2. Introduction
Referred as ‘rainforests of the sea’- diverse ecosystem
Occupy less than 1% of the world ocean surface
Home for 25% of the all marine species
Annual global economic value- US$ 375 billion
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3. Prevent sediments from washing up & damaging the
shoreline
Act as physical barrier; creates healthier, protected
coastline habitat
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4. Sequesters CO₂, create an environment which attract
marine biodiversity
Provides economic benefits
Harvested for medicinal & jewellery purposes
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5. Critical habitats essential for the maintenance of
biodiversity
Tourism (generation of foreign exchange)
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6. Support a variety of commercial and artisanal
fisheries
Attract millions of scuba divers, snorkelers, and other
tourists every year
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7. Common threat to coral reefs
Anchors
Ship groundings
Divers and snorkelers
Coastal development
Collecting
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8. Pollution, silting from land-based construction, and fertilizer
runoff have led to damage to coral reefs
Reef organisms are also damaged or killed by heavy metals,
pesticides, and oil
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9. Rising sea temperatures from global warming can also
destroy corals, which may otherwise destroys the
symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae
Hurricanes and earthquakes, which can also lead to
significant damage to the reefs
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10. Long term temperature changes, or changing rainfall
patterns
Changes in sea level can lead to the destruction of
coral reefs
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11. Coral bleaching; individual polyps spit out their symbiotic
algae
Discharge of nutrient-rich waste water (sewage, fertilizers,
pesticides) into marine environments may lead to explosive
algal growth; thick algal mats can smother the reef
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12. Thermal pollution: power plant discharge of heated
water is another major threat
Sedimentation: rains will carry loads of sediments
directly to the sea
Disease: this is another major outbreak that limits the
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13. Overfishing: particularly using habitat-destructive methods;
explosives are sometimes used to stun and kill fish
Chemical poisons (including bleaches and soaps)
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14. Boating : physical contact involving collision with or
anchoring on live coral
Fishing and Collecting: In many geographic areas, reef
fishes are a significant source of food, collection of fishes
by blast fishing & cyanide fishing is harmful
Alteration of coastline habitats, such as cutting of
mangroves, and other coastal habitats.
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15. National & International
Regulations
Corals should not be collected, either alive or dead
from wild
The United States federal government prohibits the
removal or destruction of corals from all areas of the
continental shelf within a three-mile limit
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16. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
prohibits the collection of living or dead stony corals
(Order Scleractinia) or fire corals (Millepora spp.) within
Florida waters
Collection of hard corals is also banned in Hawaii, Guam,
and Puerto Rico.
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17. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates
international trade of certain vulnerable corals as well as fish
species
Indo-Pacific blue coral (Heliopora coerulea; Family
Helioporidae, Order Helioporacea)
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18. Organ-pipe coral (Tubipora musica; Family
Tubiporidae, Order Stolonifera
All corals in the Order Scleractinia (1634 species of
reef- building, stony corals)
All corals in the order Antipatharia (245 species of
black corals)
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19. Protection the coral reefs
The establishment of marine sanctuaries or preserves
The Australian government established the Great Barrier
Reef Marine Park in 1975
The Great Barrier Reef was designated as an UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1981, providing further protection to this
2,300 km (1,430 mi) long coral reef system
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20. In United States, the NOAA National Marine
Sanctuary system is composed of 14 federally-
protected underwater regions
Including more than 1,50,000 square miles of ocean
and Great Lakes waters
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21. International Sanctuaries which
protect coral reefs
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (Gulf of
Mexico)
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine
Sanctuary (Hawaii)
Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary (American Samoa)
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22. Conservation and Management of
Coral Reefs in India
Ministry of Environment & Forests has been identified as
the nodal agency for conservation and management of coral
reefs as per the Allocation of Business Rules
National Committee on Wetlands, Mangroves and Coral
Reefs was constituted in 1986
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23. Established Indian Coral Reef Monitoring
Network (ICRMN)
National Coral Reef Research Centre at Port Blair
• Coral Reefs in Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu) and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands have been declared as
Biosphere Reserve
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24. Implementation of Management Action Plans on
identified coral reef areas, training and capacity
building in taxonomy, bio-physical methods and scuba
diving
Establishment of Database Network and Website on
Coral Reefs
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25. The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification (1991)
issued by Government of India under the Dredging and
underwater blasting in and around coral formations is also
prohibited
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 : All Reef-building,
Fire and Sea Fan Corals put in Schedule-I of the Act
(Prohibited from exploitation)
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26. Implementation of UNDP-PDF-B Project on Management of
Coral Reefs in Andamans
Implementation of India-Australia Training and Capacity
Building (IATCB) Project on Coral Reefs
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27. Establishment of National Focal Points of Global Coral
Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), International
Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) and Coral Reef
Degradation in Indian Ocean (CORDIO) are jointly
contributing for the conservation of coral reefs
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28. CRZ have constituted National Coastal Zone
Management Authority (NCZMA) at the Centre,
and 13 CZMAs at States/Union Territories
Formulation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Plans (ICZMP) by Coastal States
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29. Marine National Parks
Six Marine National Parks
Gulf of Mannar
Gulf of Kutch
Bhitarkanika National Park
Mahatma Gandhi Wandoor National Park,
Rani Jhansi Marine National Park
Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary
The largest MNP is the the Gulf of Mannar (10,500 sq.
kms)
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30. Precautions to be taken
Tourists should make sure not to sit on, stand on, or
even touch live coral
Divers or snorkelers should rest by floating or standing
on the sandy bottom near the coral reefs
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31. Should be very careful not to grab on to any coral
formations
Take photos of coral reefs rather than collecting dead
or living coral, which damages the reef and is
prohibited in many areas.
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32. Boaters should take care when navigating around the
coral reefs
Anchors shouldn't be dropped directly on the reef, but
on a near-by sandy area
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33. Purchase fish that have been aquarium raised rather
than collecting from the wild
WHAT CAN WE DO TO SUSTAIN CORAL REEFS?
Laws need to be strictly enforced
Building artificial reefs (in-situ/transplanted)
Focus on prevention and not just restoration
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