Importancia de las vias navegables y puertos interiores en el commercio exterior

1. 1
Importancia de las vias navegables y
puertos interiores en el commercio exterior
By Jan Willem Koeman
Pharos Port Consultancy
The Netherlands
In Cooperation with the Royal
Dutch Embassy and the
Rotterdam Maritime Group

2. 2Contents
• What is IWT?
– What is it for?
– How does it work?
– Why would you choose for IWT?
• How important is an IWT system for the national
economy?
• How could an IWT system be developed?

3. 3Set-up
• I will refer quite frequently to the Dutch situation
• Because, though we might not have invented IWT, we
have perfected it subtantially
• We have the feeling that something can be learned from
our approach
• Nevertheless, where and if possible,I will present results
for IWT systems in other countries
• In the end I will demonstrate the requirements for the
development of an IWT system for a situation in
Colombia

4. 4
What is IWT?

5. 5What is IWT?
• A network system consisting of:
– Waterways;
– Seaports;
– Inland ports;
– A fleet of inland vessels and
– A sophisticated interaction between these
components
• It is not just the infrastructure that makes things work!

6. 6Waterway network
• Western Europe: 26.400 km of inland waterways

7. 7Waterway world network

8. 8Sea ports network
• 9 ports of the Hamburg-Le Havre range
• Total throughput 1,065 billion tons

9. 9Inland Ports Network
• Biggest European inland port
Duisburg (Germany) 40
million tons
• Second Liège (Belgium) 14
million tons
• Netherlands: 389 inland ports,
total throughput 380 million
tons

10. 10Fleet of vessels
• Western Europe: 15.000 vessels
• Netherlands: 6.500 vessels

11. 11Fleet of vessels
• Standardised fleet for standardised waterways

12. 12Highly specialized vessels

13. 13What is being transported?
• If Inland Waterway Transport wouldn’t have existed, it
would have been invented for dry bulk cargoes (ore,
coal, building materials, grains etc.):
– Relatively low value cargoes
– With modest speed requirements
• Same applies to liquid bulk cargoes (fuels, chemicals
etc.).
• But surprisingly enough the major growth in IWT in
Western Europe takes place in the container trade
– High value cargoes
– With relatively high speed requirements

14. 14What is being transported?
• As a consequence the following commodities are
transported by IWT:
– Coal
– Ore
– Petroleum
– Iron & Steel
– Project cargoes
– Grain
– Chemicals
– Aggregates
– Intermodal containers

15. 15Rotterdam Development of IWT
• Rotterdam forecasts reflect the growing importance of
the container trade:
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
mlntons
General cargo/Roro
Containers
Liquid bulk
Dry bulk

16. 16Why would you choose for IWT?
• Cost
• Reliability
• Safety
• Sustainability

17. 17Cost
• Cost comparison for a
simple base case
• Container transport from a
port to a hinter-land
destination:
– 100 km end-haulage
• Conclusion:
– It is definitely cheaper in
the long run
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
50 100 150 200 250 300
distance (km)
transportcost(€/box)
truck
rail
barge

18. 18Reliability
• The capacity of most of the inland waterways is
more or less limitless
• No congestion and, as a consequence, reliable
schedules
• It may be more slowly, but always on time!

19. 19Safety
• American research showed that for each barge
transportation fatality there are:
– 22 fatalities related to rail and
– 155 truck related fatalities
1
22
155

20. 20Sustainability #1
• Shift to IWT will ease the capacity demand on rail and
road:
One 15-barge tow
216 wagons + 6 locomotives
1,050 tractor-trailers

21. 21Sustainability #2
• In terms of CO2 produced per ton of cargo, inland
barges have a significant advantage over trains and
trucks

22. 22IWT market position Netherlands
• IWT market leader in:
– International transport
– Bulk transport
• Road is still market leader in container transport,
however IWT is gaining impact
• IWT is competitive for distances from
– 20-40 km without pre- or end-haulage
– 60-100 km with pre- or end- haulage
– 180-220 with both pre- and end-haulage

23. 23
How important is IWT?

24. 24How important is the sector?
• IWT is essential for:
– Hinterland transport of the maritime cargo of the
seaports and
– Continental transport that has nothing to do with the
maritime cargo of the seaports

25. 25Barge share in hinterland transport
• In 2010 the share of barge transport in the total
hinterland transport of the Port of Rotterdam was as
follows:
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Dry bulk Liquid bulk General cargo/Roro Containers
bargeshareinhinterlandtransport

26. 26IWT impact on seaports
• The main reason Rotterdam could expand to become
the biggest port in Europe is their location at the mouth
of the river Rhine and all it’s tributaries
• Barge hinterland traffic is the port’s major asset
• New Maasvlakte 2 project (biggest port expansion
outside China) will attract 20 million TEU of additional
container cargo

27. 27IWT impact on seaports
• If the impact of IWT
would not increase the
truck volume would
quadruple in the next
three decades.
Unacceptable from a
societal point of view!
• So a tremendous modal
shift from road to rail and
especially to IWT is
required as a license to
operate the new port
expansion
BARGE
20%
35%35%
2010 2035
RAIL
39,7% 45%
12,2% 20%
ROAD
35%
48,1% 35%

28. 28
IWT Continental Transport
• It is not only seaport related activities that contribute to
the importance of the IWT sector
– Total throughput in the 389 Dutch inland ports is 380
million tons
– Hinterland transport related to the seaports accounts
for 200 million tons
– Continental transport accounts for 180 million tons

29. 29US research on IWT impact
• If cargo going through St. Louis by barge were shifted
from the river system to the city’s already crowded
Interstates
– Highway costs over 10 years would increase
from $345 million to over $721 million
– Truck traffic on St. Louis Interstates would
increase by 200%
– Traffic delays would increase by almost 500%
– Maintenance costs would increase 80% to 93%

30. 30Inland ports #1
• Inland ports can be classified as follows:
– Multifunctional port
– Industry port
– Agro port
– Builiding material port
– Container port

31. 31Inland Ports #2
• Multifunctional ports have an important national and
regional function in the development of economic
centres of industry and logistics
• Industry and agricultural ports are essential nodes in the
transport of raw materials and finished products. Scale
and cost benefits of IWT contribute to the success of the
industries
• The construction sector is largely dependent on the
facilities of the inland ports classified as Builiding
material port
• Container ports offer excellent possibilities for the
transport of finished products and the distribution of
consumer goods

32. 32Total IWT impact on Dutch economy
• Recent study showed that IWT related activities in the
Netherlands provide:
– Direct employment opportunities of over 66.000 jobs
– Direct added value of 5,7 billion Euro
– Indirect backwards added value of 8,9 billion Euro
• With respect to the impact on the national economy the
inland ports are as important as the seaports in the
Netherlands, accounting for some 7% of GDP

33. 33
How to develop IWT?

34. 34Development of IWT
• Developing an IWT system requires the development of
a network system consisting of:
– Waterways;
– Ports;
– Fleet of inland vessels and
– Sophisticated interaction between these components

35. 35Development of waterways
• Most striking example in NW Europe
– Canal Seine Nord
– Connection between Seine and Rhine/Scheldt
estuaries
– Total investment 4,2 billion Euro

36. 36Development of ports#1
• The inland port of Alphen (some 40 km from Rotterdam)
was in decline. Diminishing throughput should be
counteracted by revitalisation
• Research showed a potential market of 100.000 TEU.
Two sailings/day to Rotterdam/Antwerp
• Combined investments of public and private parties led
to opening in 2010 and succesfull operation this year

37. 37Development of fleet
• New vessel types are being developed to cope with
changing market conditions
• Apart from the obvious scale enlargement the market
also asks for scale diminishment: to be competitive on
the smaller destinations a type of small container barge
has been developed and is succesfully operational since
5 years

38. 38Development of interaction #1
• Essential in the development of IWT is the development
of the interaction between all elements of the IWT
network to arrive at an optimal chain performance
• A succesfull example is the Barge Programme set up by
the Port of Rotterdam to achieve the modal shift required
for the succesful operation of the new Maasvlakte 2
project

39. 39Development of interaction #2

40. 40Development of interaction #3
• MV will be the largest containercomplex outside Asia
• Handling 33 million TEU
• Generating 20 million TEU of hinterland containers
• Will that work?
Growth of hinterland volume
(x 1 mio TEU containers)
200920092009 203520352035
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
weg barge rail
x3
x5
x6

41. 41Development of interaction #4
• We will provide all facilities within our port

42. 42Development of interaction #5
• But who will create 9 million TEU inland port capacity?
• And if so, it is not only infrastructure that will make things
run
• Logistics determine the operational efficiency of the
system
• How can we get a grip on logistics?
• We did set up a barge programme, together with the
market

43. 43Development of interaction #6
• A co-operation has been set-up between:
– National and provincial governments (investments in
and maintenance of inland waterways, locks and
traffic management systems)
– Port authorities (port development and operation of
seaports and inland ports)
– Terminal operators (development and operation of
terminal facilities)
– Barge operators (development and operation of barge
fleets)
– Shippers (defining chain requirements)

44. 44Development of interaction #7
• Four fields of interest:
Portshift (market share) Modal shift (barge share)

45. 45Development of interaction #8
• Four fields of interest:
Better planning Cleaner vessels

46. 46Development of interaction #9
• The aim is to synchronize the investments of all parties
and to tune these to the requirements of the transport
chain
• Parties have to fundamentally change their roles:
– the Port of Rotterdam will invest in hinterland
terminals
– Terminal operators will invest in barge connections
• Traditional thinking will not help us to meet these
tremendous challenges

47. 47
Possibilities in Colombia

48. 48Possibilities and Chances Colombia
• Colombia has one major
River: The Magdalena
• The river connects the sea
ports with major cities
through the road network
• Opportunities for transport:
– Bulk (Coal, Oil)
– Containers

49. 49Work Already Executed Colombia
• Numerous Studies
• Canal del Dique (connection
Magdalena – Cartagena)
• Inland berths improvements

50. 50IWT Improvements Colombia #1
• There appears to be sufficient study material
• Commodities are suited for IWT
• What is required as a start is setting up a River
Development Master Plan
• In this Master Plan the different development elements will
have to be elaborated and tuned:
– Waterway
– Port
– Fleet and
– (Institutional) interaction

51. 51IWT Improvements Colombia #2
• The River Development Master Plan will result in
Development Plans covering the following activities:
– Institutional
– Dredging > create and maintain larger water depths
– Nautical aspects
– Construction barges / pushers
– Intergrated logistics
– Access roads cities - river
– Development of Inland ports

52. 52
Conclusion

53. 53Conclusion
• IWT is essential for the efficient and sustainable
functioning of the transport sector in any country that has
the potential to develop IWT
• In this way IWT contributes to a significnt extent to the
country’s economy and the external trade
• The Dutch approach proves to be succesfull in developing
new IWT markets
• We think that this combined approach (development of
interaction) can be copied in other countries with the same
results
• If this sounds like an IWT promotion so be it. I only wanted
to convince you of some of my deeply felt convictions