Concrete is the basic ingredient for all types of construction. The current scenario of rapid urbanization and modernization, has resulted in escalated demand for aggregates, sand, water and cement. This demand has been met by causing extra burden on the environment. This thesis was an noble attempt to reduce that burden by replacing sand by "Crumb Rubber".

1. INVESTIGATION OF BEHAVIOUR OF
CONCRETE ON ADDING CRUMB
RUBBER
SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SHARDA UNIVERSITY

2. GROUP MEMBERS
ABHISHEK DIXIT 100107004
ANIL KUMAR 100107025
ABHIMANYU SARASWAT 100107003
HARSHIT RAJ 100107075
B-TECH CIVIL ENGINEERING
4TH Year Term VIII
FINAL YEAR PROJECT

3. INTRODUCTION
 The proposed work presents an experimental study of effect of
use of solid waste material (crumb rubber) in concrete by
volume variation of crumb rubber.
 One of the important types of remains is waste tyres which have
been classified as a part of municipal solid waste (MSW),
resulted from the increase of vehicle ownership and traffic
volume within the Palestinian territories. This eventually will
increase consumption of tyres over time.
 Current practices show that residents throw it randomly in
different places such as valleys, road sides, open areas, and
waste dumpsites in improper ways taking the means of open
fire, and without consideration of risk on human health and
environment.

5. NEED AND OBJECTIVE
 Hazardous waste materials are being generated and accumulated
in vast quantities causing an increasing threat to the
environment.
 The accumulation of rubber and plastic can be considered non-
decaying materials that disturb the surrounding environment.
However, a positive method for disposing of this non-decaying
material, such as reuse in concrete mixes, would have a
beneficial effect.
 Thus, the use of scrap tyres in concrete manufacturing is a
necessity than a desire.
 The use of scrap tyres in concrete is a concept applied
extensively over the world. The use of scrap tyres rubber in
normal strength concrete is a new dimension in concrete mix
design and if applied on a large scale would revolutionize the
construction industry, by economizing the construction cost and
increasing the worn out tyre disposal.

6.  The present proposal involves a comprehensive laboratory study
for the newer application of this waste material in the
preparation of fibrous concrete.
 The primary objective of investigation is to study the strength
behavior i.e. compressive and flexural strength, and impact
resistance of rubberized concrete with different volume of
crumb rubber.
Parameter to be varied in Investigation:
I. Volume variation of crumb rubber.
The proposed work is aimed to study the effect of volume variation
of crumb rubber on:-
 Compressive Strength
 Split Tensile Strength
 Slump Value

7. CRUMB RUBBER
 Crumb rubber usually consists of particles ranging in size from 4.75
mm (No.4 sieve) to less than 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve).
 Three methods are currently used to convert scrap tyres to crumb
rubber.
 The cracker mill process is the most commonly used method. The
cracker mill process tears apart or reduces the size of tyre. Rubber
by passing the material between rotating corrugated steel drums.
 The second method is the granulator process, which shears apart
the rubber with revolving steel plates that pass at close tolerance,
producing granulated crumb rubber particles, ranging in size from
9.5 mm (3/8 inch) to 0.5 mm (No. 40 sieve).
 The third process is the micro-mill process, which produces a very
fine ground crumb rubber in the size range from 0.5 mm (No. 40
sieve) to as small as 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve).

9. PROPERTIES OF CRUMB
RUBBER
 Specific gravity
 The specific gravity of tyre shreds is the ratio of unit weight of
solids of the shreds divided by the unit weight of water
(material, whose unit weight of solids equals the unit weight of
water, has a specific gravity of 1.0).
 The specific gravity is evaluated in accordance with ASTM 127.
 The apparent specific gravities of tyre shreds depend on the
amount of glass belting or steel wire in the tyre, and range from
1.02 to 1.27, meaning that tyre shreds are heavier than water
and will sink in water.

10.  Water absorption
 Absorption capacity is the amount of water absorbed onto the
surface of the crumb rubber and is expressed as the percent
(%) water (based on the dry weight of the crumb rubber).
Water absorption capacity of crumb rubber generally ranges
from 2% to 4.3%.
 Gradation
 Tyre shreds are generally relatively uniformly graded (Le.
mostly the same size). The whole tyres are cut by shredder
knives. The required size is achieved by adjusting the screen
size on a slow rotating shredder screen (Le. trammel).
 Typically, multiple passes through the shredder are required
for tyre shred sizes of less than 12 in. (305 mm).

11.  Compressibility
 The compressibility of tyre shreds is applicable in evaluating
landfill airspace. Tyre shreds less than 3-in. (75-mm) in size
indicate that vertical strains of up to approximately 25% may
occur in the tyre shreds under low vertical stress of up to
approximately 7 Ibf/in2 (48 kpa) [Nickels, 1995] and that vertical
strains of up to approximately 40% may occur under high
vertical stress of up to 60 Ibf/in2 (414 kpa).
 Shear strength
 Tyre shreds placed as distinctive layers within a municipal solid
waste (MSW) landfill could influence the internal stability of the
landfill. The shear strengths of tyre shreds and tyre shred/
concrete mixtures are variable. However, it appears that they
have shear strength properties' such that no detrimental effect
on landfill stability should occur.

12. MATERIALS USED
The materials used in this thesis were obtained from NS Group
RMC Plant Surajpur. The source of crushed coarse aggregate and
fine aggregate from NS Group RMC Plant Surajpur , and grinded
tyres (crumb) was obtained from Dadri road Ghaziabad near
lalkuan. Though, large amounts of waste tyres exist in the north
area, no industries exist yet for the availability waste tyres crumbs.
The basic ingredients of rubberized concrete and its products,
which were used in this research work are:
 1- OPC-43 grade ultra tech cement.
 2- Natural Coarse aggregate (sedimentary rock source).
 3- Natural Fine aggregate (sand).
 4- Water
 5- Fine crumb rubber (sieve size <4.75mm)

13. RAW MATERIALS TEST
 The raw materials used in this research work were
tested for the purpose of Identification of basic
physical characteristics using the following tests:
 - Sieve analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate
 - Specific Gravity of Fine and Coarse Aggregate
 - Water Absorption and Moisture Content.

14. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FINE
AGGREGATES
S.No Characteristics
Requirement as per
IS 383 : 1970
Tested values
1. Specific Gravity 2.6-2.7 2.64
2. Fineness Modulus 2-3.5 3.022
3. Water Absorption (%) - 1.78
4. Moisture Content (%) - 0.50
5. Grading - Zone II(IS 383-1970)

15. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE
AGGREGATES
S.No Characteristics
Requirement as per IS
383 : 1970
Tested values
1. Specific Gravity 2.6-2.7 2.68
2. Fineness Modulus 5.5-8 6.55
3. Water Absorption (%) - 0.50
4. Moisture Content (%) - Nil
5. Texture - Rough

16. CONCRETE DESIGN MIX M30
 Cement Used: OPC-43
 Admixture Used: Neptha
 Admixture Dose: 1.4%
 Water Cement Ratio: 0.42
Contents for 6 cubes (150x150x150mm)
 Cement=10.5kg
 Water=4.96kg
 Sand=22.31kg
 Coarse Aggregate(20mm)=21.20kg
 Coarse Aggregate(10mm)=14.25kg
 Admixture=0.147kg

17.  Contents for 1 Cylindrical mould (150x300mm)
 Cement=3.723kg
 Water=1.5636kg
 Sand=2.36kg
 Coarse Aggregate=9.37kg
 Admixture=0.052kg

18. CASTING OF SPECIMENS
PROCESS:
 Fixing the mould.
 Oiling mould.
 Material mix in mixer(water ,cement, aggregates).
 Placing in moulds.
 Vibration of moulds on the apparatus.
 Removing moulds and placing concrete for curing.

19. Rotating drum type mixer

21. TESTING OF SPECIMENS
Structural performance of the concrete mainly
depends upon its strength in compression and flexure
so it is essential to carry out tests to determine these
properties.
The following tests was carried out on concrete and
summarized as below:
 Compression Strength
 Split Tensile Strength

22. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
TESTING
 The compression strength of the concrete is very important
parameter as it decides the other parameters like tension and
flexure.
 Compressive strength test were carried out on 150 mm x 150 mm
x150 mm cubes with compression testing machine of 2000KN
capacity.
 The specimen, after removal from curing tank was cleaned and
dried.
 The surface of the testing machine was cleaned.
 The specimen was placed at the Centre of the compression testing
machine and load was applied continuously, uniformly and without
shocks and the rate of loading was 14 N/mm2 (140Kg/cm2)/ minute
i.e. at constant rate of stress.
 The load was increased until the specimen failed. The maximum
load taken by each specimen during the test was recorded.

23. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
TEST
 It is the standard test, to determine the tensile strength of
concrete in an indirect way. This test could be performed in
accordance with IS: 5816-1970.
 A standard test cylinder of concrete specimen (300mm x 150mm
diameter) is placed horizontally between loading surfaces of
compression testing machine.
 The compression load is applied diametrically and uniformly
along the length of cylinder until the failure of cylinder along the
vertical diameter.
 To allow the uniform distribution of this applied load and to
reduce the magnitude of high compressive stresses near the
point of application of this load, strips of plywood are placed
between the specimen and loading platens of the testing
machine.
 Concrete cylinders split into two halves along this vertical plane
due to indirect tensile stress generated by poisson’s effect.

25. AVERAGE VALUE OF CUBE
COMPRESSION
SNO.
%AGE OF
CRUMB
RUBBER
7TH DAY
COMPRESSION
VALUES
14TH DAY
COMPRESSION
VALUES
28TH DAY
COMPRESSION
VALUES
1 0% 849 KN 934 KN 1004 KN
2 5% 748 KN 809 KN 949 KN
3 10% 704 KN 784 KN 820 KN

26. AVERAGE VALUE OF SPLIT
TENSILE TEST COMPRESSION
SNO. %AGE OF
CRUMB
RUBBER
7TH DAY
COMPRESSION
VALUES
14TH DAY
COMPRESSION
VALUES
28TH DAY
COMPRESSION
VALUES
1 0% 450KN 505KN 539KN
2 5% 443KN 496KN 528KN
3 10% 439KN 489KN 504KN

27. SPECIFIC WEIGHT
 The specific weight of concrete modified with waste
rubber reduces as the level of substitution of
aggregates with tyre particles increases.
 This reduction can be attributed to the specific
weight of tyre rubber being lower than that of
traditional aggregates(0.9–1.16 g/cm3 for tyre
rubber compared with 2.65–2.67 g/cm3 for
aggregates) .

28. WORKABILITY
 The workability, defined as the ease with which
concrete can be mixed, transported and been put
into moulds, is affected by the interactions of
crumb rubber particles and mineral aggregates.
 Rubberized concrete has been found to be less
workable than conventional concrete as the rubber
content increases.
 It was also observed that mixtures made with fine
crumb rubber were more workable than those
made with coarse tyre chips or a combination of
tyre chips and crumb rubber.

29. SLUMP
 It is observed a decrease in slump with increased rubber
content by total aggregate volume. Their results show that at
rubber contents of 40% by total aggregate volume, the slump
was near zero and the concrete was not workable by hand.
Such mixtures had to be compacted using a mechanical
vibrator.

30. STRENGTH AT DIFFERENT
PERCENTAGES

31. CONCLUSION
 The test results of this study indicate that there is great potential
for the utilization of waste tyres in concrete mixes in several
percentages, ranging from 0% to 10%.
 The strength of modified concrete is reduced with an increase in
the rubber content; however lower unit weight meets the criteria
of light weight concrete that fulfil the strength requirements as
per given in table
 Concrete with higher percentage of crumb rubber possess high
toughness The slump of the modified concrete increases about
1.08%, with the use of 1 to 5% of crumb rubber.
 Failure of plain and rubberized concrete in compression and split
tension shows that rubberized concrete has higher toughness.
 The split tensile strength of the concrete decreases about 30%
when 20% sand is replaced by crumb rubber.
 The compressive strength of the concrete decreases about 37%
when 20% sand is replaced by crumb rubber.

32. REFERENCES
 Al-Tabbaa, A., & Aravinthan, A. (1998). Natural clay-shredded tire mixtures as
landfill barrier materials.Waste Management. Waste Management, 18(1), 9-
16.
 Ayers, C. (2009, September 29) State Tire Dumps Deemed Hazardous.
http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/21154774/detail.html.
 Carol Carder, Rocky Mountain Construction. (2004, June 28). Rubberized
Concrete, Colorado research and pilot projects. Milliken, CO 80543.
 Eldin, Neil N. & Senouci, A. B., "Rubber-tired Particles as Concrete
Aggregate," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 5(4), 478-496, 1993.
 Schimizze, R.R., Nelson, J.K., Amirkhanian, S.N., & Murden, J.A. "Use of waste
rubber in light-duty concrete pavements." Proceedings of the Third Material
Engineering Conference, Infrastructure: New Materials and Methods of
Repair, San Diego, CA, 367-374. 1994.
 Biel, Timothy D., and Lee, H., "Use of Recycled Tire Rubbers in Concrete."
Proceedings of the Third Material Engineering Conference, Infrastructure:
New Materials and Methods of Repair, p351-358, San Diego, CA, 1994
 Indian Standard Codes IS 456:2000 for concrete design, IS 10262, IS 383