Presentation prepared for Pre Ph.D Course work held at RD University Jabalpur

1. Dr. Abha Pandey

2. Sentence
Types of Sentence
Formal labels; Functional Labels
Basic Sentence Pattern
Basic Sentence Types: Formal
and Semantic labels
Coordination, subordination and
embedding

3. Two ways of defining:
Formal – based on punctuation
Notional- based on meaning
Definition: In terms of
a. functions(statement, question, command)
b. Constitutents or elements(verb, subject)
c. Types (simple, compound, complex)
d. punctuation

4. 1.Simple Sentences: single clause-Independent
2. Multiple Sentences: more than one cluases-
further subdivided into
 Compound Sentences- two or more
independent clauses
 Complex Sentences- atleast on independent
and one or more dependent clauses.
 Compound-Complex Sentences- two or
more independent clauses+ one or more
dependent clauses.

5.  Independent clause- free clause
 Dependent clause- bound clause
 Classification of sentences similar to
traditional grammar.
 Modern English Grammar includes non finite
verb forms as clauses :
 Infinitives- (to + verb), ing participles and ed
participles termed as phrases in traditional
grammar

6. Phrases are parts of sentences. They
are group of words which perform
various function within clauses,
which in turn form sentences.
Sentences are made up of clauses
Clauses are made up of phrase
Phrases are made up of words

7.  Noun, verb, adjective, adverb are formal
labels assigned to words in isolation
 Subject, object and complement are
functional labels as they refer to the
function words or phrase perform in a clause
or sentences.
 A word or phrase may perform a function or
role in one clause or sentence and a
different function or role in another clause
or sentence.

8.  (SV) Birds fly
 (SVCS) Penguins are birds
(SVCa) Penguins live in the Antartica
 (SVO) Children love penguins
 ( SVOIOd) Sheela got Kumar a present.
 (SVOCO) Sheela made Kumar her secretary
(SVOCa) Sheela left Kumar in the office
Suject, verb and object are called nuclear
elements, adjuncts are called marginal
elements.

9. Formal and semantic labels
Form of sentences
 Formal labels:
 Declarative, interrogative, imperative,
exclamatory
Semantic Labels based on mening
and content
 Statements, questions, orders,requests,
promises, warning prohibitions.

10. Coordination
• Two or more units( clauses of same level)
• Goutam lost his job and his wife won a
lottery
subordination
• A unit (clause) placed at lower level
• Gautam lost his job while his wife had won
a lottery
embedding
• A clause being made part of another clause
• Gautam discovered that his wife had won a
lottery

11.  Gautam lost his job while his wife had won a lottery
Sentence
Subject verbal object adjunct
Dependent clause
 Gautam lost his job while his wife had
won a lottery
Main clause subordinate clause

12.  Gautam discovered that his wife had won a
lottery (sentence and matrix clause)
Sentence
Subject verbal object
Dependent clause
Gautam discovered that his wife had
won a lottery
(embedded clause)

13.  Gautam lost his job while his wife had won a lottery
Sentence
Subject verbal adjunct
Dependent clause
 The truth was revealed when the holy man
was arrested
Main clause subordinate clause

14.  The truth was that the holy man was arrested
(sentence and matrix clause)
Sentence
Subject verbal subject complement
Dependent clause
The truth was that the holy man
was arrested
(embedded clause)

15.  Passivization involves changing an active
sentence to a passive one. The object of the
active sentence is changed to the subject of
corresponding passive sentence.
 Passivization is done when importance /
emphasis is given to the object. In cases
when the subject is not important,
understood need not be mentioned,
sentences are better in passive voice.
 The bridge was built in 2003
 The glass was broken