1. List of Discourse Markers (Penanda Wacana)
ADDING (menambah)
And (dan)
Also (juga)
as well as (serta)
moreover (tambahan pula)
too (sangat / juga)
furthermore (tambahan pula)
additionally (tambahan itu)
TO EXPRESS (menunjukkan pendapat)
frankly (secara terus terang)
I think (saya rasa/ fikir)
in my opinion (pada pendapat saya)
actually (sebenarnya)
I believe that.. (saya percaya bahawa..)
unfortunately (malangnya)
luckily (nasib baik)
honestly (secara jujurnya)
SEQUENCING (susunan)
once upon a time (pada suatu hari)
from this point (dari sini)
at the beginning (pada awalnya)
first, second, third… (pertama, kedua, ketiga…)
finally (akhirnya)
next (seterusnya)
meanwhile (sementara itu)
after (selepas)
after that (selepas itu)
then (kemudian)
subsequently (seterusnya / kemudiannya)
in conclusion (kesimpulannya)
in the end (pada akhirnya)
at last (akhirnya)
final finally (akhir sekali)
ILLUSTRATING (menggambarkan)
for example (sebagai contoh)
such as (seperti)
like (seperti)
for instance (misalnya)
in the case of (dalam kes)
as revealed by… (seperti yang didedahkan oleh..)
illustrated by (digambarkan oleh)
CAUSE and EFFECT (sebab dan akibat)
because (sebab / kerana)
so (jadi)
therefore (oleh itu)
thus (dengan itu / oleh itu)
consequently (akibatnya)
hence (justeru / seterusnya / dengan itu)
as a result (sebagai kesannya)
COMPARING (membandingkan)
similarly (sama seperti / begitu juga)
likewise (begitu juga / demikian juga)
as with (seperti dengan)
like (seperti)
equally (sama / dengan sama rata)
in the same way.. (melalui cara yang sama)
QUALIFYING (melayakkan)
But (tetapi)
However (walau bagaimanapun)
Although (walaupun)
Unless (melainkan jika)
Except (kecuali)
apart from (selain daripada..)
as long as (selagi)
if (jika)
even so (walaupun begitu)
even though (walaupun)
in another way (dengan cara lain)
on the other hand (dengan kata lain)
for all that (untuk semua itu)
-WNEIWZ’12-

2. CONTRASTING (membezakan)
whereas (manakala)
instead of (bukannya / sebaliknya)
alternatively (sebagai alternatif)
otherwise (sebaliknya)
unlike (tidak seperti)
on the other hand.. (dengan cara yang lain)
conversely (sebaliknya)
EMPHASISING (menekankan)
above all (mengatasi segala)
in particular (khususnya)
especially (terutamanya)
significantly (dengan ketara)
indeed (sesungguhnya / sememangnya)
notably (terutama sekali)
Time 1
before, earlier, previously, formerly, recently, not long ago, at present,
presently, currently, now, by now, until, today, immediately, simultaneously, at
the same time, during, all the while, in the future yesterday, tomorrow,
henceforth, after, after a short time, after a while, soon, later, later on,
following, the following week,
Time 2
Suddenly, all at once, instantly, immediately, quickly, directly, soon, as soon as,
just then, when, sometimes, some of the time, in the meantime, occasionally,
rarely, seldom, infrequently, temporarily, periodically, gradually, eventually,
little by little, slowly, while, meanwhile, always, all of the time, without
exception, at the same time, repeatedly, often, frequently, generally, usually, as
long as, never, not at all
-WNEIWZ’12-

3. The Most Commonly Used Terms (Istilah-istilah yang selalu digunakan)
Words that have similar meanings (Perkataan-perkataan yang membawa maksud yang sama)
Tempat
Venue
Place
Location
Setting
Scene
Situation
Site
Area
Region
Whereabouts
Locus
Penulis / Pencipta
Author
Writer
Composer
Reporter
Columnist
Essayist
Journalist
Novelist
Dramatist
Playwright
Screenwriter
Creator
Originator
Producer
Designer
Planner
Maker
Masa
Time
Period
Age
Era
Term
Span
Moment
Stage
Schedule
Programme
Instant
Ocassion
Timetable
Fix
Set
Tajuk
Title
Name
Heading
Entitle
Name
Call
Label
Tag
Style
Term
Peserta / Pihak lawan /
Calon
Competitor
Candidate
Contestant
Contender
Challenger
Player
Entrant
Opponent
Participant
Rival
Applicant
Tujuan
Aim
Purpose
Intention
Reason
Goal
Point
Objective
Idea
-WNEIWZ’12-

4. Utama / Penting
Important
Main
Principal
Chief
Head
Leading
Foremost
Major
Dominant
Central
Focal
Key
Prime
Primary
First
Fundamental
Predominant
Greatest
Significant
Key
Tema
Theme
Subject
Topic
Argument
Idea
Thrust
Thread
Motive
Keynote
Asal
Origin
Beginning
Start
Basic
Cause
Source
Birth
Heritage
Family
Roots
Extraction
Kesan / Perubahan
Effect
Result
End
Outcome
Finish
Consequence
Aftermath
Impact
Cause
Influence
Sequel
Cipta / Reka / Bina
Invent
Create
Devise
Think up
Dream up
Conceive
Formulate
Form
Develop
Produce
Mastermind
Pioneer
Construct
Erect
Put up
Assemble
Make
Create
Fashion
Model
Shape
Kaedah / Cara
Manner
Approach
Technique
Way
Method
Procedure
Process
Strategy
-WNEIWZ’12-

5. Hadiah / Anugerah
Gift
Present
Award
donation
Endowment
offering
Reward
Contribution
Kemuncak / Penekanan
Highlight
Best moment
Climax
Peak
Summit
Focus
Feature
Pinnacle
Height
Zenith
Accent
Bring out
Accentuate
Stress
Emphasize
Diterbitkan /
Ditayangkan
Publish
Issue
Bring out
Produce
Print
Make known
Make public
Publicize
Announce
Broadcast
Put out
Distribute
Spread
Circulate
Air
-WNEIWZ’12-