The document summarizes key concepts about osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It discusses how different animals, such as fish, terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates, regulate water and salt balance and excrete waste through various organs like kidneys, gills, and nephridia. In humans, the kidneys play an important role in homeostasis by excreting urea and maintaining water-salt balance and acid-base balance. The kidneys work with other systems like the lungs, skin, and hormones to precisely control fluid and electrolyte levels in the blood.

1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 33 Osmoregulation and Excretion

2. Metabolic Waste Products Have Different Advantages 33-

4. Figure 33.1 Excretion of –NH 2 33-

6. Figure 33.2 Excretory organs in invertebrates 33-

7. Osmoregulation Varies According to the Environment 33-

9. Figure 33.3A The blood sharks is isotonic to sea water 33-

10. Figure 33.3B Osmoregulation in marine bony fishes 33-

11. Figure 33.3C Osmoregulation in freshwater bony fishes 33-

13. Figure 33.4A Adaptations of a kangaroo rat to minimize water loss 33-

14. Figure 33.4B Marine birds and reptiles are apt to have salt glands to pump excess salt 33-

15. The Kidney Is an Organ of Homeostasis 33-

17. Figure 33.5 The mammalian urinary system 33-

19. Figure 33.6A Macroscopic ( left ) and microscopic anatomy of the kidney 33-

21. Figure 33.6B Nephron anatomy 33-

23. Figure 33.7 The process of urine formation 33-

26. Figure 33.9A Regulation of water-salt balance in mammals 33-

28. Figure 33.9B The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 33-

30. Figure 33.10 Excretion of these ions regulates pH 33-

32. Figure 33.11 An artificial kidney machine 33-