Body Cameras For Police Could Be One Smart-Step

Body Cameras For Police Could Be One Smart-Step
Moreover, to stop the crime and police brutality, body cameras would not be a bad idea if they were
to be taken a step forward. Nancy La Vigne writer of "Body Cameras for Police Could Be One
Smart Step" talks about supervisors monitoring the cameras in case an altercation were to happen
(6). Nancy also talks about body cameras invading constitutional rights of the citizens. Vigne writes,
"Body cameras will capture not just an officers actions, but also those of the citizens with whom
they interact – or even individuals walking by or in the background" (Vigne). Nancy's point is that
with the body cameras and civilians being recorded, should the citizens know they are being
recorded. Another solution for the body cameras to be able to work would be for the cops to have no
access to the cameras.
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Technology And Digital Storage Space
For years, traffic cameras have been a mainstay of public roads and highways without engendering
significant public concern. As long as the most significant fear was a speeding ticket in the low three
figures, the technology of mounting a moving or stationary camera with the ability to detect and
capture automobile license plates was allowed to live in peace. Since the year 2000, however, and in
part due to the falling costs of the technology and digital storage space , the United States has seen a
drastic increase in the numbers of the traffic camera's mechanically–similar cousin, the Automated
License Plate Reader ("ALPR"). An ALPR system is simply the coupling of a normal high–speed
traffic camera and software to store, analyze and crosscheck the data gathered with external
databases. A 2011 survey by PERF found that 71% of responding agencies reporting using ALPR,
and 85% plan to either begin or expand usage over the next five years. (IACP but find primary
source). The key difference between the two is how the data is stored and used. ALPR technology is
most efficient when data from several millions of these cameras is retained and aggregated into
massive databases that can then be queried on demand by law enforcement personnel and matched
against lists of vehicles of interest, colloquially called "hot lists". This approach offers innumerable
advantages over the contemporaneous point–and–check approach of traditional traffic cameras,
which most often delete recorded

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Auto Enforcement System
ABSTRACT
Auto Enforcement System (AES) is a tracking system that automatically detects traffic offenses
using sensors and imaging system that captures photo and video images of traffic violations. It was a
system that created by human. The main function of this system is to monitor the traffic in "black
spot" areas which accident always occurs. For example, AES camera can cover offense such as
speeding that beyond the speed limit. Speed limits are commonly set by the authority to set the
maximum speed at certain road.
There are few factors how they determine the speed limit on that road. Firstly, the roadway
condition – curve road. Next, the location and type of access points like intersections and entrances.
The speed limits in urban and highway areas are all in different. The last factor is the crash history
on that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As computer unnecessary to sleep and rest, it can work 24 hours. Enforcement officers do not have
spent all of their time to manually record the offenses at the side of the road.
Other than that, most people easily receive bribery and betrayed because of money. People also do
mistake. Therefore, the information not accurate and can be denied. The system structure of AES is
designed so that legal action cannot be denied or disputed in court by the offender. It facilitates
prosecution by providing evidence that is acceptable to the court. The AES system can differentiate
the velocity of two cars that move at same time either same direction or not.
In addition, AES will not causes traffic jams as it can recorded every speed of car in very short time.
It will make sure the smooth of traffic. Traffic jam can be one of the factors of accidents. Since AES
is a system to prevent accidents, it will be useless if AES cause the

Traffic Violation Photography : Traffic Violations
TRAFFIC VIOLATION PHOTOGRAPHY
The world population is increasingly becoming larger each and every day that passes with a lot of
people moving up the social status ladder. As a result of this movement up the social status, a lot of
people have bought vehicles that have now filled our roads. With that regard, the number of road
accidents has also been on an increasing trend with a lot being recorded on the many superhighways
that exist today. Thus, there have been many laws that have enacted to control the rising number of
accidents on our roads (Lavender). These laws have been effected to some extent, but still there are
more accidents happening on our roads. There are many things that usually happen on our roads
apart from accidents, many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What was more surprising with this regards was that a vehicle that was recorded by the cameras as
not being in motion was also singled out to be speeding. The good thing is that these contractors
have admitted that their cameras are usually prone to several factors that do affect them thus making
them show erroneous speed limits. For instance, they have singled out the electromagnetic anomaly
as one of the factors causing the errors. The bad thing is the manner with which they take to realize
such happenings, and many do end up being sued for traffic irregularities. But, later when these
companies manning the cameras have admitted the problem caused was beyond their reach, many
people usually sue them. The court process is usually a hectic one that ends up most the time on the
contractors side thus the plaintiff ends up wasting money. Irregularities with regards to ticketing
have also been a challenge. The actual speed gotten as a result of the photo taken in time sequence
have been incorrect thus, the motorists end up issued with tickets that are not showing the actual
speed. And thus, the motorists who might be conscious of their actions usually end up wasting their
money on accusations that are not real (Treiterer 17). Legal Issues
Since the inceptions of the traffic photography, a lot of problems have been witnessed with regards
to the laws surrounding how the cameras

Technology-Based Communication In The Criminal Justice System
Technology–based communication has improved the way the criminal justice system has been able
to prevent crime, help criminal justice personnel to communicate with each other and communicate
with everyday citizens. There have been many advances in technology throughout the criminal
justice system such as databases for tracking criminals, radio/mobile communications in their
vehicles/stations, dispatch centers, computer systems for paper work and Closed circuit television
(CCTV) surveillance. There is also the use of body cameras for police officers and cameras mounted
in vehicles for when there is a traffic stop.
CCTV (closed–circuit television) is the use of video cameras that are strategically placed in cities,
urban communities, roadways to observe vehicle movement, observe areas for possible crimes, for
security around buildings and overall to monitor areas for crime prevention. This system uses video
cameras and TV systems that record and monitor these actives but they are not broadcast for the
public. This footage is used for security purposes and for surveillance, depending on the
situation/scenario. Video cameras are routinely placed in police vehicles to ... Show more content on
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This system also allows prosecutors and defense attorneys to show a video of a crime being
committed that was recorded from the CCTVs. CCTVs are used at airports and at security
checkpoints, which when a person(s) is on a watch list or maybe a felon who is on the run is
recorded, these tapes help law enforcement identify them and see where they are going or up to. The
person who operates the cameras, for example, would be able to contact the police who can respond
to a possible crime scene or crime in progress and then that is when the criminal justice system can
go after the offender in court with proof that he committed a

Why Is Police Technology Important
Leah Jones
CRMJ240
Police Technology Final Paper
In Cops and cameras: Officer perceptions of the use of body–worn cameras in law enforcement by
Jennings, W. G., Fridell, L. A., & Lynch, M. D. looks at the impact of body–worn cameras amongst
law enforcement officers. By using surveys in this particular study that were distributed to the
officers ninety–five of the four hundred that were eligible actually participated. It took place in
Orlando, one of the most popular cities in Florida. With this being one of the first studies involving
body–worn cameras there was no prior knowledge of how it affects performances, willingness to
wear one and if departments would implement such technology to all officers. The main results
received from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Boston was one of the first departments to be equipped with IBIS technology back in 1995. Between
January and June 2003, researchers put together four focus groups. Results from the study
concluded that the usage of IBIS technology increased the efficiency of Boston's police department.
They were able to make more ballistic matches since matching ballistics from the crime scene.
Before the ability to use this technology law enforcement had to match bullets and casings by hand,
and did not have the ability to possibly link one crime scene to another. With positive results from
this study, the usage of IBIS could and should be implemented to all departments across the world to
better their crime scene

The Importance Of The Right To Privacy
However, the Court also cautioned in the same case that the right to privacy is not absolute. The
right to privacy does not bar all incursions into individual privacy. The right is not intended to stifle
scientific and technological advancements that enhance public service and the common good. It
merely requires that the law be narrowly focused and a compelling interest justify such intrusions.
Intrusions into the right must be accompanied by proper safeguards and well–defined standards to
prevent unconstitutional invasions. When a certain technology is used for legitimate reasons coupled
by adequate safeguards, the intrusion is justified. However, when an already intrusive technology is
used for non–legitimate reasons, the right to privacy is violated.
An instance when technology is used for non–legitimate reasons is when it is used to commit
abuses. The following are the ways in which a CCTV System may be abused by its operator(s):
Criminal Abuse
In using surveillance systems, "bad apples" in the law enforcement authorities are presented with a
tempting opportunity for criminal misuse. Criminal abuse refers to the kind of abuse which in itself
constitutes a crime or one which results to a commission of a crime. An example is when a top–
ranking police official in Washington, D.C. was caught using police databases to maliciously gather
information of patrons of a gay club. License plate numbers of cars parked at the club were captured
and by researching on the background

Body Cameras Pros And Cons Essay
Mendoza 5 Guadalupe Mendoza
Professor Gagnon
English 100
18 June 2016 Body Worn Cameras
A major discussion found in police departments today are the use of body cameras. Like every
major decision, there are pros and cons that must be discussed. Some agree that body cameras
"reduce misconduct" within the law enforcement community, as well as providing a "neutral third
eye" for proof of actions and conversations. (policemisconduct.com & policeone.com). Others
believe the cost and complexity of storing; along with the invasion of privacy is huge issue. This
essay will discuss the positive and negative qualities regarding the use of body cameras and how
they affect the community.
Based on research from Rasmussen College, body cameras primary use is to "improve behavior"
and provide "a clear picture of what happened at the incident" (Erstad). Because officers are often
accused for the use of excessive force; these cameras will allow the officers to be responsible for
their actions. Not only does it provide accountability for the police officers, but for the personnel
that they interact with as well. I participated in a ride along with the sheriff's department on March
16, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
N.p., n.d. Web. 23 June 2016.
Abdollah, Tami. "Officers Fear Body Cameras Raise Privacy Concerns." PoliceOne. N.p., n.d. Web.
23 June 2016.
Chaz Kelsh. "Do Body Cameras Change How Police Interact with the Public?" N.p., 2 Oct. 2015.
Web.
"Do Body Cameras Change How Police Interact with the Public? – Journalist's Resource."
Journalists Resource. N.p., 02 Oct. 2015. Web. 23 June 2016.
Erstad, Will. "Police Perspective: The Pros & Cons of Police Body Cameras." Police Perspective:
The Pros & Cons of Police Body Cameras. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 June 2016.
"Financial Crisis of 2007–08." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 23 June 2016.
"Police Body Cameras." PoliceMisconductnet. N.p., 22 July 2015. Web. 23 June

The Pros And Cons Of Enforcing Traffic Laws
The most prevalent form of transportation in the United States is by far the automobile. With so
many vehicles on the road, effectively enforcing traffic laws is becoming more and more complex.
The cost of reckless driving is astronomically high, both physically and financially. In 2007, the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimated that speeding–related crashes cost
society a staggering $40.4 billion per year, and speed was a major contributing factor in at least
thirty–one percent of all fatal crashes (citation needed). Most drivers can agree that the United States
needs to enforce speed laws because all drivers deserve to commute on safe roads. As technology
advances, so do the methods for enforcing traffic laws. One of the newest methods of speed
enforcement popping up all over the country is the use of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As of November 2011, a total of sixteen states and thirty–three cities have outlawed the use of photo
enforcement tickets. These state and local governments have banned the use of photo enforcement
because they do not protect citizens and in some instances, they actually violate citizens' rights. An
example of this is how photo enforcement tickets violate the Fifth Amendment because they do not
offer the legal due process. Upon receiving a photo enforcement ticket, drivers must pay a fine or
risk seizure of assets. There is no opportunity for the driver to face their accuser, or to plead their
case. Furthermore, in many states, either a sworn law enforcement officer, or a process server must
present a speeding citation to the offender. Until a ticket is officially presented by one of these two
people, it is merely a request to pay the prescribed fine. Additionally, whenever a citation is issued,
it is sent to the registered owner of the vehicle, not necessarily the person who was driving that
vehicle at the time the photo was

Persuasive Essay On Body Worn Cameras
Police brutality has been a prominent feature in the United States' media for several decades.
Tackling this issue is multifaceted, and certainly will not be easy. The argument is not focused on
whether police brutality exists, rather what can be done to ensure that both public officers and
citizens are equally protected in any encounters. One proposed solution is to require police officers
to wear body cameras that record during interactions with the public, such as a traffic stop or
responding to a call. Body worn cameras (BWCs) sound reasonable, but the literature on the topic
presents mixed reviews.
Few large–scale studies have been done to test the efficacy of BWCs within the United States, but
some studies have revealed issues that could become problematic. The literature that does exist,
which includes research studies from around the globe, suggests that BWCs could be beneficial if
certain protocols are followed. There are advantages and disadvantages with every policy, and this
case is no exception. Understanding the relevant terms that this policy addresses provides a
necessary foundation to learning about the efficacy of these cameras and further understanding the
research that has been conducted.
Police Brutality and Excessive Force The terms brutality and excessive force are not concrete. Many
factors are considered when analyzing the actions between officer and citizen, which leaves a fair
amount of room for interpretation on both ends of the spectrum.

Persuasive Essay On Police Brutality
" I can't breathe, I can't breathe." Those three words have created an epidemic of videos taken during
police altercations with citizens. Demonstrations and protests have occurred as a direct result of this
incident. The video is compelling and in my opinion shows excessive force, giving support to the
suggestion of police brutality. However, once the footage was clearly edited to skip directly to the
altercation, it seemed to lose some credibility. What really happened before the officer placed Mr.
Garner in the choke hold? Why was the video edited to skip to the choke? Factors that may never be
known, except by those that were actually involved. A body camera on each officer at the scene
would have been crucial in obtaining all evidence of what really transpired. Every officer should be
equipped with a body camera as part of standard uniform attire. Interest in body–worn cameras has
grown rapidly among law enforcement agencies nationwide ever since controversial police use–of–
force incidents have transpired in communities across the United States.( Elliott 8) Cameras on
officers would become vital evidence for any altercations being investigated. Police brutality and
excessive force have become crucial but delicate topics that have been widely discussed by parties
at all levels of society. Everyone weighs in with opinions on the matter and what they believe to
have happened. Unfortunately, it boils down to the officer's word against the citizen. There are times
where

Traffic Camera Monitoring Systems: Safety vs Privicy Essay
In the past decade, American citizens have seen an increasingly common sight: the onslaught of
electronic monitoring devices being placed at traffic lights and intersections with the sole purpose of
recording driver behavior to issue citations; all in the name of safety. The proliferation of these
traffic safety cameras, which has spread in unprecedented numbers to ever–smaller towns, is
undoubtedly controversial, and has sparked much debate between citizens, police departments,
federal agencies, and civil rights groups. Besides the debate of whether or not the cameras, and the
citations that are issued to the registered vehicle owner based upon the recorded information, are
constitutional, (or whether they simply constitute an Orwellian ... Show more content on
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According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, disregard for traffic signals is a
large contributor to traffic deaths and injuries. The 2007 Safety Facts report shows 2.4 million
reported crashes at traffic intersections for that year, which resulted in approximately 8700 fatalities
and 770,000 injuries. Of these fatalities, 883 involved a crash in which a driver ran a red light, and
an estimated 165,000 people are injured each year by red light runners (National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, 2007). According to The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, about half
of those killed in red–light running crashes are those drivers that run the light. However, the
remaining casualties are innocent drivers or pedestrians (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety).
Public support for camera monitoring stems largely from fear of other drivers and the natural human
fear of uncontrollable events; and the statistics support these concerns. For example, Old Dominion
University conducted a nationwide survey in which one–third of the respondents indicated they
personally knew someone who had either been killed or injured in a crash attributed to a driver
running a red light (Old

Photo Enforced-Red Light Camera Controversy Essay
Red Light Cameras, Is their Only Purpose For Revenue? by Maria Protine
CM223–06AU Instructor Ream February 15, 2010 The debate over whether red light cameras are
effective or not can cause a great divide among any group of people. Proponents of the cameras say
that they are effective in reducing accidents and those against them are adamant that they are only in
place to increase revenues for local law enforcement. This paper will bring forth facts that indicate
that red light cameras are in place to make communities money and not for reducing ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rispo interviewed professor and chair of health policy and management of University of South
Florida College of Public Health who said, "The rigorous studies clearly show red–light cameras
don't work, instead they increase crashes and injuries as drivers attempt to abruptly stop at camera
intersections." (Rispo, 2009) Many drivers who slam on their brakes to avoid the red light cameras
have other drivers behind them who are not anticipating the abrupt stop and who may be following
too closely, thus resulting in a rear end collision. Revenues generated from red light tickets is
staggering. A web article written by MSNBC gives these examples: Albany Oregon, population
48,000, issued 1,119 red light tickets for $77,200 in 2008. St. Peters Missouri, population 55,000,
3,203 red light tickets for $235,973. The city issued 14,836 traffic tickets in 2006, but the number
jumped to 21,745 in 2008, the first full year with the cameras. (MSNBC, 2009) Los Angeles made
over $4 million in red light violation fines in 2008. (Goldstein, 2009) The Chief of police in Clive
Iowa, a Des Moines suburb, says, "With the number of calls for service our city generates, we can't
devote that much time to red–light enforcement," Cox said. "We were missing a lot of violations."
(MSNBC, 2009) Perhaps it is the revenue they are missing that prompted the cameras. When one
city sees another making lots of

Traffic Cameras Should be Forbidden Essay examples
With the increasing emergence of traffic cameras around the nation, there has emerged a debate
about whether the cameras are effectively functioning to keep drivers safe or whether they are just
another source of revenue for cites. Facts have proven that the purpose for the traffic cameras is
simply generating more money for the cities. The estimated amount of money that the city of
Denver will be making in 2011 from these cameras (Kaminsky)–excluding the ones recently put up–
a grand estimation total of seven million dollars... "According to the Insurance Institute for Highway
Safety more than 550 communities in the United States use red light cameras." (Urie) Research
shows how the cameras are not improving safety for drivers, and for ... Show more content on
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(Maass). Accidents increasing more and more are simple to explain...
"The intersection of Alameda and Abeline Street had two more crashes the year after the cameras
were installed versus the year prior to installation, going from 37 to 39. There were 24 crashes at the
Illiff Avenue/Blackhawk Street intersection the year before cameras were installed and 2 the year
after."(Owen)
Drivers who are aware of the abusive cameras are constantly caught up trying to avoid getting an
outrageous ticket; therefore, in attempt to avoid them, drivers are unexpectedly and furiously
coming to abrupt stops. In result of the urgent and sudden stop of driver A (the first one to cross the
intersection), braking quickly doesn't give driver B neither enough time or physical room to move
out of the way, consequently resulting in a rear–end collision, sometimes involving more than just
two drivers. The driver's panic to evade the ticket ends up caught up in the misfortunes of an even
sadder circumstance. Leading reasons for this is thanks to the intentional decrease of yellow–light
length times. Studies have shown that since the installment of the cameras there has been intentional
scheming to cut the period of yellow light to catch as many victims as possible. It has been verified
that increasing yellow–lights to at least one second more would decrease the number of accidents by
over 45%. (Maass). An extra reason for which there is

Why Are Red Light Cameras Important
Red light cameras: Safety or Financial gain
"A red light camera is a type of traffic enforcement camera that captures an image of a vehicle,
which has entered an intersection in spite of the traffic signal indicating red" (Vanderbilt). The red
light cameras automatically photograph vehicles that run red lights, the photo is evidence that helps
authorities in their implementation of traffic laws. The cameras are activated when a vehicle enters
the intersection after the traffic signal has turned red. Typically, a law enforcement official will
review the photographic evidence and determine whether a violation occurred. If a violation
occurred a citation is then mailed to the owner of the vehicle. These red–light cameras are used all
around the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"A 2004 study of 17,271 crashes from North Carolina A & T University showed that the presence of
red light cameras increased the overall number of crashes by 40%" (Red Light Camera). A 2005
Virginia Department of Transportation study of the long–term effects of camera enforcement in the
state found a decrease in the number of right–angle crashes with injuries, but an increase in rear–end
crashes and an overall increase in the number of crashes causing injuries (New York State Law).
Then in 2007, the department issued an updated report, which showed that the overall number of
crashes at intersections with red light cameras did in fact increased. This report confirmed the
findings of the pervious report of 2005. This report also concluded that the decision to install red
light cameras should be made on an intersection–by–intersection basis, because some intersections
saw decreases in crashes and injuries that justified the use of red light cameras, while others saw
increases in crashes, indicating that the cameras were not suitable in that location. Another study
done in Los Angles, by the city of controller in 2010 found that red light cameras hadn't
demonstrated an improvement in safety (New York State Law). They studied 32 intersections
equipped with cameras, 12 saw more crashes than before the cameras were installed, 4 had the same
number, and 16 had fewer crashes; also other factors than the cameras may

Body Cameras Persuasive Essay
Behave–You're Being Filmed In today's world, body cameras are being worn by more than half of
the police officers in the United States. Many people will say that body cameras are invading their
privacy and they will cause bigger issues, but others will say that the body cameras are an
improvement and will help everyone out in the long run by resolving the issues. Body cameras will
prevent incidents of police brutality and improve law enforcement. They should be worn for the
police officer's safety as well as the citizens who are interacting with the police, so that way the
footage will show what really happened in a situation. In 2013 police departments took a survey to
see which percentage of them have not used body–worn cameras. The Office of Community
Oriented Policing Services funded the survey and the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)
conducted the survey. "PERF's report about the survey notes a number of perceived benefits for
using body–worn cameras, including better evidence documentation and increased accountability
and transparency" (Miller and Toliver). Without a body camera, officers would have to take notes by
asking the suspect questions and watching everything they do. Instead, the body–worn cameras ...
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Some will say that body cameras are invading their privacy and they are causing bigger issues, but
the statistics show a drop in complaints over the past few years because body cameras are making a
big improvement in today's world. Body–worn cameras are going to continue to be used by police
officer's and they are going to continue to make big improvements. All people who are being
recorded should feel safe and comfortable while being on camera and that's what the police are
aiming for. As of right now in the year 2017, body cameras are going to remain on police officer's
and resolve all the issues that are

Officer Discretion
The topic of this week had a few questions concerning officer discretion and the amount that officer
could exhibit in the course of their job. Where does the line between officer discretion and
obligation does began and end? The answer is about as clear as mud and varies depending on the
interaction. After reading a post from a fellow classmate I was informed that he had the discretion to
asses a warning citation in light of a teenager observed to by the officer breaking many traffic laws.
He had the ability issue a warning in the event the teenager informed his father of the incident and
his father gave the officer a call to verify. This was in total contrast to the traffic stop that occurred a
few months prior that I witnessed. My girlfriend ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The act could by some be that the officer chose a utilitarian stance. The officer at the time was
engaged in removing the angry protestor from the event to allow the event to continue. That was in
fact a part of his duties to maintain order consider the safety of the candidate as it was his event. The
officer may have felt that to engage the individual that threw the elbow would have allowed the
protestor to escape and possibly cause harm to himself or the individual guilty of the assault. Or
perhaps the officer simply felt that the situation best be handled at a later date. All or none of these
considerations could have passed through the officer's mind because he certainly was aware of the
multiple television cameras as well as the cell phone cameras that were in and around the event. I
don't know whether the officer made a good decision I do know there was no riot and not addition
harm to either individual and there was an arrest made after the event and the guy admitting the
assault on camera as well as hinting the possibility for murder. The answer of leeway in the day to
day enforcement law still is not well defined. From the conflicting statements of two experienced
patrolmen to a broadcast on national television of what could be considered turning a blind eye the
jury is still out. There are very few

Police Misconduct And Sexual Behavior
Lately, it is not uncommon to hear of some form of police misconduct in the nightly news, whether
it be on the national, state, or local levels. Just in the past month alone, there have been allegations
of misconduct in Baltimore, Maryland; Goose Creek, South Carolina; Boulder, Colorado and in
Janesville, Wisconsin. These cities are not the only cities that have been in the media for misconduct
issues, but they are a good representation to the fact that misconduct does not just necessarily
happen in one area of the United States.
Perhaps one of the biggest questions is not why misconduct occurs throughout all areas of the
United States, but rather what constitutes misconduct and why misconduct happens at all.
Per Merriam–Webster Dictionary, misconduct is defined as:
"1. Mismanagement especially of governmental or military responsibilities; 2. Intentional
wrongdoing; specifically: deliberate violation of law or standard especially by a government
official; 3. improper behavior, adultery; and 4. a penalty (as in ice hockey) for improper behavior or
abusive language (as toward an official).
Clearly, in the above definition there is a multitude of incidences that could be considered as
misconduct. Misconduct can be a minor incident that others may perceive not worthy of an
investigation, or a major incident that is in the headlines for months on end. An officer, who engages
in receiving gifts, when doing so is against their police department's guidelines, would be

Speed Detection of Moving Vehicles Using Doppler Effect
| SPEED DETECTION USING DOPPLER EFFECT AND RADAR | |
|
INTRODUCTION
Although there is good road safety performance the number of people killed and injured on our
roads remain unacceptably high. So the roads safety strategy was published or introduced to support
the new casualty reduction targets. The road safety strategy includes all forms of invention based on
the engineering, education and enforcement and recognizes that there are many different factors that
lead to traffic collisions and casualties. The main reason is speed of vehicle. We use traffic lights and
other traffic manager to reduce the speed. One among them is speed cameras.
Speed cameras on the side of urban and rural roads, usually placed to catch ... Show more content on
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Doppler Effect: the principle of this effect is well known in the study of sound. It is known that if
the source of sound, emitting a note of frequency 'v' is move with a constant velocity 'V' relative to
an observers, it is found that the observer 'p' perceives a sound having the frequency v' which differs
from 'v', being greater or smaller according to the source is move towards or away from observers.
This phenomenon in sound was first explained by Doppler and hence the name Doppler effect. But
Fizeau showed that the same effect on light. Thus if the source of light is moving with a wavelength
observed in the Spectroscope slightly different from the original wavelength.
The principle of speed camera that is the Doppler's effect can be described by the formula fM =
2vfEcos(α/c)
Where
fM if the frequency of the received signal v is the speed of vehicles fE if the frequency of
transmitted signal α is the angle between the transmitted signal and path along which the vehicle
travels c is propagation speed of the signal in the air.
Figure 1. The Doppler Effect
From this we can deduce that sending a fixed frequency signal towards the car and then measuring
the efficiency of the returning signal the can the deduce the speed of the car.The principal used for
Radar in speed camera, although they have little in common

Dash Cams And The Law Enforcement
In today's society we see more and more advancement of technology. Anything and everything that
we want or need can be accessed just by the touch of a button. Law enforcement has stepped up to
plate with implementing the use of dashboard cameras as well as body cameras as means to provide
clarity to traffic stops and criminal acts. Within the past few years there has been a rising amount of
claims of police brutality which in turn have led to many riots in different states across the United
States. There has also been a significant amount of crimes committed against law enforcement as
well. "In a profession where it often comes down to two very different versions of the same event,
dash cams have proven a useful tool. In some ways, a law enforcement officer who can serve an
entire career without facing some sort of civil liability is an anomaly. More and more, patrol men
and women are finding themselves the target of disgruntled citizens. This usually results in
complaints to the agency and/or a lawsuit." (Nash & Scarberry, 2014)
Dashboard cameras have been around for some time now with body cameras being introduced in as
well to help verify what has taken place on certain events throughout traffic stops. There is no
longer just a he said/she said side of the story. Live footage is being received and viewed in order to
not only record the stop but to aid in training purposes for law enforcement. Training academies and
supervisors can replay the footage in order to show what

Argumentative Essay On Body Cameras
There is a changing climate in Law Enforcement that is heavily impacting police departments across
the country. Many police departments presently have a combat decision that affects an already
limited budget which is the implementation of a police officer wearing a body camera. Though this
change is seemingly inevitable, it can be an investment that alleviates the department and police
officer from allegations of misconduct. Furthermore, body cameras can prove to be an invaluable
tool for officers and investigators while helping the department become more transparent and
accountable to its citizens. Many departments face citizen complaints that not only translate into
calls for service but also those that allege misconduct by one or more of its police officers. The
complaints can range from the way a citizen feels they were treated in a basic traffic ... Show more
Police officers, also human beings are held to a higher standard than the rest of the public. Reports
are scrutinized from internal supervision and external factors such as the courts. The human memory
is vulnerable to a variety of preconceptions. Officers are certain to recall the events of a call for
service in ways that would defend and rationalize their actions. Having the ability to view the
footage while composing a report would empower them to offer a more detailed and accurate
account of the incident. Not only does this weed out the possibility for unintentional dishonest
reports, but allows the officer to feel encouraged to offer the reasoning for their actions when the
footage exposes appropriate behavior. Without this ability, officers are being set up for failure. The
most important benefit of being able to view footage after the contact is the invaluable ability for the
officer to reflect and criticize him/herself and see the need for self–improvement (Simon &
Bueermann,

Why Do People Use Red Light Cameras?
A red light camera is a type of traffic enforcement camera that captures an image of a vehicle, which
has entered an intersection in spite of the traffic signal indicating red. Since they automatically
photograph vehicles that run red lights, the photo is evidence that helps authorities in their
enforcement of traffic laws. Generally the camera is triggered when a vehicle enters the intersection
after the traffic signal has turned red. Typically, a law enforcement official will review the
photographic evidence and determine whether a violation occurred. A citation is then usually mailed
to the owner of the vehicle found to be in violation of the law. These cameras are used worldwide, in
countries including: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in New York State, the Vehicle and Traffic Law permits red light cameras only within
cities with a population above 1 million, Rochester, Buffalo, Yonkers, and Nassau and Suffolk
Counties. In Florida, a state law went into effect on 1 July 2010, which allows all municipalities in
the state to use red light cameras on all state–owned right–of–ways and fine drivers who run red
lights, The name given to the state law is the Mark Wandall Traffic Safety Act, named for a man
who was killed in 2003 by a motorist who ran a red light. Suppliers of red–light cameras in the US
include American Traffic Solutions of Scottsdale, Arizona, which is 1/3 owned by Goldman Sachs.
In February 2012, St. Louis Circuit Court Judge Mark Neill officially declared the red light camera
ordinance in the city of St. Louis void. On 9 August 2012, the Cary, North Carolina town council
voted to end their program. New Jersey had to renew the Red Light law by the state legislature in
early 2015 and did not do this, making the use of red light cameras illegal in the state

Essay on Are Red Light Cameras the Answer?
Are Red Light Cameras the Answer? The automobile's invention revolutionized the American
transportation system. It allowed people to move themselves and cargo from city–to–city and state–
to–state in a much faster and efficient manner. Its numbers increased as it gained popularity and
became affordable. This led to the development of road networks both within and between cities.
Problems arose in the areas where roads intersected each other; accidents occurred at these
intersections due to the lack in control of vehicular movements. Cities employed people to direct
traffic at busy intersections to address this issue, but eventually the intersections became too
numerous to control using this method. The development of automated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, this method of traffic enforcement is not without its drawbacks. Intersection monitoring
with RLCs is not acceptable because they increase rear end collisions, suffer legal uncertainties, and
effective alternative methods are available.
Background
Red light running is a serious issue in the United States. According to T. Walden and B. Bochner
(2011), it is estimated these violations result in over 100,000 accidents and 1,000 fatalities each year.
The economic impact is assessed to be over $14 billion dollars annually ("Effectiveness of Red
Light Cameras–Texas Statewide Evaluation," p. 30). Typical costs include items such as property
damage, medical expenses, response expenditures, etc. The monetary costs are significant, but the
loss of life is incalculable. N. Elminity and E. Radwan (2008) state that drivers who run red lights
are the primary cause of high–speed angular collisions at intersections ("Issues Related to Red–
Light Camera Enforcement Systems," p. 32). RLCs are an attempt to increase safety and reduce risk
at problematic intersections in order to mitigate these costs.
RLCs utilize different triggering methods. According to the Redflex Traffic Systems website, their
system uses radar activated cameras to observe intersections. The radar device mounts on poles at
each corner near the traffic signals. This configuration provides coverage of the

The Usage Of Law Enforcement Cameras
A career in front of the camera is the dream job for numerous Americas. Little do they know they
may have already been on camera. Every day people in the United States of America are caught in
the lens of law enforcement cameras. These cameras sound nefarious due to their constant watching
of people. However, law enforcement cameras are anything but nefarious as their intent is to stop
actions that may rightly be deemed nefarious. The cameras the law enforcement use may be on the
street, a member of the law enforcement, a police car or a traffic light. With all the cameras, their
purpose is for the good of the people and to enforce laws. However, there is controversy
surrounding the usage of the law enforcement cameras due to how some people ... Show more
Throughout his article, he discusses both sides of the issue. He begins by stating that many believe
cameras are needed to maintain security in modern times. However, he also mentions that the
cameras are expensive to acquire, maintain and that they are an invasion of privacy. Brasch
mentions that with the cameras there is "less overtime paperwork from officers having to defend
themselves or explain how a traffic stop happened in court" and that it keeps more people honest (2).
Brasch then goes on to include information about a police department that got rid of the law
enforcement cameras in their department due to the cost and maintenance. He also mentions a police
department that will not install any cameras because they believe it is against individual rights. The
author then goes on to include that the cameras would help clear up situations that are difficult to
understand such as police–officer related deaths. Other opinions believe the cameras would not help
clear up the controversy caused when there is shooting incidents. The author concludes that although
cameras have pros and cons not all problems can be solved with them. This article is very
informative to read when one wants to be informed about law enforcement cameras. Brasch
provides support for each point he makes on both sides of the argument. He also maintains a neutral
tone in his writing, the only bias coming from the quotes he takes from sources. However, Brasch
does not elaborate long on the opinion that cameras invade privacy. This is a weakness for his article
since the opinion can easily be disproved by looking to other sources for information. The article
"Public Video Surveillance: Is It An Effective Crime Prevention Tool?" by Marcus Nieto states that
the cameras "surveillance is physically

Racial Profiling And Law Enforcement Essay
In the 1990's, there was increase in lawsuits against law enforcement, especially at the state level,
based on race based traffic stops that the courts started ruling that there was racial profiling going on
across the country. The lawsuits were becoming so wide spread police executives sought steps to
stop the racial profiling and try to restore some of the public confidence in law enforcement in the
United States. The goal was to be able to provide evidence in court that there was in fact no racial
profiling happening on traffic stop across the country. The dash board systems were able to provide
an unbiased view of all events as the officer's made contact with anyone. With this new technology,
it started to rebuild the trust that was lost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It records only when the officer pushes the button, but it is always in a buffer mode, which it's not
actively recording anything but listening and delates itself every 30 seconds. Once it the button, it
records and stores all the audio and video that has been recorded. Once the officer returns to the
station and puts the body camera into its charger, it down loads itself to a web page called
Evidence.com that is a secured site where the file cannot be edited, deleted or accessed expect by
authorized personnel from the department. With the increase use of a body camera, departments
have found that a few things have happened. One is that citizen complaints have dropped about
officers' actions against them and that the officer's use of force has also decreased. The battle
between cell phone video and having the officer's body camera footage has had a change because
the cell phone footage can be edited to make it look like the officer was in the wrong until an
officer's footage is released. Surveillance cameras have been used for years. About 75% of murders
have been solved with the use of these types of crimes, but for every 1000 cameras in use one crime
is

Information Technology In Law Enforcement
When I began my career in law enforcement, I always wondered what it was like to be in law
enforcement back in the days. Without any technology to fall back on, I wonder how difficult it was
to be in law enforcement profession. Sometimes I ask myself how difficult it would be for me to
accomplish my tasks without cell phones, computers or fingerprints readers. How much did
information technology contribute to law enforcement? Or how much has law enforcement career
changed, due to the rise of information technology and its contribution to law enforcement
profession. In this assay, I will elaborate the key factors that have changed law enforcement, due to
the developments in information technology. How the advances in the information technology, such
as cell phones, Mobile Data Terminal (MDT) and use of body warn cameras affected law
enforcement and prompted new evolution in this profession.
In today's day and age, cell phones represent an instrumental tool for law enforcement. For instance,
during patrol I could use my work cell phone to search for the directions to my call. I could
download multiple apps, to reference from if I need to look up the vehicle code or penal code
violations. One main benefit to having access to my cell phone at work, is that I could request my
back up if I am in the area where I do not have good radio reception. The use of cell phones in law
enforcement is essential, because it also provides direct communication between the officers and
citizens.

Essay on How to Make the Malahat Safer
How to Make the Malahat Safer
The debate about how to improve the treacherously narrow and winding Malahat Mountain
Highway on South Vancouver Island has been an on–going issue since its conception back in 1861
when it was built as a cattle trail, then up–graded to wagon–road status in 1884 and eventually
paved in 1911 (Commission). Currently vital safety upgrades are underway such as concrete barriers
to divide the road lanes and stabilization solutions for falling debris. The presence of physical law
enforcement units on the highway to manage problems like cell phone usage, impaired drivers and
vehicles that are ill equipped for weather conditions is a necessary and crucial part of maintaining
safety on the Malahat (Unit). However, due ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Construction will encounter further delays due to the precautions that need to be taken to ensure the
safety of workers and travellers while work is completed on the busy highway. These delays add to
the already significant financial cost of implementing these ideas for widening and improving the
existing highway. The economic cost associated with the different proposed options of development
for the highway range from an "estimated 200 million dollars to 1billion dollars" (Transportation).
The cheapest option includes upgrades to only a "total of 18.8 km" (Transportation)of road, and
does not allow for a "alternate emergency route, as well as still maintaining an inadequate capacity
rate and limited improvements over all" (Transportation). There are several different options that fall
somewhere in the middle of these two extremes both in cost and improvement outcomes. These
options vary in estimated costs of 300 million –600 million dollars and would improve anywhere
from 19.1km–26.2 km of the current highway. (Transportation) These proposed options have a range
of different outcomes, the majority do not fully address all of the issues and the ones that do, do so
with "significant

Dramatic Effects Of Law Enforcement Privacy
Law Enforcement Privacy
I believe that Law Enforcement cameras are not an invasion of privacy and that they are needed
because there have been dramatic effects in using these cameras. These streetview, bodyview, and
Dash Cam cameras can help out in investigations, they can prevent unnecessary police brutality, and
they are also good for training the officers on what they did wrong.
First of all, The law enforcement cameras can help out in complex investigations like car accidents,
robberies, terrorist attacks etc. One of the main reasons the suspects of 2013 bombing in Boston
Massachusetts were caught was because of the police video surveillance. These cameras are put on
public areas so If someone gets hit in a car accident and the person who hits them drives away, the
cameras can record the license plate number and the identification of the what the car looks like.
Also, if there is a robbery the police can identify the person and the escape route that they took from
looking at the video footage. They can then be broadcasted to the community to help locate a
possibly dangerous suspect. There are also many ways Dash cam footage in the police cars can help
the police officers in an investigation during a pursuit or just a regular traffic stop. For instance if the
officer(s) is in pursuit of a vehicle and the occupants in the car throw out an illegal substance and the
officers find it, it can be a major fine. If the officer doesn't see the substance thrown out of the
vehicle

New Utopia Research Paper
The New Utopia In the New Utopia, surveillance cameras will no longer be consider an act of
violation of civil liberties or an invasion of privacy, but it will be the norm; surveillance cameras
will be consider no different than what we nowadays consider a stop sign, a traffic light, or even the
posted speed limit on the road way. To be able to stop crimes from happening, there is a need for
law enforcement officers to be able to predict that a crime will occur in order to prevent it from
happening. As human nature, we always tend to push the limits, if we can commit a crime and get
away with it, for most that will may just be enough them to motivate them to follow through. One
hundred years ago, the thought of having traffic lights or stop signs at every intersection to direct the
movement of traffics would probably consider an act of violation of civil liberties; but imagine if we
do not have it today, there would be chaos. Having surveillance cameras doesn't necessary prevent
the crime, but it certainly reduce it to a more manageable occurrence. Just ask ourselves, would it be
better to replace each camera with a police officer: would that be more effective method to deter
crimes, would that be more cost effective at the same time, would that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But like anything else, there must be a system in place to protect it from been abuse or uses it for the
wrong purpose. For a security system, the first thing must be done is to encrypt the network it
connected to, then change the default setting, turn off remote access–related features, update the
firmware, and log out properly. But as the human factor, we cannot stop people from intentionally
commit the crime. But with enough surveillances system in place and appropriate check and
balance, those that abuse the system will eventually get caught by the system

Argumentative Essay: Red Light And Traffic Cameras
America's current means of quelling the disastrous rate of motor accidents and deaths is clearly
ineffective, as these rates continuously increase year after year. On top of that, police–public
reactions are increasingly growing in notoriety, not only causing harm to the people directly
involved, but to the population in its entirety. With tragic events, the police lose the respect and trust
of the populace, which makes their jobs even more challenging and complicated. These events have
paved the way for massive demonstrations, protests, and even riots throughout the nation. However,
the current approaches are to spread out mobile monitoring patrol units to pull over alleged violators
on the spot. There have been moderate attempts to expand the digital monitoring and enforcement of
traffic violations. For example, per the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SpeedCurb cameras are also similar to Gatso cameras, but they don't use radars. They employ
sensors to tell how fast the vehicle is moving past sensors laid out along the road. If the vehicle is
moving at a rate 10% over the limit, the camera will take three images of the vehicle.
Red Light/Traffic Cameras are the ones most commonly used in the United States. They are mainly
focused on tracking red light crossing offences. I received an offence for this in Austin, Texas nine
years ago. Sadly, there has not been much development in the States in terms of traffic camera based
technology.
Mobile Cameras: While not exactly mobile, the Speed Enforcement Camera System (SPECS) is the
most complicated system in the United Kingdom. Two cameras are placed several miles apart. They
are completely digital. They take photos of every vehicle passing, then compare the time
displacement between the two photos to determine how fast the vehicle was going on average
throughout the distance between the two cameras.

Final: Future of Policing Paper
Jessica Couture
7/22/2012
CJS/210
Final: Future of policing paper
The biggest issue that effects policing is technology. Technology is at a rise and growing at an
incredible rate. Technology advancement gives criminals a whole new way or an easier way to
commit crimes. Eventually technology is going to take away jobs from our police officers and other
individuals working in law enforcement. We are no longer going to need police officers out on
patrol monitoring traffic, we have high speed cameras to detect incident detection, and vehicle
counting, traffic flow monitoring and even people who violate traffic laws like speeding, running
red lights and stop signs.
The technology only gets better with the better quality of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Changes that need to be in place to ensure effectiveness of these critical issues is met would be
starting with collecting intelligence about possible and likely terrorist attacks. Intelligence collection
is so important for combating terrorism. Sometimes a little bit of information can go a long way, to
further make up a bigger picture. Possessing this type of information isn't going to put an end to
terrorism by any means but it will lead into action. It will be more effective when it's shared with
other law enforcement agencies all over the world. The more information that others know it is
easier to work together to prevent an attack etc. Another change that needs to be made is to ensure
that targets are protected. I know that ever since September 11th security was on a rise for a little
while. Now that so many years have gone by the security has dwindled away. For example the
security at airports. A few years after that terrorist attack the airports were so efficient with searches
and making sure that everyone was safe and no one got past them with any weapons etc. Homeland
security was on top of their game. Many years later, things are back to the way they use to be before
that attack. I believe that they need to ensure the safety of places like this as much as they do court
houses or government buildings. Law enforcement needs to take technology and use it to their
advantage in this situation and

Research Paper On Law Enforcement
Running head: LAW ENFORCEMENTS SAFETY 1
Law Enforcements Safety (Rough Draft)
Shawna Pope
English122: English Composition II
Prof. Stephanie Freese
April 24, 2016
LAW ENFORCEMENTS SAFETY 2
Law Enforcements Safety Over the years there have been conflicts between law enforcement and
citizens. The media has become a huge part on this topic such as reporting that citizens are being
beaten on and fatal incidents are happening to unarmed citizens. This is resulting in the public being
afraid, not being able of trusting law enforcement. Citizens are joining together around the world
creating riots against law enforcement, even causing damages to property ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What they need to understand is the cameras are not used to blast anyone's privacy, it is to help keep
both parties safe. Officers are limited to when they turn on the BWC, they need to notify the citizen
when they are beginning to record. If the officers enter a home, they need to notify the citizen for
their permission, unless this is a life threatening call. After the videos are taken which results in no
further investigation the videos need to be deleted right away.
LAW ENFORCEMENTS SAFETY 4
There are different types of BWC, some have "pre–record buffer" meaning it continues recording,
which is good because it shows what happens before the officer hits the record button. An example
is AXON Body by TASER it keeps 30 seconds before the officer hits the record, in case the officer
forgot to press the button while in the middle of an altercation. Law enforcements don't use much of
the cameras that are continuously recording because of their cost. It is very expensive and uses more
storage causing it to cost more than

The Technology of Red-Light Running Camera Enforcement
Although there is an enormous amount of controversy concerning the use of red–light–running
cameras, the bottom line is with proper implementation, this technology shows promise in reducing
fatality rates and increasing public safety. Red–light–running camera enforcement is a relatively
new technology. The cameras where implemented for use in the United States in the 1990s. The
technology is available to help reduce a substantial problem that causes injuries and fatalities after a
person enters a signalized intersection when displayed a red light in their traveled direction. The
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has defined the term "red–light–running" in Issue Brief 6
as "the act of entering, and proceeding through, a signalized intersection after the traffic signal has
turned red." (Federal Highway Administration [FHWA], 2009 (6), p1) While the FHWA is a
proponent of this technology, controversy has been driven by claims from opponents who cite
privacy issues, maintenance concerns, and claims that the intervals for yellow/amber signals have
been shortened for the sole purpose of generating funds for the states and municipalities that use the
technology. Looking back at the history of the traffic signals, authorities that control them and some
recent studies may allow for a better understanding of the cameras and their use today. With the
introduction of the automobile, traffic safety quickly became a Red–Light–Running Cameras

Red Light Running Research Paper
Since moving to Gainesville in the early '80's I've seen a slow and steady increase in red light
running. A red light runner was something I noticed only occasionally. Seeing an occasional red
light runner increased to seeing one about once a month, then to once a week, increasing again to
once a day. Now I see many red light runners every day. Running a red light increases the chance of
being involved in a crash, furthermore, running a red light thrusts people and property needlessly
and selfishly into harms way. Rules, laws, limits, signs, and lights, have all been established,
enacted, and erected, not only to control the flow of traffic, but to make driving safer. The first speed
limits of 12 MPH in the cities and 15 MPH on country roads for motorized vehicles was set in
Connecticut in 1901 (History.com). The world's first electric traffic light was installed at the corner
of Euclid Avenue and East 105th Street in Cleveland Ohio in 1914 (History.com). And while
walk/don't walk signs debuted in Washington D.C. in 1939 as revealed by research conducted by
Richard Weingroff, it is unknown when or where the first was installed. Arguably all of these
improvements helped to make driving safer. Of course all the laws, rules, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration there were almost 1.2 million
intersection related crashes with more than 1,200 fatalities and 298,000 injuries. Red light runners
cause hundreds of deaths and many thousands of injuries each year. "In 2008, 762 people were
killed and an estimated 133,000 were injured in crashes that involved red light running."
(Nhtsa.dot.gov). About half of the people killed in red light running crashes are not the red light
runner, they are the drivers, pedestrians, and bicyclists that are hit by the red light

Police Brutality Of The United States
Over the years there have been a large number of police brutality incidences reported in the United
States. Unfortunately, there have been a large number of cases where the law enforcement officers
have been at fault, but in turn, there have also been cases where the law enforcement officers have
been falsely accused. In order to increase the public's faith and trust in law enforcement, footage
needs to be made available to, not only the press, but also the public eye with body cameras. Not
only will these body cameras help prevent violence, but it will also show positive footage of good
working law enforcement officers, and also hold law enforcement officers liable for their unjustified
actions by being recorded.
In the high–tech age we live in, and where the use of smart phones can capture and record live
actions and moments, many of these moments are now being captured by on–duty police officers
who are using body mounted cameras to record incidents as they occur. The cameras, that these
officers are utilizing, are small devices that are no more than two inches long and can be easily
installed onto the officer's glasses. The recording device is then attached to the officer's uniform and
is placed in an obscured location. The use of these body cameras are still under scrutiny but are
quickly becoming standard uniform equipment in law enforcement departments throughout the
United States.
Prevent Violence
A large number of law enforcement departments, across the United

Surveillance Cameras On The United States
Introduction
In this paper, the following sections will be discussed in accordance the use of the Conflict theory:
The history of the surveillance camera, The present day use of the Surveillance Camera,
Surveillance Camera use outside of the United States, When Surveillance cameras effect behavior,
and When Surveillance Cameras do not effect behavior. The use of Surveillance Cameras alters or
sustains a person's behavior, based on the situation presented.
History
Present Day
Surveillance Camera use outside of the United States It is no surprise that surveillance cameras are
used worldwide. However, do countries use them the same way as the United States? Are they as
accepted as in the United States? In this section, three different countries will be discussed; France,
Italy, and the United Kingdom; France will be discussed first. The French Government began to use
the surveillance cameras during the 1990s. During this time period, Government officials began
drawing the attention of the public to use the cameras regularly, instead of having them "for show."
The only individuals, who used the cameras, were business owners (jewelers and banks). They used
them to help protect their businesses from crime. The reason these people only used them because
the French public was in dispute of the privacy of the cameras. The people against questioned the
privacy and usefulness, while the people for believed there was a security inadequacy because of
threats of terrorism and violence

Utilization Of Fear Advertising Essay
Over speeding has been among those moral hazards that have resulted in the yield of drastic
outcomes. Despite extensive research and development on the subject, no notable reduction in the
traffic accidents caused due to over speeding have been observed. According to studies, every time a
driver exceeds the speed limit above the mean speed limit, the risk of casualty crashes increases
significantly (CTBSSP, 2008). In cases where the speed of a vehicle is 10 km/h above the average
speed limit of a particular road, the risk of crash literally doubles, while the risk is increased to six
times as great when speeding 20km/h above the average speed limit. Studies have also concluded
that an overall reduction of 41% can be observed if no driver increases the speed above the provided
speed limits (Willis, 2006).
On the other hand, irrespective of the mean speed provided, violating speed limits increases the
probability of a driver being involved in a casualty crash ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This approach tends to bring to the public's notice all the negative and damaging outcomes
pertaining to dangerous driving behaviors and traffic rule violations. Such approaches anticipate that
the individuals going through such advertising will be aware of the hazards underlying, and thus will
persuade them to align their driving behaviors according to the recommended patterns by the
authorities.
However, the utilization of fear advertising to promote road safety and to discourage speed
violations remains conspicuous. Some behavioral scientists and scholars are of the view that fear
advertising should be avoided completely or should be used with extreme levels of caution if there is
a severe need of its usage (Williams, n.d). On the contrary, there are others who contend fear–
advertising to be very effective in enhancing road–safety (Witte & Allen, 2000).
Early Perceptions of Fear Advertising

Say Cheese Research Paper
Say Cheese!
The production of law enforcement cameras on police officers should be highly enforced. In South
Carolina a police officer was charged with murder after shooting an unarmed man during a traffic
stop. Somehow, someone caught everything on tape. Michael T. Slager was running for his life
when a police officer shot him 8 times in the back. The officer said he had feared for his life because
the man had taken his gun and in the video it clearly showed the man had no weapons. Normally,
police officers wouldn't get caught or taken to jail for things like this because of their lies. If police
officers were to get body cameras placed on their uniforms we could see the truth. Keeping cameras
on police officers can lower death rates.

Traffic Congestion and the Pollution it Creates is...
According to the Toronto Environmental Office, vehicles are responsible for 35% of all greenhouse
gases (GHG) produced in Toronto (City of Toronto, 2011), and the Clean Air Partnership estimates
that idling in the GTHA wastes 90 million litres of fuel each year (ibid), which further justifies the
need to combat gridlock and traffic congestion with effective government policies. Air is a
transboundary problem therefore no one jurisdiction, whether it is a municipality, province, country
or continent, can completely control the air in which its residents breathe in. In addition, each have
their own authority to uphold air quality for its residents but cannot control the air pollution coming
in from neighbouring provinces and countries. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cooperation will be key in combating decreasing air quality as a result of gridlock and traffic
congestion.
Although air quality falls under different jurisdictions and is subject to various laws and regulations
that cross municipal and provincial jurisdictions, municipal governments can exert control, even
with their limited powers, by creating bylaws that help increase the air quality in Toronto. On top of
creating bylaws within the city, the municipalities must ensure that they work with the different
levels of governments to pass worthwhile laws and regulations across the province that will help
reverse the decreasing air quality in the GTHA and in the province in general. Traffic Congestion
has been a problem for those living in the city and those commuting to the city for years now. The
Toronto Region Board of Trade (2013) points out how investing in the regional transportation plan,
also known as "The Big Move," which was developed by the Province's regional transportation
agency Metrolinx, is key to improving roads and highways for drivers across the GTHA (p. 2) and
therefore decreasing the negative affects from gridlock and traffic congestion. There a number of
ways improvements can be made including, but not limited to, investing in public transportation,
improving intraregional bottlenecks (ibid.) and increasing tickets and fines (Heisey, 2013, p. 2),
along with many other important changes, all of which will require legal action and political
cooperation.

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