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The Role of Ulema and Mashaikh in the Pa ki stan
Movement :
T h e U l e m a a n d M a s h a i k h o f t h e I n d o - P a k s u b - c o n t i n e n t p l a ye d
a n a c t i v e r o l e i n p r o m o t i n g t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . T h e U l e m a ’ s
t r a d i t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e p o l i t i c s i s v e r y o l d . T h e
U l e m a b e l o n g t o C h i s h t i a , Q a d r i a , N a q s h b a n d i a a n d
S o h a r w a r d i a a n d t h e i r f o l l o w e r s a c t i v e l y s u p p o r t e d t h e t w o - n a t i o n
t h e o r y w h i c h l e d t o P a k i s t a n R e s o l u t i o n . T h e p r o m i n e n t n a m e s
a m o n g s t t h e m a r e A l l a m a S h a b b i r A h m e d U s m a n i , M a u l a n a A s h r a f
A l i T h a n v i , M a u l a n a A b d u l H a m i d B a d a u n i , M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i ,
M a u l a n a M u h a m m a d I b r a h i m S i a l k o t i , P i r G h u l a m M u j a d i d S i r h a n d i ,
A m i n - u l - H a s a n a t , P i r S a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f , P i r S a h i b o f Z a k o r i
S h a r i f , P i r J a m a a t A l i S h a h , M a u l a n a S a n a u l l a h A m r a t s a r i , M a u l a n a
R a s h e e d A h m a d G h a n g o h i , M a u l a n a M u h a m m a d
Q a s i m N a n o t a v i , H a j i Z a m a n A l i S h a h e e d a n d a l o t o f o t h e r s . I n
f a c t , t h e f o u n d a t i o n s t o n e o f P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t w a s l a i d b y H a z r a t
M u j a d i d A l a f S a n i , S h e i k h A h m a d S i r h a n d i w h o d i d n o t h e s i t a t e t o
c o n f r o n t w i t h t h e B r i t i s h r o ya l a u t h o r i t y a n d p u t h i s l i f e a t s t a k e t o
l i g h t t h e t o r c h f o r t h e r e g e n e r a t i o n o f I s l a m i c s p i r i t . I t w a s k e p t
a l i v e , a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f t h e A u r a n g z e b A l a m g i r , b y t h e m o v e m e n t
s t a r t e d b y S h a h W a l i u l l a h . I n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y,
S h a h A b d u l A z i z i n t e n s i f i e d i t a n d m a d e i t w i d e s p r e a d . L a t e r o n
S h a h I s m a i l S h a h e e d a n d S ye d A h m a d S h a h e e d c o n v e r t e d i t i n t o t h e
J e h a d M o v e m e n t f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n I s l a m i c s t a t e i n t h e
s u b - c o n t i n e n t . T h e y f o u g h t a g a i n s t t h e S i k h r u l e r o f t h e P u n j a b a n d
w e r e m a r t yr e d w h i l e f i g h t i n g i n t h e v a l l e y o f B a l a k o t i n q u e s t t o
e s t a b l i s h t h e W i l l o f G o d . W i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e , t h e i d e a o f t h e
d e m a n d o f P a k i s t a n w a s c r e e p i n g i n t h e m i n d s o f t h e I n d i a n M u s l i m s
a t t h a t t i m e w h e n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s t r u g g l e f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e
s u b - c o n t i n e n t h a d b e e n s t a r t e d . T h e i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n w h i c h b e s e t
t h e m i n d s o f t h e I n d i a n M u s l i m s w a s t h a t a f t e r t h e d e p a r t u r e o f t h e
B r i t i s h w h a t t yp e o f g o v e r n m e n t w o u l d b e s t a r t e d i n I n d i a ? . W i t h
t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e , t h i s q u e s t i o n h a d b e c o m e m o r e a n d m o r e
s i g n i f i c a n t a n d i t d o m i n a t e d t h e m i n d s o f t h e I n d i a n M u s l i m s . B u t
t h e n a t i v e H i n d u s a l w a ys t r i e d t o t e m p o r i z e t h e m a t t e r b y s a yi n g :
a f t e r d e p a r t u r e o f t h e B r i t i s h i t w o u l d b e s e t t l e d t h r o u g h m u t u a l
a g r e e m e n t , b u t f i r s t o f a l l t h e B r i t i s h s h o u l d b e o u s t e d . T h e H i n d u s
w a n t e d t o l e a v e t h e m a t t e r a s s u c h a n d u n s e t t l e d b e f o r e t h e
d e p a r t u r e o f t h e B r i t i s h , b e c a u s e t h e y k n e w t h a t , a f t e r t h e
i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e y w o u l d o u t n u m b e r t h e M u s l i m s a n d p u t t h e m a t
t h e i r m e r c y. B u t t h e M u s l i m s n e v e r w a n t e d t o b e d o m i n a t e d b y t h e
H i n d u s . T h e y a l w a ys w i s h e d t o h a v e a r e s p e c t a b l e p l a c e i n t h e
f u t u r e s e t u p o f t h e c o u n t r y w i t h d u e r e g a r d t o t h e i r l e g i t i m a t e
rights and religious sentiments. A f t e r t h e w a r o f 1 8 5 7 , s o m e o f t h e
U l e m a e s t a b l i s h e d religious institutions for the religious teaching so that
t h e y c o u l d p r e p a r e t h e yo u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n t o p r o t e c t t h e c a u s e o f
t h e f a i t h . S o m e o f t h e U l e m a h a d s t a r t e d u n d e r g r o u n d m o v e m e n t f o r
t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d n a t i o n a l a w a k e n i n g o f t h e M u s l i m s . F i r s t W o r l d
W a r b r o k e o u t i n 1 9 1 4 a n d t h e M u s l i m s w e r e p r o m i s e d b y t h e
B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t t o p r o t e c t t h e H o l y p l a c e s o f t h e M u s l i m s b u t
a f t e r t h e W a r H o l y p l a c e s w e r e n o t p r o t e c t e d . S o t h e M u s l i m s o f t h e
s u b - c o n t i n e n t s t a r t e d a m o v e m e n t . T h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e o f t h e
m o v e m e n t w a s t o c o m p e l B r i t a i n t o r e s t o r e t h e s t a t u s o f t h e S u l t a n
o f T u r k e y w h o w a s r e c o g n i z e d a s a K h a l i f a o f t h e M u s l i m W o r l d .
U n d e r t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , M a u l a n a M a h m o o d - u l - H a s s a n m a d e a
r e v o l u t i o n a r y p l a n t o o u t s e t t h e B r i t i s h r u l e r s f r o m t h e s u b -
c o n t i n e n t . T h i s p l a n c a m e t o b e k n o w n a s “ S i l k H a n k e r c h i e f
M o v e m e n t ” . T h e M u s l i m s o f t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t s t a r t e d K h i l a f a t
M o v e m e n t u n d e r M a j l i s - i - K h i l a f a t w h i c h b e c a m e t h e e f f e c t i v e
m o v e m e n t o f t h e M u s l i m s . A l l m o s t a l l p r o m i n e n t U l e m a l i k e
M a u l a n a M u h a m m a d A l i J o u h a r , M a u l a n a S h a u k a t A l i , M a u l a n a A b u l
K a l a m A z a d , M a u l a n a Z a f a r A l i K h a n , M a u l a n a H a s a r a t M o h a n i ,
M a u l a n a A b d u l B a r i F a r a n g i M a h a l , S ye d S u l a i m a n N a d v i , M a u l a n a
A b d u l M a j i d B a d a u n i , a n d M a u l a n a H a s s a n A h m a d M a d n i j o i n e d i t .
A t t h a t t i m e U l e m a h a d n o p o l i t i c a l p l a t f o r m . N o w t h e y f e l t t h a t
t h e y m u s t g u i d e t h e M u s l i m s u n d e r t h e l i g h t o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f
I s l a m i n t h e i r r e l i g i o u s a n d p o l i t i c a l matters. T h e U l e m a o f D e o b a n d
h a d o r g a n i z e d a p l a t f o r m “ J a m i a t - u l - H i n d ” i n 1 9 1 9 t h r o u g h a
r e s o l u t i o n o f K h i l a f a t C o m m i t t e e w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t i v e s .
T o g u i d e t h e f o l l o w e r s o f I s l a m i n p o l i t i c a l a n d n o n - p o l i t i c a l
m a t t e r s f r o m r e l i g i o u s p o i n t o f v i e w .
T o d e f e n d o n S h a r i a t g r o u n d s , I s l a m , c e n t e r s o f I s l a m ( H o l y
p l a c e s o f I s l a m a n d t h e s e a t o f K h i l a f a t ) . I s l a m i c r i t u a l s a n d
c u s t o m s , a n d I s l a m i c n a t i o n a l i s m a g a i n s t a l l o d d s i n j u r i o u s t o
t h e m .
T o e s t a b l i s h a n d p r o t e c t t h e g e n e r a l r e l i g i o u s a n d n a t i o n a l
r i g h t s o f t h e M u s l i m s .
T o o r g a n i z e t h e U l e m a o n a c o m m o n p l a t f o r m .
T o o r g a n i z e t h e M u s l i m c o m m u n i t y a n d t o l a u n c h a p r o g r a m
f o r i t s m o r a l a n d s o c i a b l e f o r m .
T h e r e s u l t o f t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e U l e m a w a s t h a t t h e K h i l a f a t
m o v e m e n t b e c a m e v e r y w i d e s p r e a d a n d p o p u l a r w i t h t h e M u s l i m s
m a s s e s . T h e p e r i o d o f t h e K h i l a f a t w a s a l s o a n e r a o f H i n d u - M u s l i m
u n i t y. D u r i n g t h e s t o r m y d a ys , b o t h t h e c o m m u n i t i e s , H i n d u s a n d
M u s l i m s w e r e d o m i n a t e d b y t h e o n l y t h o u g h t o f d r i v i n g o u t t h e
B r i t i s h f r o m I n d i a . T h e J a m i a t U l m a - i - H i n d d e c i d e d t o
c o o p e r a t e w i t h t h e H i n d u s u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y, t o a c h i e v e t h i s
o b j e c t i v e . B u t t h e r e w a s a g r o u p o f U l e m a w h o d i d n o t l i k e t h e
J a m i a t t o g i v e u n c o n d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t t o t h e C o n g r e s s . A s a r e s u l t
o f t h i s c o n t r o v e r s y a m o n g U l e m a , t h e J a m a i t w a s s p l i t i n t o t w o
g r o u p s . T h e p r o - C o n g r e s s U l e m a w e r e l e d b y M a u l a n a H u s s a i n
A h m a d M a d n i w h o l a u n c h e d a c a m p a i g n o f p r o p a g a n d a a g a i n s t t h e
M u s l i m L e a g u e . T h e a n t i - C o n g r e s s U l e m a d i s a s s o c i a t e d t h e m f r o m
t h e J a m a i t a n d r e m a i n e d a l o o f f r o m t h e C o n g r e s s m o v e m e n t . I n
1 9 3 8 , a d e l e g a t i o n w a s s e n t b y M a u l a n a A s h r a f A l i T h a n v i t o t h e
Q u a i d - i - A z a m a b o u t t h e c a u s e o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f I s l a m . S o t h e
a n t i - C o n g r e s s U l e m a d e c i d e d t o s u p p o r t t h e M u s l i m Le a g u e i n t h e
l i g h t o f t h e t e a c h i n g o f I s l a m . A l l I n d i a M u s l i m L e a g u e p a s s e d t h e
f o l l o w i n g r e s o l u t i o n i n i t s m e e t i n g o n 4 t h o f D e c e m b e r , 1 9 3 8 a t
D e l h i . I n e v e r y p r o v i n c e a n d d i s t r i c t w h e r e t h e s p i r i t u a l i n f l u e n c e
o f U l e m a c o u l d b e u t i l i z e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e , b r i e f F a t w a s a n d
m a n i f e s t o e s s h o u l d b e i s s u e d o n b e h a l f o f U l e m a , i n w h i c h t h e
M u s l i m s w a r n e d a g a i n s t j o i n i n g t h e C o n g r e s s a n d t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s
f r o m r e l i g i o u s p o i n t o f v i e w o f a n y a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e C o n g r e s s
s h o u l d b e c l e a r l y a n d e m p h a t i c a l l y e x p l a i n e d t o t h e m . T h e s e F a t w a s
s h o u l d b e p u b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f A I M L t h r o u g h t h e a g e n c y
o f t h e l o c a l L e a g u e i n t h e l a n g u a g e o f e a c h p r o v i n c e a n d d i s t r i c t . I
( P i r z a d a , 1 9 4 7 ) . W i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e , t h e U l e m a a t t h e s u b -
c o n t i n e n t d e c i d e d t h e c a u s e o f P a k i s t a n . I n 1 9 4 0 A I M L a p p o i n t e d a
c o m m i t t e e o f t h e l e a d i n g U l e m a a n d p r o m i n e n t t h i n k e r s o f I s l a m t o
p r e p a r e a d r a f t o f t h e s ys t e m o f g o v e r n m e n t f o r i t . T h e c o m m i t t e e
c o n s i s t e d o f s u c h a g a l a x y o f s t a r s a s S ye d S u l m a n N a d v i , M a u l a n a
A b u A a l a M u d d o o d i , M a u l a n a A z a m S u b b a n i , a n d M a u l a n a A b d u l
M a j i d D a r i a A b a d i . I n 1 9 4 2 A I M L d e c l a r e d t h a t g o v e r n m e n t o f
P a k i s t a n w o u l d b e b a s e d o n p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e Q u r a n a n d S u n n a h . T h e
U l e m a w h o h a d k e p t t h e m s e l v e s a l o o f f r o m t h e C o n g r e s s m o v e m e n t s
d e c i d e d t o s u p p o r t i t . T h e y p l a ye d a v e r y v i t a l r o l e i n s t r e n g t h e n
P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t … . . T h e p r o m i n e n t n a m e s a m o n g s t t h e p r o -
L e a g u e U l e m a w e r e M a u l a n a A s h r a f A l i , M a u l a n a S h a b b i r A h m a d
U s m a n i , M a u l a n a Z a f a r A h m a d U s m a n i a n d M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i .
A t t h a t t i m e , t h e n e e d o f a n o r g a n i z a t i o n o f p r o - L e a g u e U l e m a w a s
f e l t t o s u p p o r t t h e c a u s e o f t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , i n a
b i g g a t h e r i n g o f U l e m a , i n O c t o b e r 1 9 4 5 a t C a l c u t t a , J a m i a t - u l -
U l e m a I s l a m w a s f o r m e d w h i c h p r o v e d a b i g l a n d m a r k i n t h e
s t r u g g l e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f P a k i s t a n . D u e t o t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n
o f U l e m a i n t h e M o v e m e n t , t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t
b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e c l e a r a n d t h e i r f o l l o w e r s j o i n e d i t f o r t h e
a c h i e v e m e n t o f P a k i s t a n . W i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e , s o m e m o r e
U l e m a d e c i d e d t o j o i n J a m i a t - u l - U l e m a I s l a m a n d i t s b r a n c h e s w e r e
e s t a b l i s h e d a l l o v e r t h e c o u n t r y. M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i j o i n e d
J a m i a t - u l - U l e m a Is l a m a n d b e c a m e t h e m e m b e r o f t h e c e n t r a l
w o r k i n g c o m m i t t e e . H e w e n t a l l o u t i n s u p p o r t o f t h e P a k i s t a n .
M o v e m e n t M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i s t a r t e d a m o v e m e n t w i t h p e n i n
f a v o r o f P a k i s t a n a n d w r o t e a n u m b e r o f p a m p h l e t s a n d i s s u e d a
F a t w a ( r e l i g i o u s d e c r e e ) . H e h a d c o n v i c t i o n t h a t e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f
P a k i s t a n i s i n e v i t a b l e . B e s i d e s c o n t r i b u t i n g t h r o u g h h i s w r i t i n g , h e
m a d e e x t e n s i v e t o u r s o f t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t t o m o t i v a t e t h e M u s l i m s
i n f a v o r o f P a k i s t a n . H i s s p e e c h a n d s t a t e m e n t t o o k t h e M u s l i m s b y
s t o r m e v e r yw h e r e h e w e n t . H i s g r e a t e f f o r t s t o c o u n t e r i n f l u e n c e i n
N W F P o n t h e e v e o f t h e r e f e r e n d u m o f 1 9 4 7 a r e u n f o r g e t t a b l e . I n
t h e e l e c t i o n s 1 9 4 5 - 4 6 J a m i a t - U l e m a H i n d d e c i d e d t o s u p p o r t t h e
C o n g r e s s w h i c h h a d r e j e c t e d t h e d e m a n d o f P a k i s t a n a n d s t o o d f o r
u n i t e d I n d i a . D u r i n g t h i s c r i t i c a l j u n c t u r e , M a u l a n a S h a b b i r A h m a d
U s m a n i a l o n g w i t h h i s c o m p a n i o n s g a v e a n u n f l i n c h i n g s u p p o r t t o
t h e L e a g u e a n d p l e a d e d i n f a v o r o f t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m a g a i n s t a l l
o p p o s i t i o n w h i c h h a d b e e n d i r e c t e d b y t h e n a t i o n a l i s t U l e m a . H e
p u b l i c a l l y a n n o u n c e d h i s c o m p l e t e a n d i r r e v o c a b l e f a i t h i n t h e
h o n e s t y a n d i n t e g r i t y o f t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m . H e a l s o w a r n e d t h e
c o m m o n M u s l i m s a g a i n s t t h e d e s i g n s o f t h e C o n g r e s s e s U l e m a . I n
t h e e l e c t i o n o f 1 9 4 5 - 4 6 , A I M L h a d a v e r y t o u g h t i m e i n N W F P .
W h e r e “ K h a n B r o t h e r s ” w e r e i n p o w e r i n t h e p r o v i n c e . T h e
C o n g r e s s w o n t h e e l e c t i o n i n N W F P a n d s u c c e e d e d i n f o r m i n g t h e
p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n m e n t l e d b y D r . K h a n S a h i b . A t t h e t i m e o f t h e
p a r t i t i o n o f t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t , r e f e r e n d u m w a s h e l d i n N W F P . T h e
U l e m a a n d M a s h a i k h s p u t t h e w h o l e w e i g h t a t t h e i r s u p p o r t a n d
f o r c e i n t h e b l a n c e o f L e a g u e . T h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m s p e c i a l l y s e n t
A l l a m a S h a b b i r A h m e d U s m a n i t o N W F P . I n s u p p o r t o f t h e L e a g u e .
H e a l o n g w i t h M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i , P i r S a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f
a n d P i r S a h i b o f Z a k o r i S h a r i f i n t e n s i f i e d t h e a c t i v i t i e s i n s u p p o r t
o f t h e M u s l i m L e a g u e . T h e y m a d e s t r o n g t o u r o f t h e p r o v i n c e a n d
t r i b a l a r e a s t o m o b i l i z e t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e M u s l i m m a s s e s f o r
P a k i s t a n . T h e i r e a r n e s t e f f o r t s s u c c e e d e d i n p a v i n g t h e w a y f o r a
l a n d s i d e v i c t o r y o f t h e L e a g u e . T h e r e f e r e n d u m w a s h e l d o n 0 6 -
J u l y, 1 9 4 7 a n d 2 8 9 , 2 4 4 v o t e s w e r e c a s t i n f a v o r o f j o i n i n g t h e N e w
C o n s t i t u e n t A s s e m b l y a s a g a i n s t U l e m a a n d M a s h i k h p l a ye d a
s t u p e n d o u s r o l e , i n t h i s v i c t o r y w h i c h i s w o r t h w r i t i n g i n g o l d e n
l e t t e r s i n t h e a n n a l s o f t h e s t r u g g l e f o r P a k i s t a n . A n o t h e r
r e f e r e n d u m o f t h e s a m e t yp e w a s t o b e h e l d i n S yl h e t B e n g a l w h i c h
w a s u n d e r p e r s o n a l i n f l u e n c e o f M a u l a n a H u s s a i n A h m e d M a d n i w h o
u s u a l l y p a s s e d t h e m o n t h o f R a m z a n i n S yl h e t . T h i s a r e a , i n f a c t
w a s u n d e r t h e p e r s o n a l i n f l u e n c e o f p r o - C o n g r e s s U l e m a . T h e r e
i n f l u e n c e c o u l d o n l y b e c o u n t e r e d t h r o u g h t h e U l e m a o f t h e s a m e
s t a t u r e a n d s i z e . M o r e o v e r , i n S yl h e t , “ T h e M u s l i m s w e r e f a c e d
w i t h a s e r i o u s h a n d i c a p , f o r t h r o u g h ” . T h e y f o r m e d 6 0 . 7 % o f
t h e p o p u l a t i o n . T h e y h a d o n l y 5 4 . 2 7 % v o t e s o f t h e t o t a l e l e c t o r a l
r o l e . T h e A I M L c h o i c e s , t o c o u n t e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p r o - C o n g r e s s
U l e m a f e l l o n M a u l a n a Z a f a r A h m e d U s m a n i M a u l a n a w a s
v e r y p o p u l a r a m o n g s t t h e M u s l i m s o f B e n g a l a n d A s s a m o n a c c o u n t
o f h i s l e a r n i n g , p i e t y a n d c a n d i d n e s s . H e t o u r e d S yl h e t a n d s p e n t
t h e H o l y m o n t h o f R a m z a n a n d e x p l a i n e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e a n d n e e d o f
P a k i s t a n f o r t h e M u s l i m s . H e w o r k e d h a r d t o o r g a n i z e t h e m a n d
g e n e r a t e s u p p o r t f o r P a k i s t a n . T h u s t h e s ys t e m a t i c a n d o r g a n i z e d
c a m p a i g n o f t h e l e a g u e i n w h i c h M a u l a n a Z a f a r A h m e d U s m a n i
a l o n g w i t h o t h e r U l e m a p l a ye d v i t a l r o l e , r e s u l t e d i n a d e c i s i v e
v i c t o r y f o r h e r . T h e v o t i n g w a s 2 3 9 , 6 1 9 f o r s e p a r a t i o n a n d j o i n i n g
E a s t B a n g a l . T h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t n a m e a m o n g t h e U l e m a w a s
P i r J a m a t A l i S h a h w h o h a d m i l l i o n s o f f o l l o w e r s i n t h e c o u n t r y. H e
w a s a s t a u n c h s u p p o r t e r o f t h e A l i g a r h M o v e m e n t f o r w h i c h h e
c o n t r i b u t e d L a k e s o f R u p e e s . 6 ( N a w a - i - W a q a t 1 9 8 2 ) . In s p i t e o f h i s
o l d a g e a n d w e a k h e a l t h P i r J a m a t A l i s h a h t o u r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e
c o u n t r y t o g e t t h e s u p p o r t o f A I M L a n d P a k i s t a n . A f t e r t h e p a s s a g e
o f L a h o r e R e s o l u t i o n h e g a v e a n a l l o u t s u p p o r t t o t h e Q u a i d - i -
A z a m f o r t h e a c h i e v e m e n t o f P a k i s t a n . H e m a d e i n t e n s i v e t o u r s o f
t h e c o u n t r y t o g e n e r a t e s u p p o r t f o r t h e A I M L . H e a d v i s e d h i s
f o l l o w e r s t o w o r k f o r t h e A I M L a n d e m p h a t i c a l l y d e c l a r e d t h a t h e
w o u l d n o t l e a d t h e f u n e r a l p r a y e r s o f a n y d e v o t e e i f h e h a d
n o t p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t i n a n y c a p a c i t y. 7 ( N a w - i -
W a q a t ) . P i r J a m a t A l i S h a h s u p p o r t e d A L M L d u r i n g t h e e l e c t i o n s
1 9 4 5 - 4 6 . H i s s i n c e r e c a m p a i g n i n t h e e l e c t i o n o f 1 9 4 5 - 4 6 r e s u l t e d
i n g r a n d s u c c e s s o f A I M L c a n d i d a t e s . H e a t t e n d e d A l l I n d i a S u n n i
C o n f e r e n c e h e l d i n B a n a r a s o n 3 0 t h A p r i l , 1 9 4 6 a n d p a s s e d t h e
f o l l o w i n g r e s o l u t i o n . T h e s e s s i o n o f A l l I n d i a S u n n i C o n f e r e n c e
f u l l y s u p p o r t s t h e d e m a n d f o r P a k i s t a n a n d d e c l a r e s t h a t U l e m a a n d
M a s h a i k h s b e l o n g t o E h l - S u n a t - W a l - J a m a t w i l l m a k e e v e r y p o s s i b l e
s a c r i f i c e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n I s l a m i c g o v e r n m e n t . They take
it as their responsibility to establish a g o v e r n m e n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
I s l a m i c j u r i s p r u d e n c e b a s e d o n t h e H o l y Q u r a n a n d S u n n a ” . I n t h i s
c o n f e r e n c e s o m e n a t i o n a l i s t U l e m a c r i t i c i z e d t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m . P i r
J a m a t A l i S h a h d e f e n d e d h i m b y s a yi n g . “ T h i n k o f J i n n a h S a h i b
w h a t e v e r yo u l i k e , b u t I s a y t h a t J i n n a h S a h i b i s W a l i u l l a h . P i r
J a m a t A l i S h a h p r e v i o u s l y l e d M a s j i d S h a h e e d M o v e m e n t f o r w h i c h
t h e M u s l i m s h a d g i v e n h i m t h e t i t l e o f “ A m i r - i - M i l l a t ” . D u r i n g
r e f e r e n d u m i n 1 9 4 7 i n N W F P h e a l s o v i s i t e d t h e p r o v i n c e a n d
m u s t e r e d h i s s u p p o r t f o r A I M L . W h i l e p r e s i d i n g o v e r a s e s s i o n o f
J a m i a t - u l - U l e m a – i - I s l a m P u n j a b , P i r J a m a t A l i S h a h S a i d . “ B o t h
t h e G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e C o n g r e s s s h o u l d c a r e f u l l y n o t e t h a t t h e
M u s l i m s h a v e s h a k e n o f f t h e i r l e t h a r g y n o w s t a n d a w a k e n e d t h e y
h a v e d e t e r m i n e d t h e i r g o a l o f P a k i s t a n , a n d n o p o w e r o n e a r t h c o u l d
f a i l t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . “ T h e c r e d i t o f m a k i n g t h e P a k i s t a n
M o v e m e n t a s u c c e s s g o e s t o P i r S a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f . H e j o i n e d
A I M L i n 1 9 4 5 . W h e n K h a n A b d u l G h a f f a r K h a n a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s
w e r e t r yi n g t o f a i l t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . T h o u s a n d s o f P i r S a h i b
o f M a n k i S h a r i f f o l l o w e r s w o r k e d f o r p r o m o t i n g t h e c a u s e o f
P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . I n N W F P . , a s e c r e t m e e t i n g o f M a s h a i k h o f
N W F P a n d P u n j a b w a s h e l d a t P e s h a w a r i n 1 9 4 5 . T h i s m e e t i n g w a s
a r r a n g e d b y P i r S a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f . I n t h i s m e e t i n g , h e s a i d t h a t
P a k i s t a n w a s t h e o n l y s o u r c e o f h o n o r a n d f r e e d o m f o r t h e M u s l i m s
o f I n d o - P a k - s u b - c o n t i n e n t . H e a p p e a l e d t o M a s h a i k h t o j o i n t h e
M u s l i m Le a g u e . H e a l s o a t t e n d e d A l l I n d i a S u n n i C o n f e r e n c e a n d
s p o k e c o n t i n u o u s l y f o r t w o a n d a h a l f h o u r a n d m a d e t h e f o l l o w i n g
h i s t o r i c a l a n n o u n c e m e n t . “ I h a v e m a d e i t c l e a r t o t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m
t h a t i f a t a n y s t a g e h e d e c e i v e d t h e M u s l i m s o r t r i e d t o i n t r o d u c e i n
P a k i s t a n a s ys t e m o t h e r t h a n I s l a m , M a s h a i k h a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s
w o u l d n o t a c c e p t h i s l e a d e r s h i p ” 1 0 ( R i a z - u l - H a q 1 9 8 0 ) . In t h e
r e f e r e n d u m o f N W F P h e c o n v i n c e d t h e p e o p l e t o c a s t t h e i r v o t e s i n
f a v o r o f P a k i s t a n . T h e i n v a l u a b l e s e r v i c e s w h i c h h e r e n d e r e d t o t h e
A I M L d u r i n g t h e r e f e r e n d u m i n N W F P w o u l d n e v e r b e f o r g o t t e n .
D u r i n g t h e p e a k d a ys o f t h e e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n , S h a m a s - u l - U l e m a
K h a w a j a H a s s a n N i z a m i o f T o u n s a S h a r i f i s s u e d t h e f o l l o w i n g
s t a t e m e n t . “ P i r G h u l a m M o h a y - u d - D i n , S a j j a d a N a s h e e n o f H a z r a t
P i r M e h a r A l i S h a h h a d o r d e r e d h i s f o l l o w e r s t o s i d e w i t h t h e
M u s l i m L e a g u e . T h e J a m i t - u l - U l e m a - i - I s l a m a t C a l c u t t a h a d a l s o
g i v e n a F a t w a a s s e r t i n g a l l t h e M u s l i m s t o s u p p o r t t h e Le a g u e a n d
h e w h o d o e s n o t a b i d e b y i t w o u l d b e s i n f u l . A n o t h e r M a s h i a k h o f
M a u l a n a F a z a l S h a h , S a j j a d a N a s h i n o f J a l a l p u r S h a r i f , a p p e a l i n g
t h e M u s l i m C o m m u n i t y s a i d . “ I n t e r e s t o f t h e M i l l a t d e m a n d s f r o m
e v e r y M u s l i m t o v o t e f o r A I M L . ’ ’ T h e d e s c e n d e n t s o f H a z r a t M u j d i d
A l f - S a n i p l a ye d a m a g n i f i c e n t r o l e f o r p r o m o t i n g t h e c a u s e o f
P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t i n S i n d h . H a z r a t G h u l a m M u j a d i d S i r h i n d i w a s
r e n o w n e d s c h o l a r o f I s l a m i c s . H e a l i g n e d h i m s e l f w i t h t h e Q u a i d - i -
A z a m i n h i s m i s s i o n f o r a c h i e v i n g a n i n d e p e n d e n t s t a t e f o r t h e
M u s l i m s a n d a m a l g a m a t e d h i s s o c i e t y. “ J a m i a t - u l - M a s h a i k h ” w i t h
A I M L . T h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n w a s m e r g e d i n t o t h e A I M L o n t h e c a l l
o f t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m . A n o t h e r p e r s o n a l i t y f r o m S i n d h w h o h a d
s t r o n g c o n t r i b u t i o n d u r i n g t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t w a s S h a i k h A b d u l
M a j e e d S i n d h i . H e e m b r a c e d I s l a m a t a n e a r l y a g e a n d a f t e r t h a t h e
b e c a m e a s t a u n c h M u s l i m a n d w o r k e d f o r t h e w e l f a r e o f I n d i a n
M u s l i m s . S h a i k h A b d u l M a j e e d S i n d h i w a s a p r o l i f i c w r i t e r a n d h e
u s e d t h e s h a r p s h a f t s o f h i s p e n a g a i n s t H i n d u m o n e y l e n d e r s ,
S i n d h i v e d e r a s a n d t h e B r i t i s h . H e w a s s i n c e r e s u p p o r t e r o f t h e
P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . M a u l a n a A b d u l H a m i d B a d a yu n i h a d a n a c t i v e
p a r t i n K h i l a f a t M o v e m e n t . H e m a d e a c o u n t r yw i d e t o u r i n
o p p o s i t i o n t o N e h r u R e p o r t . M a u l a n a A b d u l H a m i d B a d a yu n i
s u p p o r t e d a n d s e c o n d e d t h e L a h o r e R e s o l u t i o n o n b e h a l f o f U l e m a
a n d M a s h a i k h . I n 1 9 4 5 , h e t o u r e d N W F P a n d P u n a j b i n c o n n e c t i o n
w i t h e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n i n f a v o r o f A I M L c a n d i d a t e s . H e a l s o w e n t
t o B a l u c h i s t a n a n d N W F P f o r t h e p r o p a g a t i o n o f P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t
o n t h e r e q u e s t o f P i r S h a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f . M a u l a n a A b d u l H a m i d
B a d a yu n i m e t t h e N i z a m o f D e c c a n a n d p e r s u a d e d h i m t o h a v e a
m e e t i n g w i t h t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m . I n 1 9 4 6 h e p e r f o r m e d t h e d u t i e s o f
t h e s e c r e t a r y o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n o f U l e m a w h i c h w a s s e n t t o S a u d i
A b r a b i a a n d M i d d l e E a s t t o m a k e t h e M u s l i m w o r l d a w a r e o f
P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . K h a w a j a Q a m a r - u d - D i n S a ya l v i , w a s a n a c t i v e
s u p p o r t e r o f t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . H e w a s v e r y i n f l u e n t i a l i n h i s
r e g i o n . H e f i r m l y s t o o d a g a i n s t T i w a n a s w h o w e r e t r yi n g t o d e f e a t
t h e A I M L c a n d i d a t e s i n t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n c i e s . I t w a s d u e t o K h a w a j a
S a h i b E f f o r t s t h a t M u s l i m L e a g u e c a n d i d a t e s w o n 1 0 0 % s e a t s i n
d i s t r i c t s J h a n g a n d S a r g o d h a . H e w a s a g e n e r o u s , s i n c e r e a n d
s p i r i t u a l l e a d e r w h o h a d d e v o t e d h i s l i f e f o r t h e g l o r y o f I s l a m a n d
t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . T h e r e w e r e s o m a n y o t h e r s c h o l a r s a n d
M a s h a i k h w h o d e v o t e d t h e i r l i f e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f P a k i s t a n .
S a j j a d a N a s h i n D i w a n - A a l - i - R a s o o l o f A j m e r S h a r i f a p p e a l e d t o t h e
M a s h i a k h i n t h e n a m e o f K h a w a j a M o e e n - u d - D i n C h i s h t i t o g i v e
t h e i r G a d d i s a n d j o i n A IM L t o m a t e r i a l i z e t h e d r e a m o f
P a k i s t a n . N e a r l y a l l t h e s c h o l a r s o f B r e l v i s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t
a c t i v e l y w o r k e d f o r t h e c a u s e o f P a k i s t a n . T h e m o s t r e n o w n e d
U l e m a o f t h e m w e r e M a u l a n a N a e e m - u d - D i n , M a u l a n a A b d u l H a s n a t
M a h m o o d A l i , M a u l a n a G h u l a m M u h a m m a d T a r a n n u m , M u f t i G h u l a m
M o e e n - u d - D i n , M a u l a n a A b d u l G h a f o o r H a z a r v i , M a u l a n a S a n a u l l a h
A m r i t s a r i , M a u l a n a M u h a m m a d I b r a h i m S i a l k o t i a n d M a u l a n a F a z a l
I l a h i W a z i r a b a d i w e r e a m o n g s t t h e m . U l e m a a n d M a s h a i k h
c o m p l e t e l y c h a n g e d t h e a t m o s p h e r e d u r i n g t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t
a n d m a d e t h e t o u g h t a s k o f t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m e a s i e r a n d u l t i m a t e l y
P a k i s t a n c a m e i n t o b e i n g .
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E h a d . M a q b o o l A c a d e m y L a h o r e , 1 9 6 6 , p p : 4 0 5 . N a w a - i - W a q t ,
O c t o b e r 1 7 , 1 9 8 2 L a h o r e . P i r z a d a , S ye d S h a r i f - u d - d i n . F o u n d a t i o n
o f A l l I n d i a M u s l i m L e a g u e D o c u m e n t s V o l - I I I 1 9 0 6 - 4 7 . R o y a l B o o k
C o m p a n y, K a r a c h i , 1 9 9 0 , p p : 2 8 6 . Q u r e s h i , I s h t i a q H u s s a i n . T h e
S t r u g g l e f o r P a k i s t a n . U n i v e r s i t y o f K a r a c h i . 1 9 6 9 , p p : 3 0 1 . R a h ,
T h e C h i r a g h - i - . N a z r i a P a k i s t a n N u m b e r , K a r a c h i , 1 9 6 0 , p p :
2 3 3 . H a q , R a z a - u l . S t a r B o o k D e p o t U r d u B a z a r L a h o r e , 1 9 8 0 .

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The Role of Ulema and Mashaikh in the Pakistan Movement

  • 1. The Role of Ulema and Mashaikh in the Pa ki stan Movement : T h e U l e m a a n d M a s h a i k h o f t h e I n d o - P a k s u b - c o n t i n e n t p l a ye d a n a c t i v e r o l e i n p r o m o t i n g t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . T h e U l e m a ’ s t r a d i t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e p o l i t i c s i s v e r y o l d . T h e U l e m a b e l o n g t o C h i s h t i a , Q a d r i a , N a q s h b a n d i a a n d S o h a r w a r d i a a n d t h e i r f o l l o w e r s a c t i v e l y s u p p o r t e d t h e t w o - n a t i o n t h e o r y w h i c h l e d t o P a k i s t a n R e s o l u t i o n . T h e p r o m i n e n t n a m e s a m o n g s t t h e m a r e A l l a m a S h a b b i r A h m e d U s m a n i , M a u l a n a A s h r a f A l i T h a n v i , M a u l a n a A b d u l H a m i d B a d a u n i , M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i , M a u l a n a M u h a m m a d I b r a h i m S i a l k o t i , P i r G h u l a m M u j a d i d S i r h a n d i , A m i n - u l - H a s a n a t , P i r S a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f , P i r S a h i b o f Z a k o r i S h a r i f , P i r J a m a a t A l i S h a h , M a u l a n a S a n a u l l a h A m r a t s a r i , M a u l a n a R a s h e e d A h m a d G h a n g o h i , M a u l a n a M u h a m m a d Q a s i m N a n o t a v i , H a j i Z a m a n A l i S h a h e e d a n d a l o t o f o t h e r s . I n f a c t , t h e f o u n d a t i o n s t o n e o f P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t w a s l a i d b y H a z r a t M u j a d i d A l a f S a n i , S h e i k h A h m a d S i r h a n d i w h o d i d n o t h e s i t a t e t o c o n f r o n t w i t h t h e B r i t i s h r o ya l a u t h o r i t y a n d p u t h i s l i f e a t s t a k e t o l i g h t t h e t o r c h f o r t h e r e g e n e r a t i o n o f I s l a m i c s p i r i t . I t w a s k e p t a l i v e , a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f t h e A u r a n g z e b A l a m g i r , b y t h e m o v e m e n t s t a r t e d b y S h a h W a l i u l l a h . I n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y, S h a h A b d u l A z i z i n t e n s i f i e d i t a n d m a d e i t w i d e s p r e a d . L a t e r o n S h a h I s m a i l S h a h e e d a n d S ye d A h m a d S h a h e e d c o n v e r t e d i t i n t o t h e J e h a d M o v e m e n t f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n I s l a m i c s t a t e i n t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t . T h e y f o u g h t a g a i n s t t h e S i k h r u l e r o f t h e P u n j a b a n d w e r e m a r t yr e d w h i l e f i g h t i n g i n t h e v a l l e y o f B a l a k o t i n q u e s t t o e s t a b l i s h t h e W i l l o f G o d . W i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e , t h e i d e a o f t h e d e m a n d o f P a k i s t a n w a s c r e e p i n g i n t h e m i n d s o f t h e I n d i a n M u s l i m s a t t h a t t i m e w h e n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s t r u g g l e f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t h a d b e e n s t a r t e d . T h e i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n w h i c h b e s e t t h e m i n d s o f t h e I n d i a n M u s l i m s w a s t h a t a f t e r t h e d e p a r t u r e o f t h e B r i t i s h w h a t t yp e o f g o v e r n m e n t w o u l d b e s t a r t e d i n I n d i a ? . W i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e , t h i s q u e s t i o n h a d b e c o m e m o r e a n d m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t a n d i t d o m i n a t e d t h e m i n d s o f t h e I n d i a n M u s l i m s . B u t t h e n a t i v e H i n d u s a l w a ys t r i e d t o t e m p o r i z e t h e m a t t e r b y s a yi n g : a f t e r d e p a r t u r e o f t h e B r i t i s h i t w o u l d b e s e t t l e d t h r o u g h m u t u a l a g r e e m e n t , b u t f i r s t o f a l l t h e B r i t i s h s h o u l d b e o u s t e d . T h e H i n d u s w a n t e d t o l e a v e t h e m a t t e r a s s u c h a n d u n s e t t l e d b e f o r e t h e d e p a r t u r e o f t h e B r i t i s h , b e c a u s e t h e y k n e w t h a t , a f t e r t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e y w o u l d o u t n u m b e r t h e M u s l i m s a n d p u t t h e m a t t h e i r m e r c y. B u t t h e M u s l i m s n e v e r w a n t e d t o b e d o m i n a t e d b y t h e H i n d u s . T h e y a l w a ys w i s h e d t o h a v e a r e s p e c t a b l e p l a c e i n t h e f u t u r e s e t u p o f t h e c o u n t r y w i t h d u e r e g a r d t o t h e i r l e g i t i m a t e rights and religious sentiments. A f t e r t h e w a r o f 1 8 5 7 , s o m e o f t h e U l e m a e s t a b l i s h e d religious institutions for the religious teaching so that
  • 2. t h e y c o u l d p r e p a r e t h e yo u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n t o p r o t e c t t h e c a u s e o f t h e f a i t h . S o m e o f t h e U l e m a h a d s t a r t e d u n d e r g r o u n d m o v e m e n t f o r t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d n a t i o n a l a w a k e n i n g o f t h e M u s l i m s . F i r s t W o r l d W a r b r o k e o u t i n 1 9 1 4 a n d t h e M u s l i m s w e r e p r o m i s e d b y t h e B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t t o p r o t e c t t h e H o l y p l a c e s o f t h e M u s l i m s b u t a f t e r t h e W a r H o l y p l a c e s w e r e n o t p r o t e c t e d . S o t h e M u s l i m s o f t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t s t a r t e d a m o v e m e n t . T h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e o f t h e m o v e m e n t w a s t o c o m p e l B r i t a i n t o r e s t o r e t h e s t a t u s o f t h e S u l t a n o f T u r k e y w h o w a s r e c o g n i z e d a s a K h a l i f a o f t h e M u s l i m W o r l d . U n d e r t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , M a u l a n a M a h m o o d - u l - H a s s a n m a d e a r e v o l u t i o n a r y p l a n t o o u t s e t t h e B r i t i s h r u l e r s f r o m t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t . T h i s p l a n c a m e t o b e k n o w n a s “ S i l k H a n k e r c h i e f M o v e m e n t ” . T h e M u s l i m s o f t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t s t a r t e d K h i l a f a t M o v e m e n t u n d e r M a j l i s - i - K h i l a f a t w h i c h b e c a m e t h e e f f e c t i v e m o v e m e n t o f t h e M u s l i m s . A l l m o s t a l l p r o m i n e n t U l e m a l i k e M a u l a n a M u h a m m a d A l i J o u h a r , M a u l a n a S h a u k a t A l i , M a u l a n a A b u l K a l a m A z a d , M a u l a n a Z a f a r A l i K h a n , M a u l a n a H a s a r a t M o h a n i , M a u l a n a A b d u l B a r i F a r a n g i M a h a l , S ye d S u l a i m a n N a d v i , M a u l a n a A b d u l M a j i d B a d a u n i , a n d M a u l a n a H a s s a n A h m a d M a d n i j o i n e d i t . A t t h a t t i m e U l e m a h a d n o p o l i t i c a l p l a t f o r m . N o w t h e y f e l t t h a t t h e y m u s t g u i d e t h e M u s l i m s u n d e r t h e l i g h t o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f I s l a m i n t h e i r r e l i g i o u s a n d p o l i t i c a l matters. T h e U l e m a o f D e o b a n d h a d o r g a n i z e d a p l a t f o r m “ J a m i a t - u l - H i n d ” i n 1 9 1 9 t h r o u g h a r e s o l u t i o n o f K h i l a f a t C o m m i t t e e w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t i v e s . T o g u i d e t h e f o l l o w e r s o f I s l a m i n p o l i t i c a l a n d n o n - p o l i t i c a l m a t t e r s f r o m r e l i g i o u s p o i n t o f v i e w . T o d e f e n d o n S h a r i a t g r o u n d s , I s l a m , c e n t e r s o f I s l a m ( H o l y p l a c e s o f I s l a m a n d t h e s e a t o f K h i l a f a t ) . I s l a m i c r i t u a l s a n d c u s t o m s , a n d I s l a m i c n a t i o n a l i s m a g a i n s t a l l o d d s i n j u r i o u s t o t h e m . T o e s t a b l i s h a n d p r o t e c t t h e g e n e r a l r e l i g i o u s a n d n a t i o n a l r i g h t s o f t h e M u s l i m s . T o o r g a n i z e t h e U l e m a o n a c o m m o n p l a t f o r m . T o o r g a n i z e t h e M u s l i m c o m m u n i t y a n d t o l a u n c h a p r o g r a m f o r i t s m o r a l a n d s o c i a b l e f o r m . T h e r e s u l t o f t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e U l e m a w a s t h a t t h e K h i l a f a t m o v e m e n t b e c a m e v e r y w i d e s p r e a d a n d p o p u l a r w i t h t h e M u s l i m s m a s s e s . T h e p e r i o d o f t h e K h i l a f a t w a s a l s o a n e r a o f H i n d u - M u s l i m u n i t y. D u r i n g t h e s t o r m y d a ys , b o t h t h e c o m m u n i t i e s , H i n d u s a n d M u s l i m s w e r e d o m i n a t e d b y t h e o n l y t h o u g h t o f d r i v i n g o u t t h e B r i t i s h f r o m I n d i a . T h e J a m i a t U l m a - i - H i n d d e c i d e d t o
  • 3. c o o p e r a t e w i t h t h e H i n d u s u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y, t o a c h i e v e t h i s o b j e c t i v e . B u t t h e r e w a s a g r o u p o f U l e m a w h o d i d n o t l i k e t h e J a m i a t t o g i v e u n c o n d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t t o t h e C o n g r e s s . A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s c o n t r o v e r s y a m o n g U l e m a , t h e J a m a i t w a s s p l i t i n t o t w o g r o u p s . T h e p r o - C o n g r e s s U l e m a w e r e l e d b y M a u l a n a H u s s a i n A h m a d M a d n i w h o l a u n c h e d a c a m p a i g n o f p r o p a g a n d a a g a i n s t t h e M u s l i m L e a g u e . T h e a n t i - C o n g r e s s U l e m a d i s a s s o c i a t e d t h e m f r o m t h e J a m a i t a n d r e m a i n e d a l o o f f r o m t h e C o n g r e s s m o v e m e n t . I n 1 9 3 8 , a d e l e g a t i o n w a s s e n t b y M a u l a n a A s h r a f A l i T h a n v i t o t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m a b o u t t h e c a u s e o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f I s l a m . S o t h e a n t i - C o n g r e s s U l e m a d e c i d e d t o s u p p o r t t h e M u s l i m Le a g u e i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e t e a c h i n g o f I s l a m . A l l I n d i a M u s l i m L e a g u e p a s s e d t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s o l u t i o n i n i t s m e e t i n g o n 4 t h o f D e c e m b e r , 1 9 3 8 a t D e l h i . I n e v e r y p r o v i n c e a n d d i s t r i c t w h e r e t h e s p i r i t u a l i n f l u e n c e o f U l e m a c o u l d b e u t i l i z e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e , b r i e f F a t w a s a n d m a n i f e s t o e s s h o u l d b e i s s u e d o n b e h a l f o f U l e m a , i n w h i c h t h e M u s l i m s w a r n e d a g a i n s t j o i n i n g t h e C o n g r e s s a n d t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s f r o m r e l i g i o u s p o i n t o f v i e w o f a n y a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e C o n g r e s s s h o u l d b e c l e a r l y a n d e m p h a t i c a l l y e x p l a i n e d t o t h e m . T h e s e F a t w a s s h o u l d b e p u b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f A I M L t h r o u g h t h e a g e n c y o f t h e l o c a l L e a g u e i n t h e l a n g u a g e o f e a c h p r o v i n c e a n d d i s t r i c t . I ( P i r z a d a , 1 9 4 7 ) . W i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e , t h e U l e m a a t t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t d e c i d e d t h e c a u s e o f P a k i s t a n . I n 1 9 4 0 A I M L a p p o i n t e d a c o m m i t t e e o f t h e l e a d i n g U l e m a a n d p r o m i n e n t t h i n k e r s o f I s l a m t o p r e p a r e a d r a f t o f t h e s ys t e m o f g o v e r n m e n t f o r i t . T h e c o m m i t t e e c o n s i s t e d o f s u c h a g a l a x y o f s t a r s a s S ye d S u l m a n N a d v i , M a u l a n a A b u A a l a M u d d o o d i , M a u l a n a A z a m S u b b a n i , a n d M a u l a n a A b d u l M a j i d D a r i a A b a d i . I n 1 9 4 2 A I M L d e c l a r e d t h a t g o v e r n m e n t o f P a k i s t a n w o u l d b e b a s e d o n p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e Q u r a n a n d S u n n a h . T h e U l e m a w h o h a d k e p t t h e m s e l v e s a l o o f f r o m t h e C o n g r e s s m o v e m e n t s d e c i d e d t o s u p p o r t i t . T h e y p l a ye d a v e r y v i t a l r o l e i n s t r e n g t h e n P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t … . . T h e p r o m i n e n t n a m e s a m o n g s t t h e p r o - L e a g u e U l e m a w e r e M a u l a n a A s h r a f A l i , M a u l a n a S h a b b i r A h m a d U s m a n i , M a u l a n a Z a f a r A h m a d U s m a n i a n d M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i . A t t h a t t i m e , t h e n e e d o f a n o r g a n i z a t i o n o f p r o - L e a g u e U l e m a w a s f e l t t o s u p p o r t t h e c a u s e o f t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , i n a b i g g a t h e r i n g o f U l e m a , i n O c t o b e r 1 9 4 5 a t C a l c u t t a , J a m i a t - u l - U l e m a I s l a m w a s f o r m e d w h i c h p r o v e d a b i g l a n d m a r k i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f P a k i s t a n . D u e t o t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f U l e m a i n t h e M o v e m e n t , t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t
  • 4. b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e c l e a r a n d t h e i r f o l l o w e r s j o i n e d i t f o r t h e a c h i e v e m e n t o f P a k i s t a n . W i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e , s o m e m o r e U l e m a d e c i d e d t o j o i n J a m i a t - u l - U l e m a I s l a m a n d i t s b r a n c h e s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a l l o v e r t h e c o u n t r y. M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i j o i n e d J a m i a t - u l - U l e m a Is l a m a n d b e c a m e t h e m e m b e r o f t h e c e n t r a l w o r k i n g c o m m i t t e e . H e w e n t a l l o u t i n s u p p o r t o f t h e P a k i s t a n . M o v e m e n t M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i s t a r t e d a m o v e m e n t w i t h p e n i n f a v o r o f P a k i s t a n a n d w r o t e a n u m b e r o f p a m p h l e t s a n d i s s u e d a F a t w a ( r e l i g i o u s d e c r e e ) . H e h a d c o n v i c t i o n t h a t e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f P a k i s t a n i s i n e v i t a b l e . B e s i d e s c o n t r i b u t i n g t h r o u g h h i s w r i t i n g , h e m a d e e x t e n s i v e t o u r s o f t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t t o m o t i v a t e t h e M u s l i m s i n f a v o r o f P a k i s t a n . H i s s p e e c h a n d s t a t e m e n t t o o k t h e M u s l i m s b y s t o r m e v e r yw h e r e h e w e n t . H i s g r e a t e f f o r t s t o c o u n t e r i n f l u e n c e i n N W F P o n t h e e v e o f t h e r e f e r e n d u m o f 1 9 4 7 a r e u n f o r g e t t a b l e . I n t h e e l e c t i o n s 1 9 4 5 - 4 6 J a m i a t - U l e m a H i n d d e c i d e d t o s u p p o r t t h e C o n g r e s s w h i c h h a d r e j e c t e d t h e d e m a n d o f P a k i s t a n a n d s t o o d f o r u n i t e d I n d i a . D u r i n g t h i s c r i t i c a l j u n c t u r e , M a u l a n a S h a b b i r A h m a d U s m a n i a l o n g w i t h h i s c o m p a n i o n s g a v e a n u n f l i n c h i n g s u p p o r t t o t h e L e a g u e a n d p l e a d e d i n f a v o r o f t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m a g a i n s t a l l o p p o s i t i o n w h i c h h a d b e e n d i r e c t e d b y t h e n a t i o n a l i s t U l e m a . H e p u b l i c a l l y a n n o u n c e d h i s c o m p l e t e a n d i r r e v o c a b l e f a i t h i n t h e h o n e s t y a n d i n t e g r i t y o f t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m . H e a l s o w a r n e d t h e c o m m o n M u s l i m s a g a i n s t t h e d e s i g n s o f t h e C o n g r e s s e s U l e m a . I n t h e e l e c t i o n o f 1 9 4 5 - 4 6 , A I M L h a d a v e r y t o u g h t i m e i n N W F P . W h e r e “ K h a n B r o t h e r s ” w e r e i n p o w e r i n t h e p r o v i n c e . T h e C o n g r e s s w o n t h e e l e c t i o n i n N W F P a n d s u c c e e d e d i n f o r m i n g t h e p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n m e n t l e d b y D r . K h a n S a h i b . A t t h e t i m e o f t h e p a r t i t i o n o f t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t , r e f e r e n d u m w a s h e l d i n N W F P . T h e U l e m a a n d M a s h a i k h s p u t t h e w h o l e w e i g h t a t t h e i r s u p p o r t a n d f o r c e i n t h e b l a n c e o f L e a g u e . T h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m s p e c i a l l y s e n t A l l a m a S h a b b i r A h m e d U s m a n i t o N W F P . I n s u p p o r t o f t h e L e a g u e . H e a l o n g w i t h M u f t i M u h a m m a d S h a f i , P i r S a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f a n d P i r S a h i b o f Z a k o r i S h a r i f i n t e n s i f i e d t h e a c t i v i t i e s i n s u p p o r t o f t h e M u s l i m L e a g u e . T h e y m a d e s t r o n g t o u r o f t h e p r o v i n c e a n d t r i b a l a r e a s t o m o b i l i z e t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e M u s l i m m a s s e s f o r P a k i s t a n . T h e i r e a r n e s t e f f o r t s s u c c e e d e d i n p a v i n g t h e w a y f o r a l a n d s i d e v i c t o r y o f t h e L e a g u e . T h e r e f e r e n d u m w a s h e l d o n 0 6 - J u l y, 1 9 4 7 a n d 2 8 9 , 2 4 4 v o t e s w e r e c a s t i n f a v o r o f j o i n i n g t h e N e w C o n s t i t u e n t A s s e m b l y a s a g a i n s t U l e m a a n d M a s h i k h p l a ye d a s t u p e n d o u s r o l e , i n t h i s v i c t o r y w h i c h i s w o r t h w r i t i n g i n g o l d e n
  • 5. l e t t e r s i n t h e a n n a l s o f t h e s t r u g g l e f o r P a k i s t a n . A n o t h e r r e f e r e n d u m o f t h e s a m e t yp e w a s t o b e h e l d i n S yl h e t B e n g a l w h i c h w a s u n d e r p e r s o n a l i n f l u e n c e o f M a u l a n a H u s s a i n A h m e d M a d n i w h o u s u a l l y p a s s e d t h e m o n t h o f R a m z a n i n S yl h e t . T h i s a r e a , i n f a c t w a s u n d e r t h e p e r s o n a l i n f l u e n c e o f p r o - C o n g r e s s U l e m a . T h e r e i n f l u e n c e c o u l d o n l y b e c o u n t e r e d t h r o u g h t h e U l e m a o f t h e s a m e s t a t u r e a n d s i z e . M o r e o v e r , i n S yl h e t , “ T h e M u s l i m s w e r e f a c e d w i t h a s e r i o u s h a n d i c a p , f o r t h r o u g h ” . T h e y f o r m e d 6 0 . 7 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . T h e y h a d o n l y 5 4 . 2 7 % v o t e s o f t h e t o t a l e l e c t o r a l r o l e . T h e A I M L c h o i c e s , t o c o u n t e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p r o - C o n g r e s s U l e m a f e l l o n M a u l a n a Z a f a r A h m e d U s m a n i M a u l a n a w a s v e r y p o p u l a r a m o n g s t t h e M u s l i m s o f B e n g a l a n d A s s a m o n a c c o u n t o f h i s l e a r n i n g , p i e t y a n d c a n d i d n e s s . H e t o u r e d S yl h e t a n d s p e n t t h e H o l y m o n t h o f R a m z a n a n d e x p l a i n e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e a n d n e e d o f P a k i s t a n f o r t h e M u s l i m s . H e w o r k e d h a r d t o o r g a n i z e t h e m a n d g e n e r a t e s u p p o r t f o r P a k i s t a n . T h u s t h e s ys t e m a t i c a n d o r g a n i z e d c a m p a i g n o f t h e l e a g u e i n w h i c h M a u l a n a Z a f a r A h m e d U s m a n i a l o n g w i t h o t h e r U l e m a p l a ye d v i t a l r o l e , r e s u l t e d i n a d e c i s i v e v i c t o r y f o r h e r . T h e v o t i n g w a s 2 3 9 , 6 1 9 f o r s e p a r a t i o n a n d j o i n i n g E a s t B a n g a l . T h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t n a m e a m o n g t h e U l e m a w a s P i r J a m a t A l i S h a h w h o h a d m i l l i o n s o f f o l l o w e r s i n t h e c o u n t r y. H e w a s a s t a u n c h s u p p o r t e r o f t h e A l i g a r h M o v e m e n t f o r w h i c h h e c o n t r i b u t e d L a k e s o f R u p e e s . 6 ( N a w a - i - W a q a t 1 9 8 2 ) . In s p i t e o f h i s o l d a g e a n d w e a k h e a l t h P i r J a m a t A l i s h a h t o u r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y t o g e t t h e s u p p o r t o f A I M L a n d P a k i s t a n . A f t e r t h e p a s s a g e o f L a h o r e R e s o l u t i o n h e g a v e a n a l l o u t s u p p o r t t o t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m f o r t h e a c h i e v e m e n t o f P a k i s t a n . H e m a d e i n t e n s i v e t o u r s o f t h e c o u n t r y t o g e n e r a t e s u p p o r t f o r t h e A I M L . H e a d v i s e d h i s f o l l o w e r s t o w o r k f o r t h e A I M L a n d e m p h a t i c a l l y d e c l a r e d t h a t h e w o u l d n o t l e a d t h e f u n e r a l p r a y e r s o f a n y d e v o t e e i f h e h a d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t i n a n y c a p a c i t y. 7 ( N a w - i - W a q a t ) . P i r J a m a t A l i S h a h s u p p o r t e d A L M L d u r i n g t h e e l e c t i o n s 1 9 4 5 - 4 6 . H i s s i n c e r e c a m p a i g n i n t h e e l e c t i o n o f 1 9 4 5 - 4 6 r e s u l t e d i n g r a n d s u c c e s s o f A I M L c a n d i d a t e s . H e a t t e n d e d A l l I n d i a S u n n i C o n f e r e n c e h e l d i n B a n a r a s o n 3 0 t h A p r i l , 1 9 4 6 a n d p a s s e d t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s o l u t i o n . T h e s e s s i o n o f A l l I n d i a S u n n i C o n f e r e n c e f u l l y s u p p o r t s t h e d e m a n d f o r P a k i s t a n a n d d e c l a r e s t h a t U l e m a a n d M a s h a i k h s b e l o n g t o E h l - S u n a t - W a l - J a m a t w i l l m a k e e v e r y p o s s i b l e s a c r i f i c e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n I s l a m i c g o v e r n m e n t . They take it as their responsibility to establish a g o v e r n m e n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
  • 6. I s l a m i c j u r i s p r u d e n c e b a s e d o n t h e H o l y Q u r a n a n d S u n n a ” . I n t h i s c o n f e r e n c e s o m e n a t i o n a l i s t U l e m a c r i t i c i z e d t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m . P i r J a m a t A l i S h a h d e f e n d e d h i m b y s a yi n g . “ T h i n k o f J i n n a h S a h i b w h a t e v e r yo u l i k e , b u t I s a y t h a t J i n n a h S a h i b i s W a l i u l l a h . P i r J a m a t A l i S h a h p r e v i o u s l y l e d M a s j i d S h a h e e d M o v e m e n t f o r w h i c h t h e M u s l i m s h a d g i v e n h i m t h e t i t l e o f “ A m i r - i - M i l l a t ” . D u r i n g r e f e r e n d u m i n 1 9 4 7 i n N W F P h e a l s o v i s i t e d t h e p r o v i n c e a n d m u s t e r e d h i s s u p p o r t f o r A I M L . W h i l e p r e s i d i n g o v e r a s e s s i o n o f J a m i a t - u l - U l e m a – i - I s l a m P u n j a b , P i r J a m a t A l i S h a h S a i d . “ B o t h t h e G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e C o n g r e s s s h o u l d c a r e f u l l y n o t e t h a t t h e M u s l i m s h a v e s h a k e n o f f t h e i r l e t h a r g y n o w s t a n d a w a k e n e d t h e y h a v e d e t e r m i n e d t h e i r g o a l o f P a k i s t a n , a n d n o p o w e r o n e a r t h c o u l d f a i l t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . “ T h e c r e d i t o f m a k i n g t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t a s u c c e s s g o e s t o P i r S a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f . H e j o i n e d A I M L i n 1 9 4 5 . W h e n K h a n A b d u l G h a f f a r K h a n a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s w e r e t r yi n g t o f a i l t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . T h o u s a n d s o f P i r S a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f f o l l o w e r s w o r k e d f o r p r o m o t i n g t h e c a u s e o f P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . I n N W F P . , a s e c r e t m e e t i n g o f M a s h a i k h o f N W F P a n d P u n j a b w a s h e l d a t P e s h a w a r i n 1 9 4 5 . T h i s m e e t i n g w a s a r r a n g e d b y P i r S a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f . I n t h i s m e e t i n g , h e s a i d t h a t P a k i s t a n w a s t h e o n l y s o u r c e o f h o n o r a n d f r e e d o m f o r t h e M u s l i m s o f I n d o - P a k - s u b - c o n t i n e n t . H e a p p e a l e d t o M a s h a i k h t o j o i n t h e M u s l i m Le a g u e . H e a l s o a t t e n d e d A l l I n d i a S u n n i C o n f e r e n c e a n d s p o k e c o n t i n u o u s l y f o r t w o a n d a h a l f h o u r a n d m a d e t h e f o l l o w i n g h i s t o r i c a l a n n o u n c e m e n t . “ I h a v e m a d e i t c l e a r t o t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m t h a t i f a t a n y s t a g e h e d e c e i v e d t h e M u s l i m s o r t r i e d t o i n t r o d u c e i n P a k i s t a n a s ys t e m o t h e r t h a n I s l a m , M a s h a i k h a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s w o u l d n o t a c c e p t h i s l e a d e r s h i p ” 1 0 ( R i a z - u l - H a q 1 9 8 0 ) . In t h e r e f e r e n d u m o f N W F P h e c o n v i n c e d t h e p e o p l e t o c a s t t h e i r v o t e s i n f a v o r o f P a k i s t a n . T h e i n v a l u a b l e s e r v i c e s w h i c h h e r e n d e r e d t o t h e A I M L d u r i n g t h e r e f e r e n d u m i n N W F P w o u l d n e v e r b e f o r g o t t e n . D u r i n g t h e p e a k d a ys o f t h e e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n , S h a m a s - u l - U l e m a K h a w a j a H a s s a n N i z a m i o f T o u n s a S h a r i f i s s u e d t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t . “ P i r G h u l a m M o h a y - u d - D i n , S a j j a d a N a s h e e n o f H a z r a t P i r M e h a r A l i S h a h h a d o r d e r e d h i s f o l l o w e r s t o s i d e w i t h t h e M u s l i m L e a g u e . T h e J a m i t - u l - U l e m a - i - I s l a m a t C a l c u t t a h a d a l s o g i v e n a F a t w a a s s e r t i n g a l l t h e M u s l i m s t o s u p p o r t t h e Le a g u e a n d h e w h o d o e s n o t a b i d e b y i t w o u l d b e s i n f u l . A n o t h e r M a s h i a k h o f M a u l a n a F a z a l S h a h , S a j j a d a N a s h i n o f J a l a l p u r S h a r i f , a p p e a l i n g t h e M u s l i m C o m m u n i t y s a i d . “ I n t e r e s t o f t h e M i l l a t d e m a n d s f r o m
  • 7. e v e r y M u s l i m t o v o t e f o r A I M L . ’ ’ T h e d e s c e n d e n t s o f H a z r a t M u j d i d A l f - S a n i p l a ye d a m a g n i f i c e n t r o l e f o r p r o m o t i n g t h e c a u s e o f P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t i n S i n d h . H a z r a t G h u l a m M u j a d i d S i r h i n d i w a s r e n o w n e d s c h o l a r o f I s l a m i c s . H e a l i g n e d h i m s e l f w i t h t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m i n h i s m i s s i o n f o r a c h i e v i n g a n i n d e p e n d e n t s t a t e f o r t h e M u s l i m s a n d a m a l g a m a t e d h i s s o c i e t y. “ J a m i a t - u l - M a s h a i k h ” w i t h A I M L . T h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n w a s m e r g e d i n t o t h e A I M L o n t h e c a l l o f t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m . A n o t h e r p e r s o n a l i t y f r o m S i n d h w h o h a d s t r o n g c o n t r i b u t i o n d u r i n g t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t w a s S h a i k h A b d u l M a j e e d S i n d h i . H e e m b r a c e d I s l a m a t a n e a r l y a g e a n d a f t e r t h a t h e b e c a m e a s t a u n c h M u s l i m a n d w o r k e d f o r t h e w e l f a r e o f I n d i a n M u s l i m s . S h a i k h A b d u l M a j e e d S i n d h i w a s a p r o l i f i c w r i t e r a n d h e u s e d t h e s h a r p s h a f t s o f h i s p e n a g a i n s t H i n d u m o n e y l e n d e r s , S i n d h i v e d e r a s a n d t h e B r i t i s h . H e w a s s i n c e r e s u p p o r t e r o f t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . M a u l a n a A b d u l H a m i d B a d a yu n i h a d a n a c t i v e p a r t i n K h i l a f a t M o v e m e n t . H e m a d e a c o u n t r yw i d e t o u r i n o p p o s i t i o n t o N e h r u R e p o r t . M a u l a n a A b d u l H a m i d B a d a yu n i s u p p o r t e d a n d s e c o n d e d t h e L a h o r e R e s o l u t i o n o n b e h a l f o f U l e m a a n d M a s h a i k h . I n 1 9 4 5 , h e t o u r e d N W F P a n d P u n a j b i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n i n f a v o r o f A I M L c a n d i d a t e s . H e a l s o w e n t t o B a l u c h i s t a n a n d N W F P f o r t h e p r o p a g a t i o n o f P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t o n t h e r e q u e s t o f P i r S h a h i b o f M a n k i S h a r i f . M a u l a n a A b d u l H a m i d B a d a yu n i m e t t h e N i z a m o f D e c c a n a n d p e r s u a d e d h i m t o h a v e a m e e t i n g w i t h t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m . I n 1 9 4 6 h e p e r f o r m e d t h e d u t i e s o f t h e s e c r e t a r y o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n o f U l e m a w h i c h w a s s e n t t o S a u d i A b r a b i a a n d M i d d l e E a s t t o m a k e t h e M u s l i m w o r l d a w a r e o f P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . K h a w a j a Q a m a r - u d - D i n S a ya l v i , w a s a n a c t i v e s u p p o r t e r o f t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . H e w a s v e r y i n f l u e n t i a l i n h i s r e g i o n . H e f i r m l y s t o o d a g a i n s t T i w a n a s w h o w e r e t r yi n g t o d e f e a t t h e A I M L c a n d i d a t e s i n t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n c i e s . I t w a s d u e t o K h a w a j a S a h i b E f f o r t s t h a t M u s l i m L e a g u e c a n d i d a t e s w o n 1 0 0 % s e a t s i n d i s t r i c t s J h a n g a n d S a r g o d h a . H e w a s a g e n e r o u s , s i n c e r e a n d s p i r i t u a l l e a d e r w h o h a d d e v o t e d h i s l i f e f o r t h e g l o r y o f I s l a m a n d t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t . T h e r e w e r e s o m a n y o t h e r s c h o l a r s a n d M a s h a i k h w h o d e v o t e d t h e i r l i f e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f P a k i s t a n . S a j j a d a N a s h i n D i w a n - A a l - i - R a s o o l o f A j m e r S h a r i f a p p e a l e d t o t h e M a s h i a k h i n t h e n a m e o f K h a w a j a M o e e n - u d - D i n C h i s h t i t o g i v e t h e i r G a d d i s a n d j o i n A IM L t o m a t e r i a l i z e t h e d r e a m o f P a k i s t a n . N e a r l y a l l t h e s c h o l a r s o f B r e l v i s c h o o l o f t h o u g h t a c t i v e l y w o r k e d f o r t h e c a u s e o f P a k i s t a n . T h e m o s t r e n o w n e d
  • 8. U l e m a o f t h e m w e r e M a u l a n a N a e e m - u d - D i n , M a u l a n a A b d u l H a s n a t M a h m o o d A l i , M a u l a n a G h u l a m M u h a m m a d T a r a n n u m , M u f t i G h u l a m M o e e n - u d - D i n , M a u l a n a A b d u l G h a f o o r H a z a r v i , M a u l a n a S a n a u l l a h A m r i t s a r i , M a u l a n a M u h a m m a d I b r a h i m S i a l k o t i a n d M a u l a n a F a z a l I l a h i W a z i r a b a d i w e r e a m o n g s t t h e m . U l e m a a n d M a s h a i k h c o m p l e t e l y c h a n g e d t h e a t m o s p h e r e d u r i n g t h e P a k i s t a n M o v e m e n t a n d m a d e t h e t o u g h t a s k o f t h e Q u a i d - i - A z a m e a s i e r a n d u l t i m a t e l y P a k i s t a n c a m e i n t o b e i n g . References: A h m a d , J a m i l - u d - D i n . C r e a t i o n o f P a k i s t a n , P u b l i s h e r U n i t e d L t d L a h o r e , 1 9 7 6 , p p : 3 5 4 . D a v i d , G i l m a r t i n . E m p i r e a n d Is l a m . P u n j a b a n d t h e M a k i n g o f P a k i s t a n U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s B e r k l e y. 1 9 8 8 , p p : 2 1 6 . N a d v i , R a e e s A h m e d J a f f e r y. Q u a i d A z a m A u r U n k a E h a d . M a q b o o l A c a d e m y L a h o r e , 1 9 6 6 , p p : 4 0 5 . N a w a - i - W a q t , O c t o b e r 1 7 , 1 9 8 2 L a h o r e . P i r z a d a , S ye d S h a r i f - u d - d i n . F o u n d a t i o n o f A l l I n d i a M u s l i m L e a g u e D o c u m e n t s V o l - I I I 1 9 0 6 - 4 7 . R o y a l B o o k C o m p a n y, K a r a c h i , 1 9 9 0 , p p : 2 8 6 . Q u r e s h i , I s h t i a q H u s s a i n . T h e S t r u g g l e f o r P a k i s t a n . U n i v e r s i t y o f K a r a c h i . 1 9 6 9 , p p : 3 0 1 . R a h , T h e C h i r a g h - i - . N a z r i a P a k i s t a n N u m b e r , K a r a c h i , 1 9 6 0 , p p : 2 3 3 . H a q , R a z a - u l . S t a r B o o k D e p o t U r d u B a z a r L a h o r e , 1 9 8 0 .