1. INNVOATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY IN
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
EDUCATION
Mrs. Sahbanthul Missiriya, M.A., M.Sc (N),
M.A. Child care & Edu., Ph.D
Associate Professor,
Community Health Nursing Department,
Saveetha College of Nursing,
Saveetha University, Chennai -77

2. INNVOATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY IN
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION :-
 It is our experience that increase of
population and explosion of knowledge
are not only affecting the pattern of
human life but also inflicting their full
impact on education.
There is a requirement of simplifying all
the innovations and technology to make it
understandable, adaptable and affordable
to the society.

3. DEFINITIONS :-
• INNOVATION : It refers to both radical and
incremental changes in thinking, in things, in
processes or in services.
(Mckeown – 2008)
• EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY : It is a
complex integrated process involving people,
procedure, ideas, devising, implementing,
evaluating and managing solutions to those
problems involved in all aspects of human
learning.

4. ORIGIN OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY :-
• It was recognized in 1967 with the
establishment of the national council for
educational technology in the United
Kingdom.

5. PURPOSES:-
• To make education more productive and
more individual.
• To give instruction more scientific base
etc.,

6. CATEGORIES OF EDUCATION TEC HNOLOGY:-
• PROJECTED AIDS :-
– FILMS
– FILM STRIPS
– SLIDES
– OPAGUE PROJECTION
– OHP etc.,
• NON PROJECTED AIDES :-
• GRAPHIC AIDS :-
• DISPLAY BOARDS :-
• 3-DIMENTIONAL AIDS :-
• AUDIO AIDS :-
• ACTIVITY AIDS :-

7. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE IN COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING EDUCATION
• Hardware is based on the application of
engineering principle for developing
electro mechanic equipments for
instructional purpose., Motion pictures,
Tape recorder, TV, teaching machines
and computers are called educational
hardware.Newspaper, books, magazines,
educational game, flash cards may form
part of software.

8. SYSTEM APPROACH :-
• It is a systematic attempt to coordinate all
aspects of problem towards specific
objectives. Systems is composed of
teacher, student and programme of
instruction all in a particular pattern of
interaction.

9. EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS :-
• DIAL ACCESS
• EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION
• VIDEO
• INTERACTIVE VIDEO
• TELE CONFERENCING
• E- MAIL
• COMPUTER
• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION.
• LOCAL AREA NETWORK.
• COMPACT DISC (READ ONLY MEMORY)
• DIGITAL VIDEO INTERACTIVE

10. THEORIES IN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY :-
• Anchored Instruction :-
Anchored Instruction Theory maintains that real
world contexts imbedded in educational media
serve as anchors of learning in the sense that
learners construct knowledge while solving the
subsequent problems. The theory was
developed by the Cognition & Technology Group
at Vanderbilt with John Bransford's lead.
Exemplary products are the Jasper Woodbury
Videodiscs.

11. • Cognitive Flexibility :-
Cognitive Flexibility Theory focuses on the learning in
complex and ill-structured domains. The theory focuses
on the spontaneity of learning situations. It maintains that
learning should be in context, however information
should be presented from multiple perspectives and
various case studies should be utilized in instruction.
Rand Spiro is the leading theorist. Best tools are
interactive technologies, hypertext being the most
important. Medical Education is the field that most widely
uses Cognitive Flexibility.

12. • Constructivist Theory :-
Constructivism argues that learning is an active
process. Learners construct their own
knowledge by selecting and transforming
information, constucting and refining
hypotheses, and decision-making. Discovery
learning is one of the major themes of
constructivist theory. One of the implications of
the theory is the importance of learner's
motivation. Major work in this theory is done by
Piaget and Bruner.

13. • Diffusion of Innovations :-
The Diffusion of Innovations Theory attempts to explain
the patterns of adoption of innovations in general.
Educators' adoption of technology is an important
application of the principles of this theory. It explains the
stages through which a technological innovation passes,
the charactesistics of innovations that affects their
adoption, adopter categories, and the different roles of
poeple in the process. Rogers is the most prominent
researcher of this theory.

14. • Distributed Cognition:-
The Theory of Distributed Cognition is closely
related to Social Constructivism in the argument
it makes that cognition is not within the individual
but rather it is distributed over other people and
tools. The use of telecommunications
technologies in education has to rely highly on
distributed cognition. Major researchers in the
field are Pea, Salomon, Perkins, Cole, G.
Hutchins, and Norman.

15. • Dual-Coding Theory :-
The Dual Coding Theory which serves most to learning via
multimedia focuses on the processing of information. It argues that
information is processed through two distinct channels - visual and
auditory, each indivudual channel is limited in the amount of
information it can process at a time, and humans learn actively by
integrating mental representations. A major implication of the
research based on this theory is that learning occurs best when the
information in the two channels are closely related and match,
enabling interaction between the two. Two important researchers
are Paivio and Mayer.

16. • Experiential Learning:-
Carl Rogers' theory is rooted in humanistic education. He
identifies the two types of learning as cognitive and
experiential. Cognitive learning refers to the learning of
isolated information out of context, which usually takes
place in formal school settings. Rogers lists the qualities
of experiential learning as personal involvement, self-
initiation, learner evaluation, and pervasive effects on
learner. The theory suggests that learner motivation and
thus the relevance of the topic are keys to successful
learning.

17. • Multiple Intelligences:-
The theory of multiple intelligences suggests that every
individual possesses a unique combination of distinct
intelligences. The 7 main forms of intelligence are,
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, body-
kinesthetic, intrapersonal and interpersonal. Recently
'natural intelligence' is proposed to be the 8th form of
intelligence. The theory suggests that everyone learns
best when the material matches the intelligences he/she
is strong at. Thus, teaching should take into
consideration the degrees of intelligences of each
learner. The theory gains importance due to the fact that
most of our schooling focuses on only two of the
intelligences - linguistic and mathematical - so, does not
provide equal opportunities for all learners.

18. • Script Theory :-
Script Theory is primarily intended to explain language
processing and higher thinking skills. Schank and
Abelson, the pioneers, developed the theory to explain
story-level understanding, but te work later was
extended by Schank to cognition in general. The theory
argues that all memory is episodic, that is, everything
has to be attached to personal experiences in order to
be in the memory. However, there are generalized
episodes, "scripts", that help individuals fill in missing
personal information in conceptualizing a narrative.

19. • Situated Cognition :-
Situated Cognition argues that learning is "situated", that
is, learning is associated to high degree to the activity,
context and culture in which it occurs. According to the
four major theorists, Lave, Brown, Collins, and Duguid,
this is not the case with most classroom activities.
Novice learners learn through a process of "legitimate
peripheral participation" within a "community of practice".
This theory also promotes the use of Anchored
Instruction.

20. • Social Constructivism :-
Social constructivism maintains that learners construct knowledge in
interaction with their social environment. Learning is regarded as a
collaborative activity. Lev Vygotsky, is the most prominent figure in
the development of social constructivist theory. He outlines the
community, the tools (e.g. language) in the learning environment,
and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) as important
elements in learning. ZPD refers to the tasks the learner cannot
perform on his/her own but can with the help of a 'more
knowledgeable other'. It promotes all learning activities that include
collaboration. Computer Supported Collaborative Learning is the
most recent application of this theory.

21. • Symbol Systems :-
The theory explores the symbols systems in different
media and how they affect learning. Salomon, a pioneer
of the theory, states that different inherent symbol
systems in the media affect the messages conveyed by
the media and the nature of learning. He also states that
the symbol system has the most effect in learning novel
topics. Research on Sesame Street deals closely with
symbol systems in educational media. Other major
theorists are Perkins and Globerson. Educational
Technology owes this theory because it provides a
foundation for educational multimedia applications.

22. NURSING IMPLICATIONS IN EDUCATION PRACTICE
AND RESEARCH:-
The nursing profession is faced with the challenging role of
providing individualized client care within the context of the
whole person Individualized care cannot be achieved without
considering the factors associated with the personal being, such
as culture, beliefs and tradition.
As nurses interact with clients from various cultural backgrounds,
the need to consider and be aware of their own values is essential
to enable them to provide unbiased care. Nurse education plays a
major role in developing individuals who are able to examine their
own views with regards to cultural biases.
The importance of acknowledging other cultures as opposed to
the nurses' own is essential in order to ensure that the knowledge
learnt will enhance the qualities of caring, competence and
professionalism. This is necessary because cultural context is
viewed according to how it is perceived by the clients and the
nurses themselves.

23. CONCLUSION :-
• The demand for community health nursing
practice is increasing as various global
factors influence the daily lives and health
of individuals. We are an inclusive world
class enterprise of discovery that prepares
innovative, evidenced based health care
providers, education leaders and
researchers to optimize health in culturally
diverse global community.

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25. Thank you