Less deeply rooted in society
and change more rapidly
Less dominant over individual's life
Deeply rooted, less frequently Subject for
change
More stable, dominant

48.  Sociology for nurses – Dr. K.P.POTHEN