Computing is being transformed to a model consisting of services based on their requirements without regard to where the services are hosted or how they are delivered.

1. ALTANAI BISHT .
VELTECH MULTITECH DR Rangarajan DR Sakunthala ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
Dept of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY , BTECH 1st YR
CLOUD COMPUTING
Abstract:
The term, cloud computing, has become one of the latest buzzwords in the IT
industry. Cloud computing is an innovative approach that leverages existing IT
infrastructure to optimize compute resources and manage data and computing workloads.
. Cloud computing promises to increase the velocity with which applications are
deployed, increase innovation, and lower costs, all while increasing business agility.
cloud computing that allows it to support every facet, including the server, storage,
network, and virtualization technology that drives cloud computing environments to the
software that runs in virtual appliances that can be used to assemble applications in
minimal time. The market-based resource management that cloud computing transforms
the way we design, build, and deliver applications, and the architectural considerations
that enterprises must make when adopting and using cloud computing technology.
Keywords: Cloud Computing, Data Centers, Utility Computing, Virtualization, Service
Level Agreements (SLAs) Web Services.
Introduction:
Computing is being transformed
to a model consisting of services based
on their requirements without regard to
where the services are hosted or how
they are delivered. Cloud computing can
be the ability to rent a server or a
thousand servers and run on the most
powerful systems available anywhere. It
can be storing and securing immense
amounts of data that is accessible only

2. by authorized applications and users to
use applications on the Internet while
providing a service — anything
including email, sales force automation
and tax preparation. It can be using a
storage cloud to hold application,
business, and personal data and it can be
the ability to use a handful of Web
services to integrate photos, maps. since
cloud applications may be crucial to the
core business operations of the
consumers, it is essential that the
consumers have guarantees from
providers on service delivery. Typically,
these are provided through Service Level
Agreements (SLAs) brokered between
the providers and consumers. Recent
advances in microprocessor technology
and software have led to the increasing
ability of commodity hardware to run
applications within Virtual Machines
(VMs) efficiently. VMs allow both the
isolation of applications from the
underlying hardware and other VMs.
Cloud computing and characteristics:
"A Cloud is a type of parallel and
distributed system consisting of a
collection of inter-connected and
virtualized computers that are
dynamically provisioned and presented
as one or more unified computing
resources based on service-level
agreements established through
negotiation between the service provider
and consumers.”
Cloud computing users can
avoid capital expenditure on hardware,
software, and services when they pay a
provider only for what they use.
Consumption is usually billed on a
utility or subscription basis with little or
no upfront cost. Other benefits of this
time sharing-style approach are low
barriers to entry, shared infrastructure
and costs, low management overhead,
and immediate access to a broad range
of applications. In general, users can
terminate the contract at any time
(thereby avoiding return on investment
risk and uncertainty), and the services
are often covered by service level
agreements (SLAs) with financial
penalties.
Architecture:
Cloud architecture, the systems
architecture of the software systems
involved in the delivery of cloud
computing, comprises hardware and
software designed by a cloud architect
who typically works for a cloud
integrator. It typically involves multiple
cloud components communicating with
each other over application
programming interfaces, usually web
services.
This closely resembles the Unix
philosophy of having multiple programs
each doing one thing well and working
together over universal interfaces.
Complexity is controlled and the
resulting systems are more manageable
than their monolithic counterparts.
Cloud architecture extends to the
client, where web browsers and/or
software applications access cloud
applications.

3. Cloud computing architecture
Principles of Cloud Architecture:
1. Integrated Ecosystem Managem for
Cloud:
For Vendors, Partners
and End users.
2. Virtualization for Cloud
Infrastructure:
Maintain Hardware and software
resources availability in dynamic, on-
demand manner.
3. Service Orientation for Common
Reusable Components:
Present reusable components as
Web Services
4. Extensible Provisioning and
Subscription for Clouds:
How Cloud users easily access
services. How cloud service provides
Provision services.
5. Configurable Enablement for Cloud
Offerings:
Cloud offering levels(SaaS, IaaS,
or PaaS).
6. Unified Information Representation
and Exchange Framework:
How different Cloud Entities
Exchange Messages.
7. Cloud Quality and Governance:
Reliability, Security, Billing …etc
Cloud computing infrastructure
models:
1. Public cloud:

4. Public cloud or external cloud
describes cloud computing in the
traditional mainstream sense, whereby
resources are dynamically provisioned
on a fine-grained, self-service basis over
the Internet, via web applications/web
services, from an off-site third-party
provider who shares resources and bills
on a fine-grained utility computing
basis.
2. Hybrid cloud:
A hybrid cloud environment
consisting of multiple internal and/or
external providers "will be typical for
most enterprises". A hybrid cloud can
describe configuration combining a local
device, such as a Plug computer with
cloud services. It can also describe
configurations combining virtual and
physical, collocated assets.
3. Private cloud
Private cloud and internal cloud
are neologisms that some vendors have
recently used to describe offerings that
emulate cloud computing on private
networks. These products claim to
"deliver some benefits of cloud
computing without the pitfalls",
capitalizing on data security, corporate
governance, and reliability concerns.
Types of services:
Services provided by cloud computing
can be split into three major categories
1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS):
Infrastructure-as-a-Service like
Amazon Web Services provides virtual
servers with unique IP addresses and
blocks of storage on demand. Customers
benefit from an API from which they
can control their servers. Because
customers can pay for exactly the
amount of service they use, like for
electricity or water, this service is also
called utility computing.
2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS):
Platform-as-a-Service is a set of
software and development tools hosted
on the provider's servers. Developers can
create applications using the provider's
APIs. Google Apps is one of the most
famous Platform-as-a-Service providers.
Developers should take notice that there
aren't any interoperability standards
(yet), so some providers may not allow
you to take your application and put it on
another platform.
3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS):
Software-as-a-Service is the
broadest market. In this case the
provider allows the customer only to use
its applications. The software interacts
with the user through a user interface.
These applications can be anything from
web based email, to applications like
Twitter .
Market-Oriented Cloud:
Market-oriented resource
management is necessary to regulate the
supply and demand of Cloud resources
to achieve market equilibrium (where
supply = demand), providing feedback
in terms of economic incentives for both
Cloud consumers and providers, and
mechanisms that differentiate service
requests based on their utility.

5. Market-oriented cloud architecture
Working:
1.Users/Brokers:
Users or brokers acting on their
behalf submit service requests from
anywhere in the world to the Data
Center and Cloud to be processed.
2.SLA Resource Allocator:
The SLA Resource Allocator acts
as the interface between the Data
Center/Cloud service provider and
external users/brokers.
3. Pricing:
The Pricing mechanism decides
how service requests are charged.
Pricing serves as a basis for managing
the supply and demand of computing
resources within the Data Center.
4. Accounting:
The Accounting mechanism
maintains the actual usage of resources
by requests so that the final cost can be
computed and charged to the users.
5. VM Monitor:
The VM Monitor mechanism
keeps track of the availability of VMs
and their resource entitlements.
6. Dispatcher:
The Dispatcher mechanism starts
the execution of accepted service
requests on allocated VMs.
7. Service Request Monitor:
The Service Request Monitor
mechanism keeps track of the execution
progress of service requests.
8. VMs:
Multiple VMs can be started and
stopped on-demand on a single physical

6. machine to meet accepted service
requests, hence providing maximum
flexibility to configure various partitions
of resources on the same physical
machine to different specific
requirements of service requests.
9. Physical Machines:
The Data Center comprises
multiple computing servers that provide
resources to meet service demands.
Global Cloud Exchange and Markets:
The market directory allows
participants to locate providers or
consumers with the right offers. The
banking system ensures that financial
transactions pertaining to agreements
between participants are carried out.
Brokers perform mediate between
consumers and providers by buying
capacity from the provider and sub-
leasing these to the consumers.
A broker can accept requests
from many users who have a choice of
submitting their requirements to
different brokers. Consumers, brokers
and providers are bound to their
requirements and related compensations
through SLAs. An SLA specifies the
details of the service to be provided in
terms of metrics agreed upon by all
parties, and penalties for meeting and
violating the expectations, respectively.
Such markets can bridge
disparate Clouds allowing consumers to
choose a provider that suits their
requirements by either executing SLAs
in advance or by buying capacity on the
spot. Providers can use the markets in
order to perform effective capacity
planning.
Global Cloud exchange and market infrastructure for trading services
. Benefits of Cloud Computing:

7. • Agility improves with users
ability to rapidly and
inexpensively re-provision
technological infrastructure
resources.
• Cost is claimed to be greatly
reduced and capital expenditure
is converted to operational
expenditure. Pricing on a utility
computing basis is fine-grained
with usage-based options and
fewer IT skills are required for
implementation.
• Device and location
independence enable users to
access systems using a web
browser regardless of their
location or what device they are
using (e.g., PC, mobile
• Multi-tenancy enables sharing
of resources and costs across a
large pool of users thus allowing
for:
o Centralization
o Peak-load capacity
o Utilization and
efficiency
• Reliability improves through the
use of multiple redundant sites,
which makes cloud computing
suitable for business continuity
and disaster recovery.
• Scalability via dynamic
provisioning of resources on a
fine-grained, self-service basis
near real-time, without users
having to engineer for peak
loads.
• Security could improve due to
centralization of data, increased
security-focused resources, etc.,
but concerns can persist about
loss of control over certain
sensitive data, and the lack of
security for stored kernels.
• Sustainability comes about
through improved resource
utilization, more efficient
systems, and carbon neutrality.
• Maintenance cloud computing
applications are easier to
maintain, since they don't have to
be installed on each user's
computer.
• Increased Storage
Organizations can store more
data than on private computer
systems.
• Flexibility
Cloud computing offers much
more flexibility than past isolated
computing methods.
• More Mobility: :
Employees can access
information wherever they are,
rather than having to remain at
their desks.
Clients:
A cloud client consists of computer
hardware and/or computer software
that relies on cloud computing for
example:
• Mobile - Palm Pre- Web’s Linux
Kernel, Android-Linux Kernel,
iPhone-Darwin Kernel,
Microsoft based - Windows
Mobile)
• Thin client (CherryPal, Wyse,
Zonbu, gOS-based systems)
• Thick client / Web browser
(Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Google Chrome,
WebKit)

8. Servers:
The servers layer consists of computer
hardware and/or computer software
products for example:
• Fabric computing .
Application:
A cloud application leverages cloud
computing in software architecture,
often eliminating the need to install and
run the application on the customer's
own computer, thus alleviating the
burden of software maintenance,
ongoing operation, and support. For
example:
• Peer-to-peer / volunteer
computing (BOINC, Skype)
• Web applications (Webmail,
Face book, Twitter, You Tube,
Yammer)
• Security as a service (Message
Labs, Pure wire, Scan Safe,
Zscaler)
• Software as a service (Google
Apps)
• Platform
• Services
o Identity (OAuth, OpenID)
o Real-world (Amazon
Mechanical Turk)
• Solution stacks
o Java (Google App
Engine)
o PHP (Rackspace Cloud
Sites)
o Python Django (Google
App Engine)
o Ruby on Rails (Engine
Yard, Heroku)
• Storage [Structured]
o Databases (Amazon
SimpleDB, Big Table)
o Queues (Amazon SQS)
Conclusion:
Cloud computing is a new and
promising paradigm delivering IT
services as computing utilities. As
Clouds are designed to provide services
to external users, providers need to be
compensated for sharing their resources
and capabilities. In this paper, we have
proposed architecture for market-
oriented allocation of resources within
Clouds. We have discussed some
representative platforms for Cloud
computing covering the state-of-the-art.
As Cloud platforms become ubiquitous,
we expect the need for internetworking
them to create a market oriented global
Cloud exchange for trading services.
Several challenges need to be addressed
to realize this vision. They include:
market-maker for bringing service
providers and consumers; market
registry for publishing and discovering
Cloud service providers and their
services; clearing house and brokers for
mapping service requests to providers
who can meet QoS expectations; and
payment management and accounting
infrastructure for trading services.
Finally, we need to address regulatory
and legal issues, which go beyond
technical issues.