Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acid Introduction CARBOXYLIC ACIDS : are organic acids characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, where R is some monovalent functional group. A carboxyl group (or carboxy) is a functional group consisting of a carbonyl (RR'C=O) and a hydroxyl (R-O-H), which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written as -COOH or -CO2H. SOLUBILITY : Carboxylic acids are polar .the Smaller carboxylic acids (1 to 5 carbons) are soluble with water, whereas higher carboxylic acids are less soluble due to the increasing hydrophobic nature of the alkyl chain BOILING POINTS : Carboxylic acids tend to have higher boiling points ACIDITY : Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids, meaning that they only partially dissociate into H+ cations and RCOO– anions in neutral aqueous solution. For example, at room temperature, only 0.4% of all acetic acid molecules are dissociated. Electronegative substituents give stronger acids. ODOR : Carboxylic acids often have strong odors, especially the volatile derivatives. Most common are acetic acid (vinegar) and butyric acid (rancid butter). GENERAL UESES: Carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and food additives. Industrially important carboxylic acids include acetic acid (component of vinegar, precursor to solvents and coatings), citric acid (beverages), fatty acids (coatings), maleic acid (polymers), propionic acid (food preservative), SYNTHESIS : Industrial routes. ,[object Object]

Base-catalyzed dehydrogenation of alcohols Laboratory methods. Preparative methods for small scale reactions ,[object Object]

Oxidative cleavage of olefins by ozonolysis, potassium permanganate, or potassium dichromate.

Carboxylic acids can also be obtained by the hydrolysis of nitriles, esters, or amides, generally with acid- or base-catalysis.

Carbonation of a Grignard reagent. REACTIONS : ,[object Object], CH3COOH + NaHCO3 -> CH3COO−Na+ + CO2 + H2O ,[object Object]

The hydroxyl group on carboxylic acids may be replaced with a chlorine atom using thionyl chloride to give acyl chlorides. In nature, carboxylic acids are converted to thioestersNOMENCLATURE : The carboxylate anion R-COO– is usually named with the suffix -ate, so acetic acid, for example, becomes acetate ion. In IUPAC nomenclature, carboxylic acids have an -oic acid suffix (e.g., benzoic acid). In common nomenclature, the suffix is usually -ic acid (e.g., stearic acid). Examples and uses ,[object Object],COMPOSITION : Each 100 gm contains: Salicylic acid12 gm Urea 8 gm Ppp p PROPERTIES : Salicylic acid has keratolytic properties, it produces desquamation of hyperkeratotic epithelium via dissolution of the intercellular cement which causes the cornified tissues to swell, soften, macerate and desquamate. Urea moisturizes and softens severely dry, rough skin, it dissolves the coagulum and promotes epithelization. INDICATIONS : Removal of callus and corns Smoothing of intensely rough heels Helps in treatment of warts CONTRTA-INDICATIONS : Hypersensitivity to any of the components of the ointment SIDE EFFECTS : May cause dermatitis or irritation DOSAE : A thin film of Heel forte ointment should be applied twice daily to cover the affected area completely DRUG INTERACTION: No major drug interaction . PRECAUTINOS: Protect surrounding skin and avoid application to broken or inflamed skin. Avoid contact with the eye. Not to be used for diabetic patients and those with poor blood circulation. STORAGE : Store between 15- 30°C Keep out of reach of children PACKAGE : Tube of 20 gm ointment. ,[object Object],Gastrointestinal System. Antacids. Sodium Bicarbonate antacids . ,[object Object],they are drugs containing Aspirin also known as acetylsalicylic acid . THERAPEUTIC USE : HEADACHE : Aspirin is a first-line drug in the treatment of migraine, bringing relief in 50–60% of the cases PAIN : In general, aspirin works well for dull, throbbing pain; it is ineffective for pain caused by most muscle cramps, bloating, gastric distension and acute skin irritation PREVENTION OF HEART ATTACKS AND STROKES : There are two distinct uses of aspirin for prophylaxis of cardiovascular events: primary prevention and secondary prevention. Primary prevention is about decreasing strokes and heart attacks in the general population of those who have no diagnosed heart or vascular problems. Secondary prevention concerns patients with known cardiovascular disease. Low doses of aspirin are recommended for the secondary prevention of strokes and heart attacks CORONARY AND CAROTED ARTERIES , BYPASSES SYENTS : The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart. Aspirin is recommended for one to six months after placement of stents in the coronary arteries and for years after a coronary artery bypass graft. The carotid arteries supply blood to the brain. Patients with mild carotid artery stenosis benefit from aspirin; it is recommended after a carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stent. After vascular surgery of the lower legs using artificial grafts which are sutured to the arteries to improve blood supply, aspirin is used to keep the grafts open. OTHER UESES : ,[object Object]

Aspirin has been theorized to redResistance

For some people, aspirin does not have as strong an effect on platelets as for others, an effect known as aspirin resistance or insensitivity

Carboxylic acid

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Carboxylic acid