2. DEFINITION
 any dye, pigment or substance that
imparts color when it is added to food or drink
 derived from coal tar and petroleum
 come in many forms consisting of liquids, powders,
gels and pastes
 tested for safety by various bodies around the world
 United States > FD&C(Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act) are given to approved synthetic food
dyes that do not exist in nature
 European Union > E numbers are used for all
additives, both synthetic and natural, that are
approved in food applications

3. Color additives are used in foods
for many reasons including:
 offset color loss due to exposure to light,
air, temperature extremes, moisture and
storage conditions
 correct natural variations in color
 enhance colors that occur naturally
 provide color to colorless and "fun"
foods

4. Seven dyes approved under
the Pure Food and Drug Act of
1906
 FD&C Blue No. 1 – Brilliant Blue FCF, E133 (blue
shade)
 FD&C Blue No. 2 – Indigotine, E132 (indigo shade)
 FD&C Green No. 3 – Fast Green FCF, E143
(turquoise shade)
 FD&C Red No. 40 – Allura Red AC, E129 (red
shade)
 FD&C Red No. 3 – Erythrosine, E127 (pink shade)
 FD&C Yellow No. 5 – Tartrazine, E102 (yellow
shade)
 FD&C Yellow No. 6 – Sunset Yellow FCF, E110
(orange shade)

5. 1. Brilliant Blue FCF (E133)
FD&C Blue No. 1
 IUPAC NAME > ethyl - [4 - [ [4 - [ethyl -[(3 - sulfophenyl)
methyl] amino] phenyl] - (2 - sulfophenyl) methylidene] - 1 -
cyclohexa - 2, 5 - dienylidene] - [(3 - sulfophenyl) methyl]
azanium
 MOLECULAR FORMULA > C37H34N2Na2O9S3
 synthetic dye produced using aromatic
hydrocarbons from petroleum
 has the appearance
of a reddish-blue powder
 soluble in water
 has the capacity for inducing
anallergic reaction in individuals
with pre-existing moderate asthma
 Banned in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland

6. Applications:
 found in:
 ice cream,
 canned processed peas,
 packet soups,
 bottled food colorings,
 icings,
 ice pops,
 blue raspberry flavored products,
 dairy products,
 sweets and drinks,
 blue curacao

8. 2. Indigotine (E132)
FD&C Blue No. 2
 IUPAC NAME > 3,3'-dioxo-2,2'-bis-indolyden-5,5'-disulfonic acid
disodium salt or indigotine; 5,5'-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt
 MOLECULAR FORMULA > C16H8N2Na2O8S2
 6mg/kg – 500mg/kg
 a pH indicator; blue at pH 11.4 and yellow at 13.0
 is used chiefly as a biological stain and food color
 can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or
can affect reproduction capacity
 harmful to the respiratory tract if inhaled
 irritant to the skin and eyes

10. 3. Fast Green FCF (E143)
FD&C Green No. 3
 IUPAC NAME > ethyl - [4 - [ [4 - [ethyl -[(3 - sulfophenyl) methyl] amino]
phenyl] - (4 - hydroxy - 2 - sulfophenyl) methylidene] - 1 - cyclohexa - 2, 5 -
dienylidene] - [(3 - sulfophenyl) methyl] azanium
 MOLECULAR FORMULA > C37H37N2O10S3+
 sea green triarylmethane food dye
 color is more brilliant and less likely to fade
 used for tinned green peas and
other vegetables, jellies, sauces, fish, desserts, and dry bakery mixes at
level of up to 100 mg/kg
 have tumorigenic effects
 risks irritation of eyes, skin, digestive tract, and respiratory tract in its
undiluted form

12. 4. Allura Red AC (E129)
FD&C Red No. 40
 IUPAC NAME > disodium 6-hydroxy-5-((2-
methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-
naphthalenesulfonate
 MOLECULAR FORMULA
> C18H14N2Na2O8S2
 red azo dye
 originally introduced in the
United States as a replacement for the use
of amaranth as a food
coloring
 has the appearance of a dark red powder
 used in many products, such as soft drinks,
children's medications, and cotton candy

14. 5. Erythrosine (E127)
FD&C Red No. 3
 IUPAC NAME >
 MOLECULAR FORMULA >

15.  IUPAC NAME >
 MOLECULAR FORMULA >

16.  IUPAC NAME >
 MOLECULAR FORMULA >