1. Chapter Eight Memory

2. Recap
Fixed Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Ratio,
Variable Interval
Fixed means????
Variable means????
Ratio means????
Interval means????
****************************************************
PR, NR and PUN
PR & NR INCREASES previous behavior
PUN DECREASES previous behavior

3. D’you remember?
Well, it depends…
http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/th

4. The Function of Memory
MemoryMemory – our brain’s system for filing– our brain’s system for filing
away new information and retrievingaway new information and retrieving
previously learned materialpreviously learned material

5. How Memory is Organized

6. Eyewitness Testimony
What do you think?
http://youtu.be/xnkiclH7CmE

7. How Memory is Organized

8. Sensory Memory (SM)
1-2 seconds
Attention
Five senses
Encoded
If important, transfer to Working
Memory

9. Working Memory (STM)
 EncodingEncoding into working memoryinto working memory
• AttentionAttention
• Conscious and unconsciousConscious and unconscious
encodingencoding
• What do we encode? Images,What do we encode? Images,
sounds, and meaningssounds, and meanings
 Visual encodingVisual encoding
 Auditory encodingAuditory encoding
 Semantic encodingSemantic encoding

10. Working Memory
 StorageStorage in working memoryin working memory
• Organization and rehearsalOrganization and rehearsal
• 7+/-2 ~7+/-2 ~ A QUICK ExerciseA QUICK Exercise
 ChunkingChunking
 Rote rehearsalRote rehearsal
 RetrievalRetrieval from working memoryfrom working memory
• Recency effectRecency effect
• Primacy effectPrimacy effect
• Serial position effectSerial position effect

11. Chunk It Demonstration!
Listen to the following
string of letters
How many can you
remember?
Now, listen to the next set
of letters
How many can you
remember?

12. Working Memory
 ForgettingForgetting
• Interference and encodingInterference and encoding
 PseudoforgettingPseudoforgetting
• Cued forgettingCued forgetting

13. A Memory Test
Look at the following words for 15
seconds. Try to remember them!
bed quilt dark
silence fatigue clock
snoring night toss
tired night artichoke
turn night rest
dream

14. bed quilt dark
silence fatigue clock
snoring night toss
tired night artichoke
turn night rest
dream

15. Long Term Memory (LTM)
 Encoding into long-term memoryEncoding into long-term memory
• Flashbulb memoriesFlashbulb memories
• Elaborative rehearsalElaborative rehearsal
• MnemonicsMnemonics
 Storage in long-term memoryStorage in long-term memory
• Levels of processingLevels of processing
 Shallow processingShallow processing
 Deep processingDeep processing

16. Long Term Memory
 Retrieval from long-
term memory
• Recognition or recall?Recognition or recall?
• Retrieval cuesRetrieval cues
 Retrieval cueRetrieval cue
 State-dependentState-dependent
memorymemory

17. Long Term Memory
 Retrieval failure:Retrieval failure:
ForgettingForgetting
• InterferenceInterference
 Proactive interferenceProactive interference
 RetroactiveRetroactive
interferenceinterference
• Storage decayStorage decay
 Forgetting curveForgetting curve

18. Let’s Be Patriotic!
Sing the Star Spangled Banner
What is the sentence that goes after:
“Through the perilous fight”

19. “O’er the ramparts we watched”

20. Thankfully, we weren’t this bad!!
http://youtu.be/hyCc1DzRAgQ

21. In case you were wondering…
Oh, say, can you see,
By the dawn’s early light,
What so proudly we hailed
At the twilight’s last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars,
Through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched
Were so gallantly streaming.
And the rockets red glare,
The bombs bursting in air
Gave proof through the night
That our flag was still there
Oh, say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free
And the home of the brave?

22. Memory Mishaps
 Emotion, stress andEmotion, stress and
memorymemory
• HypervigilanceHypervigilance
• Yerkes-Dodson lawYerkes-Dodson law
 AmnesiaAmnesia
• Retrograde amnesiaRetrograde amnesia
• Anterograde amnesiaAnterograde amnesia

23. The Seven Sins of
Memory Three sins of forgettingThree sins of forgetting
• Absent-mindednessAbsent-mindedness
• TransienceTransience
• BlockingBlocking
 Three sins of distortionThree sins of distortion
• MisattributionMisattribution
• SuggestibilitySuggestibility
• BiasBias
 One sin of intrusionOne sin of intrusion
• PersistencePersistence

24. Homework
Read Chapter Nine
See you on Thursday!