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Bipolar lecture
1. Nirvana’s Lithium
I'm so happy 'cause today I've found my friends
They're in my head I'm so ugly, but that's okay, 'cause so are you...
We've broken our mirrors
Sunday morning is everyday for all I care...
And I'm not scared
Light my candles in a daze...
'Cause I've found god - yeah, yeah, yeah
I'm so lonely but that's okay I shaved my head...
And I'm not sad
And just maybe I'm to blame for all I've heard...
But I'm not sure I'm so excited, I can't wait to meet you there...
But I don't care I'm so horny but that's okay...
My will is good - yeah, yeah, yeah I like it - I'm not gonna crack
I miss you
I'm not gonna crack
I love you
I'm not gonna crack
I kill you
I'm not gonna crack
2. Bipolar Disorder
Also known as manic depression, a mental
illness that causes a person’s moods to
swing from extremely happy and energized
(mania) to extremely sad (depression)
Chronic illness; can be life-threatening
Most often diagnosed in adolescence
4. Unipolar Bipolar
Depressive Disorder, NOS
Dysthymia
Major Depression
-Single Episode
-Recurrent
- - -
Seasonal Affective
Disorder (SAD)
Postpartum Depression
Mood Disorder, NOS
Cyclothymia
Bipolar II Disorder
Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar Disorder, NOS
5. Mania/Hypomania
-Extreme euphoria
-Lack of need for sleep
-Inflated Ego and Self-Esteem
-Loose Associations/Flight of Ideas
(from topic to topic)
-May become psychotic when in episode
(in mania only)
6. Continuum of Causes of Affective
Disorders
Biological Bipolar
Major Depression
Environmental Dysthymia
8. Mood Disorders
Growing consensus that Bipolar is
organically based with a notable genetic
factor
Like Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder
linked to low serotonin activity
Theory: low serotonin dysregulation of
other important neurotransmitters, e.g.,
norepinephrine
Etiology of Bipolar Disorder
9. Mood Disorders
“Defective Membrane” Theory of
Bipolar Disorder
1. Nerve impulse moves along
neuron electro-chemically
2. Impulse carried via
exchange of Na & K ions
across neural membrane
Na
K
3. Defect in process
impulse carried too
quickly or too slowly
10. GRK3 regulates sensitivity to
neurotransmitters
Decreases the sensitivity of neurons
to neurotransmitters
Acts as a brake to stress
Maintains balance in the brain
11. GRK3 is a Gene For
Bipolar Disorder
GRK3 is inherited with bipolar disorder
GRK3 is turned on by amphetamine
A mutation in GRK3 increases risk to
bipolar disorder 3 fold
12. Mood Disorders
Genetic studies, especially of twins,
indicate a genetic predisposition for
bipolar disorder
40% of identical twins concordant, vs. 5 to
10% of fraternal twins
Etiology of Bipolar Disorder
13. Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorder
Prevalence: 1% of population Adults =
Adolescents
Males = Females
2-3 million American adults are diagnosed
with bipolar disorder
NIMH estimates that one in very one
hundred people will develop the disorder
14. Controversy
Severity and duration
Onset before puberty is estimated to be
rare
Developmental variability
Retrospective study of adults
15. Vincent Van Gogh
“It isn’t possible to get
values and color. You
can’t be at the pole
and the equator at the
same time. You must
choose your own line,
as I hope to do, and it
will probably be color.”
16. Assessment/Diagnosis of Bipolar
Disorder
Often very complicated; it mimics
many other disorders and has
comorbidity (presents with other
disorders)
Alphabet soup diagnosis
Half of bipolar children have
relatives with bipolar disorder
It is important to first rule
out the possibility of any
other organic diagnosis:
Thyroid disorder
Seizure disorder
Multiple sclerosis
Infectious, toxic, and drug-
induced disorders
17. Mood history
Mania
Giddy, goofy, laughing fits, class
clown
Explosive (how often, how long,
how destructive and aggressive)
Irritable, cranky, angry,
disrespectful, threatening
Grandiosity may present as
EXTREME defiance and
oppositionality
Depression
Low frustration tolerance, self-
destructive, no pleasure, lower
level of irritability
DSM Criteria :A
distinct period
of abnormally
and persistently
elevated,
expansive, or
irritable mood
DIGFAST
acronym (at
least 3 of 7
symptoms)
18. DIGFAST – Mental Status Exam
Distractible
Increased activity/psychomotor agitation
Grandiosity/Super-hero mentality
Flight of ideas or racing thoughts
Activities that are dangerous or
hypersexual
Sleep decreased
Talkative or pressured speech
19. Bipolar Disorder
Significant functional impairment
Bipolar I people go through cycles of major
depression and mania
Bipolar II similar to Bipolar I except that
people have hypomanic episodes, a milder
form of mania
Rapid cyclers
20. Suicide Risk Factors
22% of adolescents with completed
suicides had bipolar disorder
Family history of suicide
Substance abuse i.e. adolescent with
impulse control disorder, depression,
suicidality, substance use and access to a
weapon is potential for lethality
21. Major depression often presents first
(estimated that 20 - 40% of children
presenting with major depression within 5
years will be bipolar)
Comorbidity
70 - 90 % of adolescents have other
disorders
ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Substance
abuse
22. Pediatric-Onset Bipolar Disorder
Geller (American Journal of Psychiatry,
2001) followed up 72 depressed
prepubertal children into adulthood
48.6% (N=35) developed bipolar disorder
by mean age 20.7 years
23. Atypical presentation in juveniles-
exacerbation of disruptive behavior,
moodiness, low frustration tolerance,
explosive anger and difficulty sleeping at
night
Comorbidity of ADHD/BPD more severe
presentation, often severe affect
dysregulation, marked impairment,
violent temper outbursts
24. Pediatric-Onset Bipolar Disorder:
Differential Diagnosis with ADHD
ADHD confusion although identifying presence
of mood disorder helpful in guiding treatment
Talkativeness
Physical
hyperactivity
Distractibility
29. Improvement is seen when mood
stabilizers are used
Kowatch et al (JAACAP 2000)
Response rates:
53% depakote
38% lithium
38% carbamazepine
30. Geller et al.
High relapse rate
Geller longitudinal study
1 year f/u recovery rate 37%
Relapse rate 38%
32. Atypical Antipsychotics
Risperidol
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Quetiapine (Seroquel)
Abilify
Geodon
Increasingly used
because they can
cause rapid
patient
stabilization
Zyprexa can help
with depression,
mania and
psychosis
Weight gain
33. Key Point
Just because a child improves on a mood
stabilizer does not prove the diagnosis.
Mood stabilizers have been used for a long
time to help with aggression in children.