It's a presentation of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual & transgenders) issues.

1. PERSPECTIVES IN
PSYCHOLOGY
°Presentation°

2. APA division# 44
Psychological study of lesbian, gay,
bisexual and transgender issues

3. ■ LGBT is shorthand for lesbian, gay,
bisexual and transgender. Their sexual
orientation is defined as an often enduring
pattern of emotional, romantic or sexual
attraction of women to women or men to
men (homosexual) or by men or women to
both sexes (bisexual).

4. HISTORY
■ 1957: Evelyn Hooker
“Gays are mentally ill.”
■ 1969: Stonewall Riot
~Modern gay civil rights movement
■ 1973: association of gay psychologists formed
~sponsored by APA division 32 ;
Humanistic Psychology

5. ■ 1975: status approved by council of
representatives
■ ….2012: resolutions for
psychological issues,
dignity and rights,
disease control,
marriages,
adoption etc.

6. Statement from APA site
■ There is no consensus among scientists about the
exact reasons that an individual develops a
heterosexual, bisexual, gay or lesbian
orientation…. Many think that Nature and
Nurture both play complex roles….

7. Reasons
■ Dr. David : no genetic evidence to
homosexuality.
■ Dr. Tuk C Ngun: gay gene (in 1993- University
of California)
■ Is homosexuality a choice?
25% are genetically gay. & 75% by choice.

8. Role of Genetics
■ A psychological research:
“Homosexuality is inherited.”
■ 1993 (study in journal science):
2 homosexual brothers have Xq28 gene on
X chromosome 8 called Gay Gene.
■ Findings also presented by Prof. Michael Bailey
at American society of human genetics two
years ago.

10. Abortion
■ Prof. Bailey:
“this will lead to prenatal test that wouldn’t be
very accurate. Clearly parents should not be
allowed to torture or kill babies. But they can
currently choose to terminate a pregnancy early, to
have much information for future child as possible.

11. Structure of brain
■ Scientist at Karonlinska institute studied;
■ Lesbians and straight men have similar brain
structure i.e. right hemisphere > left hemisphere
■ Gays and straight women have similar brain
structure

12. ■ Homosexuals have less INAH3 (nucleus of
anterior hypothalamus.
■ Change in Amygdala:
*have sex hormones
*process emotions
■ Left handed

13. ■ By studying rats:
exposure to sex hormones in womb during critical
period of brain development affects sexual
orientation.

14. Hormonal affect
■ Women with high testosterone level have
tendency towards lesbianism.
(Girls born with CAH)
■ Men with high Estrogen level more likely
become gay.

15. Environment role towards LGBT
■ Dysfunctional family atmosphere
■ Lack of contact between parents and children
■ Emotional insecurities
■ Physical flaws
■ Excessive curiosity
■ Hatred towards men ( But not most gay hate
females)

16. Social psychology of lesbians
■ With men
*body can handle sexual intercourse on biological
basis but not on mental basis.
*It doesn’t matter whether sex is real or artificial
but when she sees a man, she feels violated.

17. ■ With gays
*wonderful friendship
*feel easy
■ With lesbians
*physical attraction
*easy to develop romantic feelings
*better understanding

18. Baby
■ For Gays
*by adoption
*by surrogate mother
■ For Lesbians
*adoption
*insemination
*02 pregnant women

19. *haplodization:
scientifically two women to have baby that must
be completely genetically theirs.
(under process)
*many countries do not allow adoption for LGBT.

20. What if lesbians have son¿
■ They feel challenging.
■ They want son to be Queer or to act like a girl, wear
girlish dresses but Being mothers, they do
compromise.
■ Some don’t bother gender.
What if gays have daughter
■ They hire a nanny or have grand mother for the baby
girl but they love her truly.

21. Bisexuals
■ Romantic/sexual attraction for both male and
female.
■ Bisexual activist Robyn Ochs:
“The potential to be attracted romantically or
sexually to people of more than one sex , not
necessarily at the same time, not necessarily in the
same way, not necessarily to same degree.”

22. ■ Sigmund Freud
_innate bisexuality
Every human being is bisexual in the sense
incorporating gender attributes of both sexes. It
may later become dominant in males and lesser in
females.
■ Sándor Radó
He opposed Freud’s concept in 1940. According to
him, there is no biological role.

23. Lisa Diamond
(Archives of sexual behavior) in January
at University of Utah
■ “More women adopted bisexual / unlabeled
identity.”
■ “Almost as many men transitioned at some point
from a gay identity to a bisexual, queer or
unlabeled one, as did from a bisexual identity to
gay identity.”

24. Kinsey’s work in 1948
■ He worked at “Sexual behavior in the human
male” and found out that:
■ 46% male population had engaged in both
heterosexual and homosexual activity.

25. ■ Money (1998)
Genetically males with extra Y chromosome
mostly become bisexuals.
■ Levay (1991)
INAH3 in anterior hemisphere had size similar to
heterosexual men.

26. ■ Bisexual women have equal attraction towards
both sexes.
■ Bisexual men have attraction towards both sexes
but more attraction for any one gender.

27. Transgender
■ People who identify as a gender other than the
one typically associated with the sex they’re
assigned at birth.

28. Brain Structure
■ Spanish investigators_led by psychologist
Antonio Guillamon of the National Distance
Education University in Madrid and
neuropsychologist Carme Junqué Plaja of
university of Barcelona (MRI technique)
“Brain structure of trans people were more
similar to the brains of their experienced gender
than those of their natal gender.”

29. ■ Guillamon:
“Ttrans people have brains that are different from
males and females, a unique kind of brain.”
Experience and behavior shape brain anatomy.

30. Methods of Trans
■ RFF Phalloplasty
Radial forearm flap phalloplasty
(forearm~penis)
■ ALT Phalloplasty
Anterolateral thigh phalloplasty
(thigh~penis)
■ Hysterectomy: removal of uterus
■ Oophorectomy: removal of ovaries

31. ■ Hormonal transition
when someone changes the balance of sec
hormones in their body via some form of
supplement.
For trans men, this means taking extra testosterone.

32. Issues
■ Gender dysphoria
unease and dissatisfaction with biological sex,
results in anxiety, depression and restlessness.
■ In all ages: isolation, hiding, secrets, suicidal
thoughts, harsh response from society.

33. ■ Impact on relations
■ Fear of violence and prejudice
■ Surgeries, hormones, facial hair, voice change
■ Change legal documents
■ Feeling of wrongness
■ Difficulty in sharing

34. ■ Post Transition
*disappointment
*level of satisfaction with appearance and surgery
*Emotional Issues
■ No Transition
When one feels easy with others regarding
sharing, talking about issues and relations.
For social acceptance

35. ■ In Pakistan

36. ■ UN top human rights body called for rights of
individuals regarding sexual orientation.
Pakistan along with some Muslim countries
(Saudia Arab, Indonesia, Algeria etc.) As well as
Russia and Ethopia refused.
■ My Chacha is Gay
(book online available)

37. ■ Constitution
Article 377 :
Pakistan penal code (Act XLV of 1860) PPC
■ In June 2013
by a survey, 87% said that Homosexuality should
be rejected.

39. ■ Promotion
*by seminars, articles, introducing courses,
*by personally helping them
*counselling
*providing them sources for a better lifestyle

40. ■ Summary
1. history
2. Genetic psychology
3. Social psychology
4. Cognition
5. Behaviorism
6. Humanistic approach
7. Emotions

41. THANK YOU!