Walnut presentation by R.k bhakri NPI chitwan nepal

1. PRESENTATION OF WALNUT
PRODUCTION:
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Submitted By:RAM.K .B
B.Sc.Ag 4TH Sem

2. Introduction:
 The walnut (juglans regia )it also known as name of okhar
 Belong to the family juglandaceae .
 It is a very important temperate tree nut in the world
including Nepal.
 Commercially cultivated are not found in Nepal. But being
commercially cultivated in many countries like China ,USA,
India etc.
 Walnut are mostly found in northern part of our country in
temperate region
 .
 .
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3. BOTANY:
 The somatic chromatic number is (2 n) of juglans is 32
 Walnut is a deciduous tree and very large .
 Leaves are alternate, large aromatic and flower are
monoecious .i.e. male and female flowers in separate
structures on the same plant.
 The family juglandaceae have 60 species and 7 genera
among them some are monoecious and deciodous
 Flowers appear before and after the leaves .
 Its fruits is drupe, in which nut is enclosed inside the
husk, which vary in color from green to yellow
 Shapes of the walnut fruit vary from subglobose to
globose, having diameter of 3.5-8cm, fruit may be
glandular hairs.
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5. Origin ,Area and Production:
 Walnut is believed to have originated in the
region from persia to kashmir.
 Further walnut is also originated in north
western Himalayan or Iran.
 The major walnut growing countries are China
,U.S.A, France, Italy,Turkey,Mexico,France,
India,Romania,Irane,and Chile.
 The major importing country of walnut from
India are United kingdome,Egypet,Netherland,
Gemany,Australia and Taiwan etc.
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7. Importance and uses:
Walnut :
 High value nature crop.
 Mostly consumed as dry food being eaten for table purposes.
 Kernels are widely used in bakery industries in the preparation
like cake,chocolate,candy and ice-cream etc.
 Dry nut are used for many ceremonial and religious function.
 Wild walnut trees are used as timber and used in different kinds of
items such as musical instruments to furniture and even gun
stocks.
 Walnut have nutritional and medicinal value .
 The oil cake being rich in protein is fed to cattles.
 The main important of walnut is oil which is extracted from
kernels.
 Walnuts contain important phytochemicals as well as high
amounts of polyunsaturated fats which do offer potential benefits
for both brain health and brain function. Omega-3 plays a part by
helping to reduce oxidative stress in the brain.
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8. Status of Walnut in Nepal:
 The worldwide production of walnuts has been
increasing rapidly in recent years, with the largest
increase coming from Asia.
In case in Nepal:
 Jumla is the center of walnut production including
the Kalikot, Mugu, Humla, Jajarkot etc.
 Where as in Baitadi nursery station of walnut has
been established for enhancing the walnut
production .
 Further many research, activities has been done in
walnut production.
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9. Walnut Production – 2016
Country
Production
(thousands of tonnes)
China 1,786
United States 608
Iran 405
Turkey 195
Mexico 142
Ukraine 108
Chile 74
World 3,700
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10. Scope and constraints:
 Walnut:
 Being high value nature of crop and agriculture
prospective plant, although there are constraints in
walnut production. i.e.
 Geophysical situation
 Climatic changes
 Lack of Systematic Marketing System
 Plant protection
 Physical facilities
 production input
 Low land holding
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11. Climate:
Walnut:
 Mostly growing in the himalayan region between the elevation of
1200 to 2100m above sea level.
 Requires a climate which is free from frost in spring and from
extreme heat in summer.
 Grow well in areas with rainfall of about 76cm or more.
 High temperature during maturity caused the sun burn and black
nut of walnut.
 Cool summer ,on the other hand ,result in low oil content.
 Warm summer with temperature about 27-30 °c near the harvest
time appear to be optimal for good kernel development.
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12. Soil
 Required silt loam soil with well drained, deep ,aerated
soil for their deep root system(about 2m in depth)and
containing high organic matter.
 Ph range of 6-7 is most suitable.
 Soil depth must be 2-3m depth for the best result of
walnut production.
 Alkaline and sandy sub-soil should avoided for better
walnut growing.
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13. Varieties
 Payne: tree is small to medium and its female flowers rate
is very high ,resulting in high yield .
 Hartley :Tree are medium to tall with large fruits
 Ashley :small and good for filler trees
 Metcalf
 Broadview
 Thin-shelled
 Hansen
 Black walnut
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15. Propagation of walnut:
Walnut
 Can be propagated either by seed or by vegetative methods.
 The commercial walnut can be grown by Patch budding or
Veneer grafting. .
 J. regia and J. hindsii are the popular rootstock which are
resistance to crown rot disease.
 Top working also done in walnut.
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16. Fig: veneer grafting
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17. Fig: patch budding 17

18. Fig> top working:
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19. Planting distance and fertilizers
 Planting in case of seed: 10×10 m²and in case of
vegetative planting 7x7m².
 Usually no fertilization is done in walnut in Nepal
but it is good to apply NPK fertilizer.
 Apply 25 to 50 kg FYM for non-bearing trees and 50
to 100 kg FYM for bearing trees.
 NPK/ g 400-200-200 per bearing trees .
 Apply all FYM, where P and K and half of N is
applied in new growth start and the remaining dose
of in Sep-Oct after harvest the fruits.
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20. Some pictures of planting system
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Planting distance Sowing the seed
Emergence the seedling Young plant Grafting technique
Ready soil for planting

21. TRAINING AND PRUNING:
 Training is done to a central leader or modified leader.
 Young walnut trees are weak and must be given be
given adequate support using bamboo or others
materials for 4 to 5 years after planting.
 Very little annual pruning is done except removing
crossing or weak branches.
 Some thinning-out pruning is usually done in the heavy
bearing cultivars.
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22. IRRIGATION:
 Basically walnut trees are grown under rainfed conditions.
However the rain is not sufficient and well distributed,
irrigation is essential for walnut cultivation.
 Low water supply to the trees result in slow growth, reduced
yield and low nut quality and fruit dope.
 More irrigation is needed at during fruit setting and
development stages.
 But excessive supply of water cause root and crown disease.
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23.  MULCHING :
 Mulching is essential in walnut orchards when the plants
are younger .
 It also important in after fertilizer is applied to older trees.
 Mulching materials around the plant or trees to help
conserve soil moisture ,regulated soil temperature, reduce
weeds growth etc.
 INTRCROPPING:
 Since there are wider spaces in between trees and
trees row ,different crops such as
buckwheat,peas,legumes grasses,strawberry,cabbage
cauliflower,lentil etc. can be taken as intercrops
depending upon and market needs.
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24. Harvest and yield
 Walnut are mature 1-4 weeks before hull dehiscence.
 The hulls split at the time of maturity in sep to oct.
 Mature nut do not fall all at a time so the mechanical shaking can
be done .
 Dropped food are collected in Sept to Oct.
 Hulls should be removed immediately to avoid discoloration in
quality.
 Nut must be immediately dried to a moisture level of 3 to 5% after
harvest at the temp of 38 to 43°c then kept at cold and dry
temperatures .
 Drying the nuts increases in fatty acid and bring favorable
change.
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26. Walnut physiological disorders:
 Rosette and bunch:
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27. Yield:
 A trees may bear for about 100 years or more from age
of 8 to 10 years after planting .
 Grafted and budding plants gives fruiting about 4 to 5
years.
 A growing up trees yield an average of 50 to 80 kg per
trees and mature trees yield is 80-100 kg per tree
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28. Insects -Pest:
 San Jose scale: This are the small insect damage both shoot and
fruits.
 Management:
 which can be control by diesel oil in winter or spray
0.03%Diazinon in winter
28San Jose scale adult male

29. DAMAGE OF SAN JOSE SCALR
IN SHOOT of WALNUT:
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30.  Walnut aphid:
 the young and adult stages of this aphid suck sap
reducing tree vigor, fruit quality and yield.
 Fruit may be drop before reach to maturity.
 Management :
 Collect dropped fruits and bury them in soil.
 Pheromone trap can be used when the tree starts
fruiting.
 Spray Rogor .
 .
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31.  Husk fly :
 This is the most important and serious pest in walnut.
 The fly lays eggs on developing fruits and the maggots
destroy them
 Management :
 Use the pheromone traps or spray dipterex
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32.  walnut weevil:
 The female lays eggs on the fruits. on hatching it feed
by boring hole on kernels causing premature fruits drop.
 Management:
 The pest can be checked by spraying twice carbaryl
(0.2%) at 7 days interval.
 Collect the dropped ,infected fruits and burn them.
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33.  Diseases:
 Foot and root rot:
 This is a fungal disease that attacks the stem where it
touches the ground and also attacks on root.
 Small infected are seen on leaves.
 Management :
 Avoid planting walnut trees in moisture and cool soil.
 Provide proper drainage system.
 Treat soil with formaldehyde, or bavistin before
planting.
 Use only resistance rootstock.
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34.  Walnut canker:
 It is caused by bacteria affecting bark and reducing tree
vigor.
 No chemical control is effective. Affected should be pruned
and burnt.
 Walnut blight:
 Its causal organism is xanthomonas arboricola.
 The disease enters into the tree through stomata and
wounds. the bacteria attack all tissues of leaves .
 Management :
 The first spray of Bordeaux mixture(2:2:50)
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36.  Powdery mildew :
 It is a causal organism of this disease is phyllactinia roboris
 Greyish to white powdery spore mass appears on upper and
lower surface of leaves.
 It can be control by spray the trees wetable sulphur (300
g/100 l of water) or carbendazim fungicide.(50g/100 L of
water )
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37.  References :
 Fruit growing by DR.J.S BAL. kalyani publishers
 Fruit and plantation crops by DR .GYAN KUMAR
SHRESTHA. Heritage publisher and distributors pvt . ltd
in 2016
 A lecture notes on fruit and plantation crops
production.
 Wikipedia
 Slide share
 vikaspedia
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Internal breakdown of almost mature
nuts in
late summer occurs each year. The inside
part
of the nut becomes soft and wa...

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