Crop rotations and cover crops for diversity presentation A Lecture By Mr Allah dad Khan
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Crop rotations and cover crops for diversity presentation A Lecture By Mr Allah dad Khan
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Crop rotations and cover crops for diversity presentation A Lecture By Mr Allah dad Khan
- 2. By CROP ROTATIONS & COVER CROPS: KEYS TO SUSTAINABLE CROPPING SYSTEMS By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province Allahdad52@gmail.com 03329221298
- 3. CROP ROTATIONS & COVER CROPS : KEYS TO SUSTAINABLE CROPPING SYSTEMS
- 4. SUSTAINABLE CROPPING SYSTEMS • Conservation Crop Rotation • Supporting Practices and Management Activities 1. Cover Crops 2. Residue Management 3. Nutrient Management 4. Pest Management 5. Controlled Traffic 6. Precision Ag.
- 5. CROP ROTATIONS & COVER CROPS : KEYS TO SUSTAINABLE CROPPING SYSTEMS Points for Discussion • Benefits of Crop Rotations • Managing Cropping Systems for Resource Protection and Profitability • Sod Based Rotations • Enhancing Crop Rotations with Cover Crops • Tips for Assisting with the Planning and Refinement of Conservation Crop Rotations
- 6. SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION CROP ROTATIONS • Insure Long-term Productivity • Treat Natural Resource Concerns within the Field (at the source). • Provide for Continued Profitability. • Maximize Benefits through Inclusion of Management and Supporting Practices.
- 7. Options for Crops /Covers in Crop Rotations • Plant type: Grasses, Legumes, other Broadleaf Crops • Single Crop Annually –Multiple Crops Annually • High Residue vs. Low Residue • Perennials: (Sod Based Rotations) • Cover Crops • Fallow • Living Mulches, e.g. in orchards and with other perennial crops.
- 8. Potential Benefits through Sustainable Crop Rotations • Improved Yields and Crop Quality • Enhanced Erosion Protection • Reduced Runoff and Pollutants in Runoff • Increased Soil Organic Matter • Increased Biological Activity in the Soil • Improved Efficiency of Nutrient Cycling and Utilization • Reduced Soil Compaction and Improved Soil Condition
- 9. Barriers to Adopting/Changing Crop Rotations 1.Income Potential and Markets 2.Equipment and Storage Needs for Additional Crops Produced 3.Need for Livestock to Utilize forages Produced 4.Rental Arrangements and/or Land Availability 5.Pesticide, particularly herbicide, Carry - Over
- 10. Barriers to Adopting/Changing Crop Rotations 5. Increased Requirement in Management Skills and Information 6.Crops that Are Pest Hosts or Have Allelopathic Effects 7.Suitability of Soils for Production of Alternative Crops 8.Suitability of Climate for Production of Alternative Crops
- 11. Impacts of Sustainable Crop Rotations on Soil Quality • High residue crops and perennials (sod) increase SOM. • High residue crops and perennials (sod) reduce soil erosion. • Diversity in crop rotations increases biological activity in the soil and diversity of soil biota. • Many perennial species and some annuals have deep extensive root systems that reduce soil compaction and improve soil condition.
- 12. Impacts of Sustainable Crop Rotations on Water Quality • High residue crops and perennials reduce the amount of sediment and other particulate matter leaving a field. • Live vegetation captures and cycles excessive nitrates and other nutrients in the soil. • Crop residues and perennial vegetation help reduce and filter runoff.
- 13. Some Insects Controlled Partially or Entirely by Rotation Insect Susceptible Crop Alfalfa Weevil Alfalfa Corn Rootworm Corn Colorado Potato Beetle Potatoes, Tomatoes Wheat Stem Maggot Wheat Pepper Maggot Peppers Squash Cucurbits Hessian Fly Wheat
- 14. Some Plant Diseases Controlled Partially or Entirely by Rotation Disease Major Crops Attacked Bacterial Blight Wheat, Barley Bacterial Wilt Alfalfa Black Dot Potato Black Shank Tobacco Granville (Bacterial) Wilt Tobacco, Potato, eggplant Northern Corn Leaf Blight Corn Smut (corn) Corn Stem Rot Peanuts Verticillium Wilt Potato, Sunflower White Mold Peanuts, Potato, Soybean
- 15. Benefits of Cover Crops in Crop Rotations • Increase Cover and SOM • Leguminous Cover Crops Produce Nitrogen for Subsequent Crops • Attract Beneficial Insects and other Predators of Insect pests • Can Provide Weed Suppression and Allelopathic Effects
- 16. Benefits of Cover Crops in Crop Rotations • Can Serve as a Trap Crop for Control of Insect Pests • Can Reduce Soil Compaction (e.g. forage radishes) • Can Capture and Cycle Residual Nitrogen or Nitrogen Released from Decaying Residues (cereal rye and forage radishes) • Some Species, e.g. certain Brassicas, provide a Biofumigation Effect. • Enhance Biological Activity in the Root Zone
- 17. Concerns with Cover Crops in Crop Rotations • Species Selection • Termination of the Cover Crop • Planting into the Residues • Nutrient Management for the Cover Crop and the Following Crop. • Species that Can Become Weed Pests.
- 18. Examples of Nitrogen Provided by Legumes at Full Biomass Legume Range of Nitrogen Contribution Berseem Clover 100 – 200 lbs./ac. Cowpeas 100 – 150 lbs./ac. Crimson Clover 70 – 150 lbs./ac. Hairy Vetch 120 - 180 lbs./ac. Red Clover 70 – 150 lbs/ac. Sweet Clover 100 – 200 lbs./ac. Winter Peas 100 – 160 lbs. ac. Managing Cover Crops Profitably
- 19. Contributions of Cover Crops to Weed Management • Allelopathic Effects • Suppression by Residue Cover 1. Increases with increasing quantity 2. Declines with decomposition of residue 3. Provides greatest control of small-seeded species that require light for germination. • Maximize effects by use of cover crops that produce large amounts of biomass and use of implements that pack or compress mulch.
- 20. Contributions of Cover Crops to Weed Management • Allelopathic Effects • Suppression by Residue Cover 1. Increases with increasing quantity 2. Declines with decomposition of residue 3. Provides greatest control of small-seeded species that require light for germination. • Maximize effects by use of cover crops that produce large amounts of biomass and use of implements that pack or compress mulch.
- 21. Crops with Demonstrated Allelopathic Effects • Rye (cereal) • Sudangrass • Sorghum x sudangrass Hybrids • Sweet Clover (Yellow Blossom) • Sunflowers • Black Mustard • White Mustard • Rapeseed • Hairy Vetch • Wheat • Other Examples: Little Bluestem, Black Walnut, Some Oak Species. Problem: May also affect some crops.
- 22. Terminating Cover Crops • Incorporation • Flat Sweeps • Mowing • Winterkill • Herbicides • Rolling/crimping
- 23. Characteristics of Sustainable Crop Rotations • Provide satisfactory erosion control and enhancement of soil condition. • Utilize supporting management and practices as needed, e.g. residue mgt., cover crops, & controlled traffic. • Use longer periods of perennial crops and high residue crops on highly erodible soils and on soils with low inherent SOM. • Are built around the priority crops. • Provide an opportunity for continued profitability, at least in the long term . • Maintain compatibility with the total farm operation.
- 24. Characteristics of Sustainable Crop Rotations • Include a diversity of crops/vegetative types. • Use a combination of species (crops and covers) and a sequence to minimize pest problems, break pest cycles, and promote healthier crops. • Maximize benefits and sustainability by keeping live cover on the land to the extent feasible. • Provide for nutrient needs of all crops, including covers. • Include deep rooted grass cover crops, as needed, to capture and cycle nitrates in the soil and to reduce soil compaction.
- 26. Thank you very muchThank you very much
Notas do Editor
- Crop Rotations & Cover Crops: Keys to Sustainable cropping Systems - Netmeeting Presentation - April 30, 2008 Gene Hardee, Agronomist – NRCS/ENTSC
- PURPOSES: Conservation Crop Rotation Conservation Practice 1. Reduce sheet and rill erosion. 2. Reduce soil erosion from wind. 3. Maintain or improve soil organic matter content. 4. Manage the balance of plant nutrients. 5. Improve water use efficiency. 6. Manage saline seeps. 7. Manage plant pests (weeds, insects, and diseases). 8. Provide food for domestic livestock. 9. Provide food and cover for wildlife.
- Benefits attained depend on the rotation.
- These are examples of insects that may be partially or entirely controlled through crop rotations. Crop rotation may not provide complete control; however, crop rotation can provide a significant contribution in a control program for many insect pests. Crop rotation is particularly beneficial in reduction of insect pressures of those insects which overwinter in the soil or in crop residues.
- These are examples of crop diseases that may be partially or entirely controlled through crop rotations. Crop rotation may not provide complete control; however, with many diseases crop rotation can provide a significant contribution in a disease control program. For some diseases such as those that are spread by windblown spores, rotation may not contribute significantly to a reduction in the potential of occurrence of the disease. Granville wilt is called brown rot in potatoes. Also, affects peanuts and tomatoes. Rotations with grass crops, particularly perennial are recommended to control bacterial wilt.
- Photo by Jeff Vanuga, Washington County, VA – USDA/NRCS Cover crops for attracting beneficial insects: buckwheat, white clover, berseem clover, cowpea, crimson clover (big eyed bugs, parasitic wasps, lady bugs, minute parasitic bugs)
- Photo by Jeff Vanuga, Washington County, VA – USDA/NRCS
- Photo by Jeff Vanuga, Washington County, VA – USDA/NRCS
- The nitrogen contribution listed is the typical range at full biomass production. Depending on the growth achieved and the termination date, the nitrogen contribution may be considerably less. The nitrogen production values given were taken from Managing Cover Crops Profitably. The nitrogen provided by legumes closely correlates to the biomass production, particularly the above ground biomass. Thus the nitrogen provided by a specific species depends on the stage of growth that the cover crop reaches, soil suitability, fertility, weather, and pests. Note that typically 30 to 60% of the nitrogen is lost through various pathways or is not available for the next crop.
- Source: “Contribution of Cover Crop Mulches to Weed Management”, University of Connecticut – Integrated Pest Management (http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Ipm/weeds/htms/cvrcrps.htm)
- Source: “Contribution of Cover Crop Mulches to Weed Management”, University of Connecticut – Integrated Pest Management (http://www.hort.uconn.edu/Ipm/weeds/htms/cvrcrps.htm)
- Other plants known to have allelopathic effects: wheat, oats, buckeye, black walnut, some species of oaks
- Photo Credit: Soil Quality - Agronomy Technical Note No. 15: Soil Quality and Vegetable Production, Soil Quality Institute, USDA/NRCS
- Crop Rotations & Cover Crops: Keys to Sustainable cropping Systems - Netmeeting Presentation - April 30, 2008 Gene Hardee, Agronomist – NRCS/ENTSC