Banele Mabuza match up presentation

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Liberty Leading The People by Delacroix

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Crisis in the French Monarchy
The Revolution of 1789
The Reconstruction of France
The Second Revolution
The Reign of Terror

10.2 Causes and consequences of the French Revolution

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A.
B.
C.

The financial crisis
Louis XIV was a weak ruler
The Estates General


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France was in massive debt
 The 7 year war
 The American Revolution
 Lifestyle of the Bourbon family

Nobility or the Parlements refused to increase taxes


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Little influence over nobility
 Nobility did not want to increase taxes
 Would not raise taxes unless Estates General met
 It had not met since 1614.

Little influence with public
 Sex scandals

Often unable to address pressing issues


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 The First Estate: Catholic Church
 Controlled about 10% of the land.
 Paid a 2% gift to the monarch
 The Second Estate: The Nobility
 Less than 2% of the population.
 Owned 25% of the land
 Could tax peasants at will.
 Resented authority of crown
 The Third Estate: everyone else
 The emerging Bourgeoisie.
 The urban working class.
 Peasant farmers.
 Carried the majority of the tax burden.


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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Meeting of the Estates General
The National Assembly
The Tennis Court Oath
Fall of the Bastille
The Great Fear
March on Versailles


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All Estates agreed change was needed
 Political reform
 Address corruption

But bitter division over how to vote.
 Vote by order, Third Estate will lose 2-1.
 Vote by Head, Third Estate wins 610-591.

King Louis XVI requests estates to meet separately


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Third Estate refuses and forms National Assembly
Invites 2nd and 3rd Estate to sit with them
Seized power away from the First and Second estates


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Vowed to write a

constitution
Members of other estates
joined
King capitulated to
National Assembly
The Declaration of the
Rights of Man and
citizen’s.


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 Paris was a model of instability.
 Poor wheat crop cause price increases.
 High price of bread diminished demand for other goods.
 Riots over rising prices of bread.
 Louis XVI called for his Swiss guards to come to Paris
 To Protect the crown
 The crowds feared this move.
 The National Assembly feared the Guards were coming after them.
 Peasants attack Bastille to seize weapons for defense
 This is NOT the Assembly


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Peasant mobs rise against

nobility.
 Attacked manors
 Destroyed legal documents
 Seized land
 Stopped paying taxes

National Assembly forces Louis

XVI to end Feudalism


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Rising bread prices anger woman of Paris.
 They march on the assembly.
 They march to Versailles.

The woman and mobs attack Versailles.
Force King to agree to return to Paris.


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A.
B.
C.
D.

Political reorganization
Economic policy
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The Counter Revolution


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Citizenship and voting based on tax payers
Created 83 departments
 Replaced all provincial power
 Further crippled nobility


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Assembly outlawed labor unions
 Counter to individualism

Assembly confiscated the land of the Church
Issued Assignats or bonds
 Issued too many and led to inflation


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Transformed Catholic Church into secular part of

state.
 Between loss of lands and this catholic church was very

angry
 Even members of Church who supported the assembly
opposed the Revolution now.
 Really angered the Pope


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The revolution threatened political and social order

across Europe
 The Vatican
 French Nobility or Emigres
 The King tried to flee, but was caught
 Monarchs of Europe saw its as a threat
Declaration of Pillnitz
 Frederick II of Prussia vowed to protect Marie Antoinette


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A.
B.
C.

The Jacobins
The Paris Commune
The Sans-Culottes


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Political Party of the Revolution
 Influenced by Rousseau and Enlightenment
 Emerged as early leaders of assembly

Declared war on Austria as a threat to the Revolution

(1792)


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Formed to govern Paris during the war
Consisted of mobs of people to protect the revolution
 Feared the counter revolutionaries

Attacked the prison
Attacked the royal residence
 Imprisoned the family


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Shop keepers, workers and artisans
 Primarily the poor

Very angry at price of food
 People have a right to food
 Angry at the Jacobins

Divisions in the assembly
 The left was extremely revolutionary
 The Right wanted a constitutional Monarchy


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A.
B.
C.
D.

War with Europe
The Levee en Masse
Committee on Public safety
The end of Terror


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France was at war with Britain, Austria and Prussia
 Europe feared the revolution

The radicals of the revolution saw a need to defend

the revolution
 Viewed early leaders of the revolution as a threat


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Mobilize the entire population
 Over 1 million men
 Included women


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Had power to defend the revolution from internal

threats

 Headed by Maximillian Robespierre

Determined to build a “Republic of Virtue”
From 1793 –1794 put on trial all enemies of the state.
 Christians and women
 Anyone less radical than Robespierre.
 40,000 people killed.


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Robespierre creates “Cult of Supreme Being”
Remaining leaders fear his power
Robespierre accuses them of conspiracy
This is the end of Robespierre
Period becomes known as Reign of Terror


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It was the best of times,
it was the worst of times,
it was the age of wisdom,
it was the age of foolishness,
it was the epoch of belief,
it was the epoch of incredulity…

-- Charles Dickens
A Tale of Two Cities

French Revolution
Trouble is brewing
in France
Why it matters:
• The French Revolution became the
model for revolution in the modern world.
• The power of nationalism was first

experienced during the French Revolution
and it is still powerful in existing nations and
emerging nations today.
• The French Revolution spread the principles of

liberty and equality, which are held dear by many
nations and individuals today.

The French Revolution of 1789
student outline
1. Rule of kings until 1789
2. Estates general called in 1789
3. Fall of Bastille July 1789
4. New Constitution 1789-1791
5. Republic 1792
6. Extremists in power 1793
7. Reign of Terror 1793-1794
8. The Directory 1795
9. Napoleon First Consul 1799

The Rulers of France
Louis XVI

Marie Antionette

Queen Marie Antoinette: Love Her or Hate Her

• When she was 14 years old, her mother sent her to Paris to marry the
Dauphin and become France's future Queen. Maria Teresa thought her a
silly girl ("Her age craves indulgence," she wrote father-in-law Louis XV)-and only sent her when her other daughters defaulted and she had no other
choice (beautiful Marie Elizabeth, for example, contracted small pox and
became too ugly to qualify). Indeed, Marie Antoinette had been a lousy
student, didn't like to read, and could barely write.
• Her 15-year-old husband, the future Louis XVI, was a shy, gawky boy who

most loved hunting, reading history, and working in his little locksmith
shop. Whereas womanizing Louis XV immediately examined his daughterin-law's breasts (and was disappointed--she was, after all, only 14), the
future Louis XVI was not able to complete the sex act with his bride for a
whole 7 years and 3 months after the wedding.

For 7 years and 3 months, then, Marie
Antoinette filled her life with other
gay pursuits--dancing, music,
gambling; theatricals, buying things,
gambling; riding horses, frisking with
dogs, gambling--and she shocked the
pants off France when she made an
outing with courtiers and her
household one morning to watch
daybreak--the so-called l'lever
d'Aurore. Positively Rousseau-esque!
Decadent and unqueenly! It prompted
the first of thousands of vitriolic
pamphlets written against her
specifically.
In 1774, Louis XV died, and King Louis
XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette
ascended to the throne.


•Finally in 1778, thanks to the intervention in 1777

of Marie Antoinette's brother Joseph (the future
Holy Roman Emperor) in the role of sex therapist,
the King and Queen delivered a healthy baby
girl...followed by a son in 1781, the coveted
Dauphin and future King...another son in
1785...and daughter Sophie in 1786. These were
the Queen's happiest years--so fulfilled as a
mother, by her own account, that she packed on
weight and mostly gave up her antic behavior.
But sad days followed fast: Sophie died in 1787.
The Dauphin, always a sickly boy, became
hideously diseased, crippled, and feverish as he
slipped into advanced tuberculosis. And, with the
treasury empty, bread riots everywhere, and the
fear of war rampant, the Queen got the blame.

Marie
Antoinette
and the
Royal
Children

Marie Antoinette’s
“Peasant Cottage”

The Necklace Scandal

1,600,000 livres
[$100 million today]

Y Cardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan
Y The Countess de LaMotte

Let Them Eat Cake!

Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!
Y “Madame Deficit”
Y “The Austrian Whore”


What will happen to
her next?
Wait and see….

The French Urban Poor
80
70
60
50
1787
1788

40
30
20
10
0

% of Income Spent on Bread

Financial Problems
in France, 1789
a

Urban Commoner’s
Budget:
– Food
–
–
–
–
–

80%
Rent
25%
Tithe
10%
Taxes
35%
Clothing 20%
TOTAL 170%

a

King’s Budget:
– Interest
–
–
–
–
–
–

50%
Army
25%
Versailles 25%
Coronation 10%
Loans
25%
Admin.
25%
TOTAL
160%

The Three Estates
The Estates General is the French body of lawmaking

Nobility

Bourgeoisie
Commoners
Peasants

Clergy

The Three Estates
First and Second Estates
First Estate: Clergy (1% population)
-control lots of land
-operated the schools
-aided the poor
-lived in great luxury – chateaux
-doesn’t have to pay tax (taille) to King (common people pay
tax to King and tithe to church)
Second Estate: nobles
-Nobles had almost complete authority over peasants
-Nobles did not have to do military service
-Nobles were exempt from most taxes
-Nobles collected tolls from people using roads and
markets

The Three Estates
The Third Estate
-Workers (sans culottes)
-Bourgeoisie (businessmen)
-Peasants were forced to do military service
- Peasants could not hunt or fish on noble’s estates
--Peasants had to pay taxes to their lord, the king, and
the Church
--Peasants had to use the lord’s mill, oven and
winepress, and pay for them
-- Peasants made up 90% of the population

The Number of Representatives
in the Estates General: Vote by
Head! Clergy
300

1st Estate

Aristocracy
2nd Estate

300
648
Commoners
3rd Estate

Convening the Estates General
May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was 1614!

King Louis XVI and Marie Antionette ran out of
money. He spent lots of money on two wars
against Britain.

1.

1.
2.

One in 1756 (French and Indian War or the 7
Years War)
One in 1778 (American Revolution against
Britain)

2. Problems faced by peasants. They were so poor
they couldn’t feed their families. Then there
were 2 years of bad harvest.

3. Clergy and Nobles would not give the king more
money. Clergy and nobles had lots of land and
money but would not pay more taxes.

4. Final cause of the French Revolution was ideas. A
new set of ideas called the Enlightenment
attacked the power of the king and the church.
These made lots of ordinary French people think
that they should have some of the power of the
gov’t.

“The Third Estate Awakens”
Y The commoners finally presented their credentials not
as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives
of the nation.”

Y They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly”
of France.

“ The Tennis Court Oath”
by Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789

link
You tell me who said what: worksheet

What happened after the Tennis
June 20, 1789
Court oath?
The National
Assembly ruled and
created documents
and new decrees
(laws)

Storming the Bastille, July 14,
1789

Y A rumor that the king was planning a military coup
against the National Assembly.
Y 18 died.
Y 73 wounded.
Y 7 guards killed.
Y It held 7
prisoners
[5 ordinary
criminals & 2
madmen].

Bastille - a symbol of tyranny

The Great Fear: Peasant
Revolt
(July 20, 1789)

Y There was chaos and fear everywhere as the National
Assembly took over
Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were
sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage
their land.

The Path of the “Great Fear”
Why did the Great Fear occur?
____Peasants believed nobles
were planning to kill them and
stop revolution. Many food
shortages, so people hungry and
angry______
What was the Great Fear?
____Peasants attacked manor
houses and monasteries.
Destroyed possessions and
documents recording rents,
feudal dues and other feudal
obligations

The Creation of the
National Assembly
and the new
Constitution

National Constituent
Assembly
1789 - 1791

Liberté!

Egalité!

Fraternité!

During that August there were
decrees (laws) passed that
ended the privileges of the rich
aristocracy

1789 The National Assembly
continued to meet.

3 reforms of the National Assembly which occurred in
August, 1789? (August Decrees)

a. Outlawed the 10% tithe to
Catholic Church
b. Canceled all feudal dues and
services from peasants to
nobility
c. Removed privileges of First
and Second Estates,
therefore outlawed
Feudalism in France_

Equality & Meritocracy!

The Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the
Citizen (Aug 26, 1789)
5 rights stated in the
Declaration of the Rights of
Man.

a. men are born and
remain equal before
the law
b. Freedom of speech,
press, and religion
c. Right to take part
in government
d. Right to hold public
office
e. Right to a fair trial

Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)
V Women played a vital
role in the Revolution.
V But, The Declaration of
the Rights of Man did
NOT extend the rights
and protections of
citizenship to women.

Declaration of the
Rights of Woman
and of the Citizen
(1791)

BUT . . . .
Y

Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this
had been too strong a threat to the principle of
private property!]

Y

Peasants would compensate their landlords
through a series of direct payments for
obligations from which they had supposedly
been freed.

 Therefore, the National Assembly made

revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially
moderate.

Their Goal

Safeguard the right of private
property!!

BUT . . . .
Y

Many nobles flee to Europe - they hope the
other noble families will protect them and try to
retake the throne for the French king.

Y What is an emigre?French nobles

who fled to Britain, Prussia,
Switzerland

The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the
Bourbons + the RED &
BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!

The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne
Rouge

Laws Passed by The National
Assembly
2 laws passed by the National
Assembly which reformed France?
Divided France into 83 departments
instead of unequal provinces
all local officials to be elected

83 Revolutionary
Departments are created

February 26, 1790

The Creation of the New Constitution
•

The Assembly adopted its Constitution of 1791,
which set up a limited monarchy with a king and a
legislative Assembly with the power to make laws
• Only the most affluent(rich) members would be

elected.

• Only men over 25 who paid a specified amount in

taxes could vote. This keeps the mob from running the
gov’t.
•Many people–Catholic priests, nobles, and lower

classes hurt by economic hard times–opposed the new
order.
•The king tried to flee France, but he was recognized

and returned to France.

How to Finance the New
Govt.?
1. Confiscate and sell Church
Lands (1790)

One of the most controversial decisions of the entire
revolutionary period.

How to Finance the New
Govt.?
Why did the National Assembly seize lands
from the Catholic Church?

land was sold to the people and money used
to pay down the national debt

The Civil Constitution of the
Clergy
People in parishes would
elect their own clergy and
government pay salaries
of priests and bishops
What was the result of
this law? Catholic
Church upset and many
Catholics began to oppose
the Revolution

New Relations Between
Church & State
V Government paid the salaries of the French
clergy and maintained the churches.

V The church was reorganized:



The pope had NO voice in the
appointment of
the French clergy.

V It transformed France’s
Roman Catholic Church
into a branch of the state!!
Pope Pius VI
[1775-1799]

2. Print
Assignats

V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.
V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as
V

security.
Caused inflation

What did the National
Assembly Accomplish?
limited the authority of the king and
divided the government into 3
branches--executive, judicial,
legislative--who believed in 3
branches of government?????

4 Provisions of the 1791
Constitution?
a. king couldn’t make or stop law
b. .tax paying males elected members to

Legislative Assembly
c. National Assembly abolished,
Legislative Assembly established
d. No member of National Assembly could
be a member of the Legislative Assembly

How did Louis XIV feel about
the 1791 Constitution?

Louis XVI “Accepts” the
Constitution
& the National Assembly. 1791
Agreed, but plotted with emigres to
overthrow gov’t and restore Old Regime j

What were the problems with the
Legislative Assembly of 1791?

weak executive branch,
inexperienced legislature
elected by minority of
population, discontent among
poor, inflation

Revolutionary France prepares a new army

Europe on the Eve of the
French Revolution

French Expansion: 1791-1799
During the revolution in
France other countries
are scared. They are
frightened the revolution
will spread to their lands.
Some offer support to
Louis XVI and nobles of
France.
New French army
(commoners) expands Fr
territory.
Out of this Napoleon will
arise.

Why did the Legislative
Assembly and Louis XVI favor
war?

Louis XVI-would defeat
revolutionary army and restore
him to power.
Legis Assemb--increase their
power and spread revolution

Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.

C
__ 1. the middle class, including
merchants, industrialists,
and professional people

A. estate
B. relics of
feudalism

B
__ 2. obligations of peasants to
C. bourgeoisie
noble landlords that survived
D. sans-culottes
into the modern era
D
__ 3. “without breeches,” members of the Paris
Commune who considered themselves ordinary
patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers
instead of fine knee-length breeches)
A
__ 4. one of the three classes into which French
society was divided before the revolution: the
clergy (first estate), the nobles (second estate),
and the townspeople (third estate)

The Political Spectrum
conservative. Group that does not want
change--revolution had gone far enough-king
with limited authority
radical. Person who wants more changewants to get rid of king, set up republic and more
reforms
moderate. Person who does not hold extreme
views--sided with both sides depending on the
issue

The Political Spectrum
TODAY:

1790s:

Montagnards

The Plain

(swing votes)

Girondists

(“The Mountain”)

Monarchíen
(Royalists)

Jacobins

Now there is an uprising
Due to all the continued problems and discontent

What led to uprisings in France? Failures in war and economic/food shortages
From all this discontent new voices/groups will rise in power in the France….

The Political Chaos

• The Girondins (rural) wanted to keep the

king alive.

• The Jacobins (especially the Mountain -left

branch) wanted the King killed.

There is murder and mayhem and chaos in the streets.
The Jacobins take over.
The Reign of Terror begins.

The September Massacres,
1792






Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners
were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the
armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked
from the front.
Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] over 1000 killed!
It discredited the Revolution among its remaining
sympathizers abroad.

They called themselves the Commune
Radicals/Jacobins who seized government in
Paris

The steps leading to the end of the monarchy
a. Prussia vowed to destroy Paris if royal family is harmed

b. Commune demanded Legis Assemb abolish
monarchy
c. Commune accused Louis XIV of plotting with foreign powers to overthrow Const of 1791
d. Legis Assembly suspended office of king
e. Parisian mob marched to Tuileries, killed guards, and imprisoned the royal family
f. Commune ruled Paris and Legis Assembly tried to govern France

Legislative Assembly voted itself out of existence
and sets date for new elections--Legis Assembly a
constitutional monarchy and since no longer a
king, need a new constitution_

The National Assembly added universal manhood
suffrage

every adult male could vote no matter
if owned property or not

1. Georges Danton

2. Maximilien Robespierre
3. Jean Paul Marat

Important Jacobins

A. One of the more important radical leaders
was Jean-Paul Marat, who published the
radical journal Friend of the People.
• He argued that the poor had a right to take

from the rich whatever they needed, even
by violence!

“ The Death of Marat”
by Jacques Louis David,
1793

The Assassination of
Marat
by Charlotte
Corday
Paul Jacques
Aimee
Baudry, 19c
[A Romantic
View]

1. The Sans-Culottes:

The Parisian Working Class

 Workers

 Small shopkeepers.
 Tradesmen.
 Artisans.
They felt the gov’t
should make sure they
had wage increases and
the price of food was
fixed!
They were the voice of
the common man!

2. The Jacobins

Jacobin Meeting House



Started as a debating society.



Membership mostly middle class
unlike the Sans-Collotes who were
more peasant and working class.



Created a vast network of clubs.

Who were the important
Jacobins?
B. To respond, the National Convention formed the 12member Committee of Public Safety, led first by
Danton and then by Maximilian Robespierre.
• Robespierre was a lawyer and activist, so

known for his honesty that he was called
“The Incorruptible.”

• He followed Rousseau’s ideas in The

Social Contract, and he believed that
anyone who would not submit to the
general will as he interpreted it should
be executed.

Committee for Public
Safety





Revolutionary Tribunals.
300,000 arrested.
16,000 – 50,000 executed.

Committee for Public
Safety

 It’s task was to
try enemies of
the Revolution
 To direct the
army to try to
stop invading
armies
 To control the
Revolution

The “Monster” Guillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

A French physician, JosephIgnace Guillotin, was
instrumental in having a law
passed requiring all
sentences of death to be
carried out humanely
by “means of a machine.”
Use of the guillotine, named
for Guillotin,continued in
France through the 1970s.
In 1981, France outlawed
capital punishment.

The Reign of Terror
Terror is nothing other than justice,
prompt, severe, inflexible. -Robespierre

Let terror be
the order of
the day!

c

The Revolutionary
Tribunal of Paris alone
executed 2,639 victims
in 15 months.

c

The total number of
victims nationwide was
over 20,000!

Louis XVI’s Head
1793)

(January 21,

Louis XIV is
accused of
plotting against
the gov’t of
The National
Convention and
against France

Marie Antoinette Died in
October, 1793

The rest of the world is shocked that
the king and queen were executed!

Different Social Classes
Executed
8%

7%
28%

25%
31%

Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Netherlands, Spain,
Sardinia.
They feared France would try to export revolutionary ideas
about overthrowing monarchy

The French Army was different than the old
regime
A conscription is passed.
Conscription is to draft all
unmarried 18-25 year old
men into the army
How was the new French army different from the
army of the Old Regime?
anyone could become an officer if proved their
ability

The Creation of the Republic
Wars
•

The French revolutionary army changed the nature of
modern warfare and was an important step in creating
modern nationalism.

•

Previously, small armies
fought wars between
governments and ruling
dynasties.

•

The new French army was a
people’s army fighting a
people’s war on behalf
of a people’s government.
Warfare also became more
destructive.

The Reign of Terror (cont.)
• A new calendar was adopted. Years were

numbered from September 22, 1792, the
first day of the French Republic, and not
from Christ’s birth.

• The calendar contained 12 months with

each month having three weeks of 10
days, with the tenth day a day of rest.
This practice eliminated Sundays.

• Robespierre realized, however, that

France was too Catholic to be
dechristianized.

The New Republican Calendar
New Name

Meaning

Time Period

Vendemaire

Vintage

September 22 – October 21

Brumaire

Fog

October 22 – November 20

Frimaire

Frost

November 21 – December 20

Nivose

Snow

December 21 – January 19

Pluviose

Rain

January 20 – February 18

Ventose

Wind

February 19 – March 20

Germinal

Budding

March 21 – April 19

Floreal

Flowers

April 20 – May 19

Prairial

Meadow

May 20 – June 18

Messidor

Harvest

June 19 – July 18

Thermidor

Heat

July 19 – August 17

Fructidor

Fruit

August 18 – September 21

Religious Terror:

De-Christianization (1793

1794)
The Catholic Church was linked with

The Catholic Church was linked with
real or potential counter-revolution.



Religion was associated with the
Ancien Régime and superstitious
practices.



Very popular among the sans-culottes.



Therefore, religion had no place in a
rational, secular republic!

The De-Christianization
Program

2. The public exercise of religion was
banned.

3. The Paris Commune supported the:
 destruction of religious & royal statues.
 ban on clerical dress.
 encouragement of the clergy to give up their
vocations.
2. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”
3. The deportation of priests denounced by
six citizens.

The “Temple of
Reason”

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple,
Become the goddess of the French people.

The Festival of Supreme
Being

A new secular holiday

The
Radical’s
Arms:
No God!
No Religion!
No King!
No Constitution!

Jacobins lost power, bourgeoisie took control of National Convention,
Fashions became fancier, inflation increased
_____________________________

The “Thermidorean
Reaction,” 1794

P July 26  Robespierre gives a
speech illustrating new
plots & conspiracies.
 he alienated members of the CPS
& CGS.
 many felt threatened by his
implications.

P July 27  the Convention arrests
Robespierre.
P July 28  Robespierre is tried &
guillotined!

The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 1794

The Arrest of Robespierre

The Revolution
Consumes
Its Own Children!

Danton Awaits
Execution, 1793

Robespierre Lies Wounded
Before the Revolutionary
Tribunal that will order him
to be guillotined, 1794.

a. Opened new schools
b. supported ideas of universal elementary education
c. encouraged religious toleration
d. established wage and price controls to stop inflation
e. adopted metric system
f. abolished slavery in French colonies

A new constitution is written
It creates a Directory

The Directory
The Directory
New ruling gov’t of France 1795-1799
Elector choose legislators
They choose 5 men to direct the country
–
They are called the Directory

How is it organized?
2 House legislature-500 members
Council of 500 - propose laws.
250 members - House of Ancients-vote on laws
and select executive branch.
Executive branch=5 members=directors_

Who voted in Directory
elections? How was this
different from elections during
the National Convention?
Male property owners, therefore
bourgeoisie controlled govt.
all men could vote during
National Convention.

What problems did the
Directory face?
weak, corrupt rulers,
Inflation, Used army to put
down revolts

Old Regime – socio-political system which existed

in most of Europe during the 18th century
Countries were ruled by absolutism – the
monarch had absolute control over the
government
Classes of people – privileged and unprivileged

 Unprivileged people – paid taxes and treated badly
 Privileged people – did not pay taxes and treated

well

In France, people were divided into three estates
 First Estate
High-ranking members of the Church
Privileged class

 Second Estate
Nobility
Privileged class

 Third Estate
Everyone else – from peasants in the countryside to wealthy

bourgeoisie merchants in the cities
Unprivileged class

What does this contemporary political cartoon say about conditions
in France under the Old Regime?

Monarch ruled by divine right
 God put the world in motion
 God put some people in positions of power
 Power is given by God
 No one can question God
 No one can question someone put in power by God
 Questioning the monarchy was blasphemy because it

meant questioning God

France’s economy was based primarily on agriculture
Peasant farmers of France bore the burden of taxation
Poor harvests meant that peasants had trouble paying

their regular taxes
 Certainly could not afford to have their taxes raised

Bourgeoisie often managed to gather wealth
 But were upset that they paid taxes while nobles did not

The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on himself and

residences like Versailles
Government found its funds depleted as a result of
wars
 Including the funding of the American Revolution

Deficit spending – a government spending more

money than it takes in from tax revenues
Privileged classes would not submit to being taxed

•Queen Marie

Antoinette was seen
as a wasteful
spender

Scientists during the Renaissance had discovered laws

that govern the natural world
Intellectuals – philosophies – began to ask if natural
laws might also apply to human beings

 Particularly to human institutions such as governments
 Philosophers were secular in thinking – they used

reason and logic, rather than faith, religion, and
superstition, to answer important questions
 Used reason and logic to determine how governments
are formed

Tried to figure out what logical, rational principles work to

tie people to their governments

 Questioned the divine right of kings

 Long-term causes

 Also known as underlying causes
 Causes which can stem back many years

 Short-term causes

 Also known as immediate causes
 Causes which happen close to the moment the change or

action happens

 Example: A person is fired from his or her job.

 Long-term cause(s): The person is often late to work and is

generally unproductive on the job.
 Short-term cause(s): The person fails to show up for work
and does not call the employer.
 Key: One typically does not happen without the other.

Events which bring important change (or action) need
both long-term and short-term causes.

Winter of 1788-1789
 Members of the estates elected representatives

Cahiers
 Traditional lists of grievances written by the people
 Nothing out of the ordinary
Asked for only moderate changes

Voting was conducted by estate
 Each estate had one vote
 First and Second Estates could operate as a bloc to stop

the Third Estate from having its way

◊ First Estate + ◊ Second Estate - vs. - ◊ Third Estate
Representatives from the Third Estate demanded that

voting be by population

 This would give the Third Estate a great advantage

Deadlock resulted

Tennis Court Oath by Jacques Louis David

“The National Assembly, considering that it has been summoned
to establish the constitution of the kingdom, to effect the
regeneration of the public order, and to maintain the true
principles of monarchy; that nothing can prevent it from
continuing its deliberations in whatever place it may be forced
to establish itself; and, finally, that wheresoever its members
are assembled, there is the National Assembly;
“Decrees that all members of this Assembly shall immediately take
a solemn oath not to separate, and to reassemble wherever
circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is
established and consolidated upon firm foundations; and that,
the said oath taken, all members and each one of them
individually shall ratify this steadfast resolution by signature.”

Louis XVI did not

actually want a written
constitution
When news of his plan
to use military force
against the National
Assembly reached Paris
on July 14, 1789, people
stormed the Bastille

Parisian Commune feared that Louis XVI would have

foreign troops invade France to put down the
rebellion
 Louis XVI’s wife, Marie Antoinette, was the sister of the

Austrian emperor

A group of women attacked Versailles on October 5,

1789
 Forced royal family to relocate to Paris along with

National Assembly
 Royal family spent next several years in the Tuileries
Palace as virtual prisoners

Church lands were seized, divided, and sold to

peasants
Civil Constitution of the Clergy required that
Church officials be elected by the people, with salaries
paid by the government
 2/3 of Church officials fled the country rather than

swear allegiance to this

All feudal dues and tithes were eradicated
All special privileges of the First and Second Estates

were abolished

The 30 provinces and their “petty tyrants”

(Intendants) were replaced with 83 new departments
 Ruled by elected governors

New courts, with judges elected by the people, were

established

Democratic features
 France became a limited monarchy
King became merely the head of state

 All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly
 Feudalism was abolished

Undemocratic features
 Voting was limited to taxpayers
 Offices were reserved for property owners

This new government became known as the

Legislative Assembly

 Royal family sought help from Austria
 In June, 1791, they were caught trying to escape to Austria

 Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés
 They hoped that, with foreign help, the Old Regime could be

restored in France

 Church officials wanted Church lands, rights, and

privileges restored

 Some devout Catholic peasants also supported the Church

 Political parties, representing different interests, emerged
 Girondists
 Jacobins

 European monarchs feared that revolution would spread

to their own countries
 France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops

 In the uproar, the Commune took control of Paris
 Commune was led by Danton, a member of the Jacobin

political party

 Voters began electing representatives for a new convention

which would write a republican constitution for France
 A republic is a government in which the people elect

representatives who will create laws and rule on their behalf
 Meanwhile, thousands of nobles were executed under the
suspicion that they were conspirators in the foreign invasion

On September 22, 1792, the Convention met for the

first time
Established the First French Republic
Faced domestic opposition and strife
 Girondists were moderates who represented the rich

middle class of the provinces
 Jacobins (led by Marat, Danton, and Robespierre)
represented workers
Faced opposition from abroad
 Austria, England, Holland, Prussia, Sardinia, and Spain

formed a Coalition invading France

The Convention abolished the monarchy
 As long as the royal family lived, the monarchy could be

restored
 Put the royal couple on trial for treason
Convictions were a foregone conclusion

 Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793
 Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16, 1793
 Daughter Marie-Thérèse was allowed to go to Vienna

in 1795
She could not become queen because of Salic law, which did

not allow females to succeed to the throne
 Son Louis-Charles, a.k.a. Louis XVII (lived 1785-1795)

was beaten and mistreated until he died in prison

The three most memorable
Jacobins were Georges
Danton, Maximilien
Robespierre, and JeanPaul Marat.
Because of a debilitating
illness, Marat was eventually
forced to work from home.
He was assassinated (in the
tub while taking a medicinal
bath) by Charlotte
Corday, a Girondist
sympathizer, in July, 1793.
The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis
David

Convention drafted Frenchmen into the army to

defeat the foreign Coalition

 These troops were led by General Carnot
 The people supported military operations because they

did not want the country back under the Old Regime

Rouget de Lisle wrote the “Marseillaise”
 Became the French national anthem
 Inspired troops as they were led into battle

After two years

 Coalition was defeated
 France had gained, rather than lost, territory

Despite military successes, the Convention continued

to face problems domestically
Danton and his Jacobin political party came to
dominate French politics
Committee of Public Safety
 Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre)
 Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee’s

Revolutionary Tribunal
 Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine
Guillotine became known as the “National Razor”
Including innovative thinkers like Olympe de Gouges and

Madame Jeanne Roland

 Members of the Girondist political party tried to end the

Reign of Terror initiated by the Jacobin political party

 This opposition to the Committee of Public Safety caused

many Girondists to be tried and executed for treason

 Eventually, even Georges Danton wanted to end the

executions

 This resulted in Danton being tried and executed for treason

 Maximilien Robespierre became leader of the Committee

of Public Safety

 He continued the executions
 Convention came to blame Robespierre for the Reign of Terror

 Thermidorean Reaction

 July 27, 1794 – ended the Reign of Terror
 Convention sent Robespierre and other members of the

Committee of Public Safety to the guillotine
 Robespierre was guillotined on July 28, 1794

With the foreign invaders vanquished and the Reign

of Terror at an end, the Convention was finally able to
inaugurate its new constitution
Constitution of the Year III of the Republic (1795)

created the Directory

Enlightenment ideals (liberty, equality, etc.)
Divided nation
Huge national debt (extravagance, wars, etc.)

Corruption
Population pressures
Society of Orders (The Three Estates)

Seven Year’s War
War of American Independence
Harsh winter/food shortage
Estates General/ National Assembly

Since the Middle Ages, French society had been

divided into three separate classes:
 The First Estate = clergy
 The Second Estate = nobility
 The Third Estate = everyone else

Discontent grew in 1700s
First Estate  always exempt from taxes (resented)
Second Estate  many privileges & rights:
 Land ownership
 Hunting rights
 Collect money from peasants

First & Second Estates held power
Third Estate = 97% of population
Substructure:
 Bourgeoisie = middle class, usually educated –

doctors, lawyers, merchants, manufacturers
 Urban poor = laborers & artisans
 Peasants = worked as farmers

Peasants lived in poverty & burdened by:
 Feudal dues to lords
 Rent payments for land they worked
 “Taille” (heaviest gov’t tax)
 Tithes to the Catholic church (1/10 of income)

Louis XVI convened the Estates General
Representatives from each of the three estates –

Louis hoped to gain approval to raise taxes
Met at Versailles in May 1789

Each estate had its own agenda & wanted to

improve its position by taking power from the
monarchy
Abbé de Sieyès – “What is the Third Estate?”

1st. What is the third estate?

Everything.

2nd. What has it been heretofore

in the political order? Nothing.

3rd. What does it demand? To

become something therein.

Discuss as a group then write
(individually) your answers in the
journal section of your notebooks:
Who are the subjects of the

political cartoon?

What symbolism is used?
To which Estate did the artist

most likely belong? Why?

Third Estate formed the National Assembly
Main goal = French Constitution
Louis closed down their meeting

National Assembly met on a tennis court
Took the Tennis Court Oath – vowed to stay until

they had written a Constitution

Louis recognized the N. A.
Tremendous citizen support allowed the N. A. to

assume power
By mid-summer 1789, rumors that royal troops

would crush the N. A.

Louis XVI fired the beloved finance minister,

Jacques Necker
July 14, 1789 – working people of Paris stormed

the Bastille – a prison symbolic of despotism and
torture
Initial goal = obtain weapons & gunpowder to

defend the National Assembly…

Revolutionary mentality created – drives the

revolutionaries forward
Two distinct stages: Moderate & Radical
July 14, 1789 – 800-900 Parisians, mostly women,

went to the Bastille

Looking for weapons & gunpowder
Stormed the prison – 98 killed and 73 wounded
No weapons, but significant because La

Bastille was a symbol of the Revolution
Louis’ reaction…

To many – no turning

back

Moderate Stage = Clash

between 2nd Estate
(nobility) and 3rd Estate
(peasants) WHY??

Includes fall of Bastille

and the general events
that led to it

After the fall of the

Bastille, many nobles
fled & Louis withdrew
troops

Peasantry believed Estates General would

solve the problems they had outlined in a list
of grievances called “cahiers de doléances”
Cahiers were ignored – Peasants attacked

food convoys en route to Paris

Peasants refuse to pay taxes, tithes, and manorial

dues as they perceived their landlords to be
responsible for their economic plight
End of July 1789 – peasants began to burn down

the homes of their landlords & with them the records
of their obligations

Rumors began – aristocracy to raise an army and

kill the peasants – known as “The Great Fear”
The Fear – advantage to the reformers – gave

National Assembly the opportunity to criticize
aristocratic privilege

August 4, 1789- French aristocrats surrendered

privileges by decree
That night, the General Assembly drew up

“Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen”
Outlined man’s natural rights – symbolic of the

new French Social Order

Louis XVI did not approve
October 5, 1789 – Parisians marched 12

miles to Versailles to protest the lack of bread
20,000 Paris Guards joined the mob

“We are going to cut off her head, tear out her heart,
fry her liver, and that won’t be the end of it!”

Louis promised bread &

approved
decrees/declaration and
returned to Paris
Called “October Days”
Restored peasant’s faith

June 20, 1791 – attempted to flee France
In contact with Leopold II – plan to raise army

in Austria and crush the revolution
The Flight to Varennes…

"Arrest of Louis Capet at Varennes, June 22, 1791"This print shows an angry
crowd of fervent revolutionaries breaking down doors to arrest the King.”

Showed Louis could not

be trusted
NA had wanted a

Constitutional Monarchy
– now, this was unlikely

Goal = dismantle the Ancién Regime
Six basic reforms to accomplish:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Abolish birthright – legalize equality
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Subordinated church to state
Constitution (1791)
More efficient government
Economic reforms

End of Sept. 1791 – N. A.’s work done
Revolution over
1792 – drastic change – not desired or

anticipated
Was this the end??

Bell Ringer
What were some of the consequences of
King Louis XVI’s “Flight to Varennes”?
Discuss with Partner
30 Seconds

The Sans-Culottes
French for “without knee

britches”
Term created by the nobility to
describe the poorer members of
the Third Estate because they
wore long pants instead of the
chic shorter culottes.

Sans-Culottes (cont.)
Typical dress of a sans-culotte

 Page 349 in your textbook
Red liberty cap
Pantaloons (long trousers)
Carmagnole (short-skirted coat)
Sabats (wooden shoes)

 They demanded that the

revolutionary
government
immediately:

 Increase wages
 Fix prices

 End food shortages
 Punish hoarders
 Deal with

counterrevolutionaries


Wanted laws to prevent extremes of both wealth &

poverty
Ideal nation = one of small shopkeepers and farmers

Predominately bourgeoisie
Well-organized & disciplined
Wanted a strong central

government with Paris being
the center of power
Supported temporary
governmental controls to deal
with the needs of the
economy

The Jacobins

The Jacobins (cont.)
Combined with the

sans-culottes, the
Jacobins WERE the
revolution
Above all else, the
Jacobins unleashed
extreme terror

Girondins
 This moderate faction of

the Assembly drew its
support from
businessmen, merchants,
and government officials
 Their fall from popularity
began with their refusal to
join the more radical
revolutionaries in
overthrowing the
monarchy

La Montagne
 The Mountain
 A political group

(members =
Montagnards)
 Sat on highest benches
in NA
 Often synonymous with
Jacobins
 Under the sway of such
men as Marat, Danton,
& Robespierre

Jean Paul Marat
Swiss-born
Physician
“L’Ami du Peuple”

 S.Krishna.(2012).French Revolution: Social Project.

http://www.slideshare.net/KrishnaCooldude/french-revolution-11462631?qid=9d754946-5607-4c03-859d-3fb
from_search=10

 Acessed on 07 March 2014



W.Batcheller.(2009).The French Revolution.
http://www.slideshare.net/wesleybatcheller/the-french-revolution-2097929



Accessed on 07 March 2014



J.,B.Switala.(2010).French Revolution. http://www.slideshare.net/jboyerswitala/french-revolution-part-i




 M.Lynde.(2010).French Revolution for web.

http://www.slideshare.net/Mlynde/french-revolution-for-web-2678284




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