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1.
ISSN: 2278 –
1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 VisualRank for Image Retrieval from Large-Scale Image Database Suryakant P. Bhonge, Dr. D. S. Chaudhari, P. L. Paikrao Abstract— VisualRank provide ranking among images to be significant implementation to the VisualRank for image retrieved by measuring common visual features of the images. retrieval[1]. The similarity between images is measured by measuring There are two main challenges in captivating the concept similarity within extracted features like Texture, Color and Gray Histogram. Image ranked higher, when most of image of inferring common visual themes to creating a scalable and features matched to features of query image. In this paper, effective algorithm. The first challenge involved image VisualRank approach is based on k-means clustering and processing required and seconds the need of evolving the minimum distance findings among images is used. The results of mechanism for ranking images based on their similarity experimental study of proposed algorithm are shown with matches.[5] analysis of resultant image features. The images are retrieved The transformations of raw pixel data to a small set of based on selection of images with maximum similarity features. image regions were provided to image retrieval by applying Index Terms— VisualRank, GLCM, K-means clustering segmentation. Regions are coherent in colors and texture. These region properties were used for image retrieval[2]. The descriptor and detector were developed for faster I. INTRODUCTION computations and comparisons. It was found that the correspondence between two images with respective A huge amount of image data has been produced in repeatability, distinctiveness and robustness was helpful. diversified areas due to modernisation in engineering Here corners, blob and T-junction of images were considered practices. It becomes difficult and imperative problem in or selected as point of interest, then feature vector was searching images from varying collection of image created having representation of neighbourhood of every features[2]. Though image search is one of the most popular interest point. Lastly minimum distances were found by applications over internet but in most of search engines it measuring Euclidian distance and depending on minimum depends on text based searching method. Image retrieval distance matching between different images were carried process does not have active participation of image features. out[6]. In Topic Sensitive PageRank approach, set of Image feature extraction and image analysis is quite PageRank vector was calculated offline for different topics, complicated, time consuming and expensive process[1]. to produce a set of important score for a page with respect to When a number of keywords added to the same database, certain topics, rather than computing a rank vector for all web there will be repeatedly problems due to differences in pages[7]. sympathetic, reliability of awareness over time, etc[3], due to W. Zhou et al. provide canonical image selection by which image searching based on text search possesses some selecting subset of photos, which represents most important problems like relevancy. and distinctive visual word of photo collection by using latent When query with varying qualities like shape, size, color visual context learning[8]. In canonical image selection, etc is fired, less relevant or less important images may appear images were selected in greedy fashions and used visual word on the top and important or relevant images at the bottom of of images and Affinity propagation [10] clustering for the search result page[4].The reasons behind is difficulty in similarity findings. keywords association with images, large variable image VisualRank approach depends on visual features among qualities and semantic perception of images. VisualRank the images that uses K-means clustering algorithm. In the approach will significantly improve the image ranking when implementation the images were retrieved using traditional many of the images will contain same futures. In some of the image retrieval method, after that the features like energy, images these feature may occupy main portion of the image, homogeneity, correlation, contrast, color and gray histogram whereas in others, it may occupies only a small portion. were extracted. Results were obtained by using K-means Repetition of similarity futures among the images provides clustering and then measurement of minimum distances among the images. VisualRank to large-scale image search Manuscript received May 28, 2012. using page ranking provides effective results of image Suryakant P. Bhonge, Department of Electronics and retrieval. Telecommunication Engineering., Government College of Engineering, Amravati., (e-mail: suryakant.bhonge@gamil.com). India. In this paper image retrieval methods and actual Dr. D. S. Chaudhari, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication implementation of VisualRank for Image retrieval is covered. Engineering., Government College of Engineering, Amravati., India . This is followed by experimental results and discussions P. L. Paikrao, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering., Government College of Engineering, Amravati., India. worth. 51 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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ISSN: 2278 –
1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 II. IMPLEMENTATION OF VISUALRANK 𝑃(𝑖,𝑗 ) To ensure the usefulness of VisualRank algorithm for 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑖,𝑗 1+|𝑖−𝑗 | (5) image retrieval in real sense, experiments were conducted using MatLab 7.10 environment on the images collected Color features contain values of R, G and B. For better directly through Google Image. It was concentrated on the results rather taking color feature matching test for complete 200 small size image database with seven different query image, divided it into eight subregions. images like “Taj Mahal”, “Coca Cola”, “Cap”, “Sea”, “Bat”, “Bricks” and “Sprite”. In these four images from collection of database images were retrieved based on their Texture, Color and Gray Histogram features stored in xls file. A. Feature Generation and Representation The texture features were measured using Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), It considered the spatial relationship of pixels. The number of occurrence of pixel pairs with certain values and specified spatial relationship occurred in an image provides characteristics of texture values by creating GLCM [9]. Normalized probability density Pδ(i,j) of the co-occurrence Fig. 1 Color Feature Extraction from Small Regions of matrices can be defined as follows. Image # 𝑝,𝑞 , 𝑝+𝑟,𝑞+𝑟 Є 𝐺 𝑓 𝑝,𝑞 =𝑖,𝑓 𝑝+𝑟,𝑞+𝑟 =𝑗 |} So that color feature contain in 8 × 3 matrix, measured P 𝛿 (𝑖, 𝑗) = (1) #𝐺 values of R, G, B for 8 subregions as shown in Fig. 1. A histogram is a graphical representation showing a visual Where, p, q = 0,1,…..M-1 are co-ordinates of the pixel, i, impression of the distribution of data. For gray histogram j = 0,1,…..L-1 are the gray levels, G is set of pixel pairs with uses a default value of 256 bins and for binary image certain relationship in the image. The number of elements in histogram uses 2 bins. G is obtained as #G. r is the distance between two pixels i and j. Pδ(i,j) is the probability density that the first pixel has B. Effecting Clustering intensity value i and the second j, which separated by distance δ=(rp, rq).[9] K-means is one of the simplest learning algorithms that Energy measures textural uniformity i.e. pixel pairs solve the well known clustering problem. The main idea is to repetitions. Energy is ranging 0 to 1 being 1 for a constant define k centroids for k clusters, one for each cluster. The image. It returns the sum of squared elements in the GLCM. better choice is to place them as much as possible far away Energy is given by from each other. Here we initially made two centroids. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑖,𝑗 𝑃(𝑖,𝑗 ) 2 (2) Contrast is the difference in luminance and color that makes an object distinguishable. It measures the local variations in the Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix. Contrast is 0 for a constant image and it is given by Contrast= 𝑖,𝑗 |𝑖 − 𝑗|2 𝑃(𝑖,𝑗 ) (3) A correlation function is the correlation between random variable at two different points in space or time, usually as a function of the spatial or temporal distance between the points. 𝑖,𝑗 𝑖−𝜇𝑖 𝑗 −𝜇𝑗 𝑃(𝑖−𝑗 ) Correlation= (4) Fig. 2 Flowchart for K-means Clustering 𝜎𝑖 𝜎𝑗 Fig. 2 shows K-means clustering flowchart. Where, k is the Where μi, μj, σi, σj are the means and standard deviations of number of clusters and x is the number of centroids. For Pi and Pj respectively. Pi is the sum of each row in finding centroids select number of images from database. To co-occurrence matrix and Pj is the sum of each column in the create grouping based on minimum distance such that each co-occurrence matrix. group contain minimum q images and maximum p images Homogeneity returns a value that measures the closeness measure distance between images and centroids. Image of the distribution of elements in the GLCM to the GLCM database of 200 images were selected 14 maximum images diagonal. It has Range from 0 to 1 and homogeneity is 1 for a and 4 minimum images for one cluster. When query was fired diagonal GLCM. Homogeneity is given by 52 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 then based on query and cluster features, query finds the image and retrieval images as shown in Fig.4 (e). Gray group of similar images having minimum image distance. histogram has values from 0 to 255, but starting values The retrieval results are returned based on minimum distance provide good characteristic for matching features among between the images inside cluster with query image. images. The gray histogram is shown in Fig. 4 (f), but only starting 140 values were used with 48 color feature values III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS and 64 texture feature values in image retrieval. In feature extraction, the color features were measured by 1 dividing original images into 16 subregions and color feature 0.8 query cap Homogeneity contains R, G and B components. Due to which each 0.6 Cap1 subregion having 1×3 values of color feature, so 16 0.4 Cap2 subregions are containing 16×3 values. Total 48 values for 0.2 Cap3 entire image are measured. 0 Cap4 The Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) was R1 R4 R7 R10 R13 R16 computed in four directions for 00, 450, 900, 1350. Based on regions the GLCM four statistical parameters energy, contrast, a) Homogeneity values correlation and homogeneity were computed in four directions at four points, so total 64 values of texture features 0.5 are returned. 0.4 Cap1 energy 0.3 Gray histogram representation having values 0 to 255, Cap2 0.2 which represent total representation of an image. For feature Cap3 0.1 matching process 1 to 140 values were used, which provide 0 Cap4 good similarity matching and they were stored, so total d1 (0,1) d1 (0,4) d1 d1 d1 query Cap d1 extracted feature values of 252 for each image was presented. (45,3) (90,0) (135,-1) (135,-4) directions After completing feature extraction and storage of database images, query image was fired and same six features b) Energy values of query image were measured. Fig. 3 shows the image retrieval results for different query images. VisualRank 3 search for first four images retrieval from 200 database Contrast 2 query Cap 1 images of different categories were shown that are relevant to 0 Cap1 the image query. d3(135,-1) d3(135,-4) d1(0,4) d3(90,0)2 d2(45,3) d1 (0,1) Cap2 Cap3 Cap4 pixels with direction c) Contrast values 1 0.8 query Cap correlation 0.6 Cap1 0.4 Cap2 0.2 0 Cap3 d1 (0,1) d1(0,4) d2(45,3) d3(90,0) d3(135,- d3(135,- Cap4 1) 4) pixels with directions Fig. 3 Image Retrieval Results for different Query Images d) Correlation values The retrieval results for “Cap” are shown in Fig. 3. The 160 Query R 120 extracted features values like homogeneity, energy, contrast, Query G Color 80 correlation, colors were provided in Fig. 4. Texture feature 40 Query B like energy, contrast, correlation, homogeneity were 0 Cap1 R measured in four directions at four point of an image. The R1 R4 R7 R10 R13 R16 Cap1 G direction 00, 450, 900 and 1350 are specified by offset value (0, Regions Cap1 B 1), (-1, 1), (-1, 0) and (-1, -1) respectively. In texture feature homogeneity and correlation provide good matching values than energy and contrast values as e) Color values shown in Fig. 4. The energy, contrast, correlation and homogeneity were having total 64 values, but single color feature was containing total 48 values. Comparing to texture features, color feature were highly matched among query 53 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 [9] Dr. H. B. Kekre, S. D. Thepade, T. K. Sarode and V. Suryawanshi, „Image Retrieval using Texture Features extracted from GLCM, LBG 2000 and KPE‟, International Journal of Computer Theory and query Cap Engineering, 2(5), October, 2010. Gray Hostogram 1500 1000 [10] W. Triggs, “Detecting keypoints with stable position, orientation and 500 Cap1 0 scale under illumination changes,” in Proceedings of the European Cap2 Conference on Computer Vision, vol. 4, pp. 100–113, 2004. 101 151 201 251 1 51 Cap3 Pixels Cap4 f) Gray Histogram values Suryakant P. Bhonge received the B.E. degree in Fig. 4 Extracted features values for retrieval images of Electronics and telecommunication engineering from query “Cap” the Sant Gadge Baba, Amravati University in 2008, and he is currently pursuing the M. Tech. degree in Electronic System and Communication (ESC) at So combination of all values total 252 features values of Government College of Engineering Amravati. He energy, contrast, correlation, homogeneity, color and gray has attended one day workshops on “VLSI & EDA Tools & Technology in Education‟ and histogram were used to find similarity among the images. But “Cadence-OrCad EDA Technology‟ at Government color features were dominant in image retrieval results than College of Engineering Amravati. He also participated in “National Level texture and gray histogram features. Technical Festival – PERSUIT 2K8” at SSGMC, Shegaon and “TECHNOCELLENCE-2008” at SSGBCOE, Bhusawal. Also he was VisualRank provide relevant images from database worked as a coordinator in National Level Technical Festival- PRANETA depending on the similarities among the images. The feature 2008 at J.D.I.E.T., Yavtmal. He is a member of the ISTE. extraction of database images was take some time, but once Devendra S. Chaudhari obtained BE, ME, from it completed then there was no need to follow feature Marathwada University, Aurangabad and PhD from extraction process again. The image retrieval results were Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, return depending on random weightage of highest similarity Mumbai. He has been engaged in teaching, research for matched images. period of about 25 years and worked on DST-SERC sponsored Fast Track Project for Young Scientists. He has worked as Head Electronics and Telecommunication, Instrumentation, Electrical, IV. CONCLUSIONS Research and incharge Principal at Government Engineering Colleges. Presently he is working as Head, Department of The VisualRank provide simple mechanism for image Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering at Government College of retrieval by taking in to account minimum distances among Engineering, Amravati. Dr. Chaudhari published research papers and presented papers in international conferences abroad at Seattle, USA and the images. After using VisualRank, the relevant images Austria, Europe. He worked as Chairman / Expert Member on different were returned at the top and if irrelevant images present are committees of All India Council for Technical Education, Directorate of returned at the bottom in image search results. The similarity Technical Education for Approval, Graduation, Inspection, Variation of Intake of diploma and degree Engineering Institutions. As a university measurement of images was based on the common visual recognized PhD research supervisor in Electronics and Computer Science feature between the images. The images having more Engineering he has been supervising research work since 2001. One research weightage than other images were ranked higher in image scholar received PhD under his supervision. He has worked as Chairman / Member on different university and college retrieval. Image clustering and finding the minimum distance level committees like Examination, Academic, Senate, Board of Studies, etc. among the images provides image retrieval results. he chaired one of the Technical sessions of International Conference held at VisualRank provide additional feature to current image Nagpur. He is fellow of IE, IETE and life member of ISTE, BMESI and member of IEEE (2007). He is recipient of Best Engineering College search methods for efficient performance. Teacher Award of ISTE, New Delhi, Gold Medal Award of IETE, New Delhi, Engineering Achievement Award of IE (I), Nashik. He has organized REFERENCES various Continuing Education Programmes and delivered Expert Lectures on research at different places. He has also worked as ISTE Visiting Professor [1] Y. Jing, S. Baluja, “VisualRank: Applying PageRank to Large-Scale and visiting faculty member at Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Image Search”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis And Machine Thailand. His present research and teaching interests are in the field of Intelligence, November 2008. Biomedical Engineering, Digital Signal Processing and Analogue Integrated [2] C. Carson, S. Belongie, H. Greenspan, and J. Malik, “Blobworld: Circuits. Image Segmentation Using Expectation-Maximization and Its Application to Image Querying,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Prashant L. Paikrao received the B.E. degree in Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1026-1038, Aug. 2002. Industrial Electronics from Dr. BAM University, [3] M. Ferecatu, “Image retrieval with active relevance feedback using Aurangabad in 2003 and the M. Tech. degree in both visual and keyword-based descriptors”, Ph. D. Thesis, University Electronics from SGGSIE&T, Nanded in 2006. He of Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, France. is working as Assistant Professor, Electronics and [4] B. V. Keong, P. Anthony, “PageRank: A Modified Random Surfer Telecommunication Engineering Department, Model”, 7th International Conference on IT in Asia (CITA), 2011. Government College of Engineering Amravati. He [5] Y. Jing, S. Baluja, “PageRank for Product Image Search”, has attended An International Workshop on Global International World Wide Web Conference Committee (IW3C2). 2008, ICT Standardization Forum for India (AICTE Delhi April 21–25, 2008, Beijing, China. & CTIF Denmark) at Sinhgadh Institute of Technology, Lonawala, Pune and [6] H. Bay, T. Tuytelaars, and L.V. Gool, “Surf: Speeded Up Robust a workshop on ECG Analysis and Interpretation conducted by Prof. P. W. Features,” Proc. Ninth European Conf. Computer Vision, pp. Macfarlane, Glasgow, Scotland. He has recently published the papers in 404-417,2006. conference on „Filtering Audio Signal by using Blackfin BF533EZ kit lite [7] T. Haveliwala, “Topic-Sensitive Pagerank: A Context-Sensitive evaluation board and visual DSP++‟ and „Project Aura: Towards Ranking Algorithm for Web Search,” IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Acquiescent Pervasive Computing‟ in National Level Technical Data Eng., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 784-796, July/Aug. 2003. Colloquium “Technozest-2K11”, at AVCOE, Sangamner on February 23rd, [8] W. Zhou, Y. Lu. H. Li and Q. Tian. “Canonical Image Selection by 2011. He is a member of the ISTE and the IETE. Visual Context Learning” International Conference on Pattern Recognition 2010. 54 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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