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ISSN: 2278 –
1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 Study of Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Perturb and Observe Method Sonali Surawdhaniwar*and Mr. Ritesh Diwan Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) INDIA *sonali.rit@gmail.com, Abstract - The need for renewable energy sources is on the rise because of the acute energy crisis in the world today. India plans to produce 20 Gigawatts of Solar power by the year 2020, whereas we have only realized less than half a Gigawatt of our potential as of March 2010. Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical country like ours. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. To maximize a photovoltaic (PV) system's output power, continuously tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of the system is necessary. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique that grid tie inverters, solar battery chargers and similar devices use to get the maximum possible power from one or more solar panels. Solar cells have a complex relationship between solar irradiation, temperature and total resistance that produces a non-linear output efficiency known as the I-V curve. It is the purpose of the MPPT system to sample the output of the cells and apply the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power for any given environmental conditions. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms provide the theoretical means to achieve the MPP of solar panels; these algorithms can be realized in many different forms of hardware and software. Keywords – Photovoltaic System, Maximum power point tracking Photovoltaic (PV) converts sunlight directly into electricity, I INTRODUCTION shown in figure 1.1 The need for Renewable Energy Renewable energy is the energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat. These resources are renewable and can be naturally replenished. Therefore, for all practical purposes, these resources can be considered to be inexhaustible, unlike dwindling conventional fossil fuels [1]. The global energy crunch has provided a renewed impetus to the growth and development of Clean and Renewable Energy sources. Figure1.1 Working of Photovoltaic Clean Development Mechanisms (CDMs) are being adopted by organizations all across the globe. Apart from the rapidly PV cells are made of semi-conducting materials similar to decreasing reserves of fossil fuels in the world, another those used in computer chips. When these materials absorb major factor working against fossil fuels is the pollution sunlight, the solar energy knocks electron loose from their associated with their combustion. Contrastingly, renewable atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to energy sources are known to be much cleaner and produce produce electricity [4]. energy without the harmful effects of pollution unlike their conventional counterparts. Renewable Energy trends across the globe The current trend across developed economies tips the scale Different sources of Renewable Energy in favor of Renewable Energy. For the last three years, the 1.1 Wind power continents of North America and Europe have embraced Wind turbines can be used to harness the energy available in more renewable power capacity as compared to airflows. Current day turbines range from around 600 kW to conventional power capacity. Renewables accounted for 5 MW [2] of rated power. Since the power output is a 60% of the newly installed power capacity in Europe in function of the cube of the wind speed, it increases rapidly 2009 and nearly 20% of the annual power production [5]. with an increase in available wind velocity. Recent advancements have led to aerofoil wind turbines, which are more efficient due to a better aerodynamic structure. 1.2 Solar power The tapping of solar energy owes its origins to the British astronomer John Herschel [3] who famously used a solar Figure1.2 Global energy consumption in the year 2008 thermal collector box to cook food during an expedition to As can be seen from the figure 1.2, wind and biomass Africa. Solar energy can be utilized in two major ways. occupy a major share of the current renewable energy Firstly, the captured heat can be used as solar thermal consumption. Recent advancements in solar photovoltaic energy, with applications in space heating. Another technology and constant incubation of projects in countries alternative is the conversion of incident solar radiation to like Germany and Spain have brought around tremendous electrical energy, which is the most usable form of energy. growth in the solar PV market as well, which is projected to This can be achieved with the help of solar photovoltaic surpass other renewable energy sources in the coming years. cells [3] or with concentrating solar power plants. By 2009, more than 85 countries had some policy target to achieve a predetermined share of their power capacity 1.3 Photovoltaic through renewables. This was an increase from around 45 106 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 countries in 2005. Most of the targets are also very we can use two diode model but in our project our scope of ambitious, landing in the range of 30-90% share of national study is limited to the single diode model. Also, the shunt production through renewable [6]. resistance is very high and can be neglected during the In this paper we present a detailed study of Maximum course of our study. Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Maximum Power Point is tracked using PV modules which work on photovoltaic effect. Usually a number of PV modules are arranged in series and parallel to meet the energy requirements. PV modules of different sizes are commercially available (generally sized from 60W to 170W). For example, a typical small scale desalination plant requires a few thousand watts of power. The analysis of PV Model of the cell is described below [7]. A PV array consists of several photovoltaic cells in series and parallel connections. Series connections are responsible for increasing the voltage of the module whereas the parallel connection is responsible for increasing the current in the array. Typically a solar cell can be modeled by a current source Figure 1.4: I-V characteristics of a solar panel and an inverted diode connected in parallel to it. It has its own series and parallel resistance. Series resistance is due to The I-V characteristics of a typical solar cell are as shown in hindrance in the path of flow of electrons from n to p the Figure1.4. When the voltage and the current junction and parallel resistance is due to the leakage current. characteristics are multiplied we get the P-V characteristics as shown in Figure 1.5. The point indicated as MPP is the point at which the panel power output is maximum. Figure 1.3: Single diode model of a PV cell Where current source (I) along with a diode and series resistance Figure 1.5: PV Characteristic curve of Photovoltaic cell (Rs). The shunt resistance (RSH) in parallel is very high has a negligible effect and can be neglected. The output current In figure 1.6 the I-V characteristics of solar cell only for a from the photovoltaic array is certain insolation Ga and a certain cell temperature Tc are illustrated. The influence of cell insolation Ga and a certain I=Isc – Id 1.1 cell temperature Tc on the cell characteristics is presented in Id= Io (eqVd/kT - 1) 1.2 Figure 1.6 and Figure 1.7 where Io is the reverse saturation current of the diode, q is Figure 1.7 shows the open circuit voltage increases slightly the electron charge, Vd is the voltage across the diode, k is with the ambient irradiation, while the short circuit current Boltzmann constant (1.38 * 10-19 J/K) and T is the junction is a linear function of ambient irradiation[117_1014_1 pb] temperature in Kelvin (K) From eq. 2.1 and 2.2 I = Isc – Io (eqVd/kT - 1) 1.3 Using suitable approximations, I = Isc – Io (eq((V+IRs)/nkT) - 1) 1.4 where, I is the photovoltaic cell current, V is the PV cell voltage, T is the temperature (in Kelvin) and n is the diode ideality factor. In order to model the solar panel accurately All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 107
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 Step1: Source PV Panel Boost Converter Load Resistance Output . Figure 1.8 Basics of MPPT Technique As shown in Figure 1.8 the first block is source i.e Solar Figure 1.6 Influence of Ambient Irradiation on PV Cells Panel. There are some materials, which are photo sensitive and they find a place in photo voltaic conversion. A junction of materials, which have different electrical properties semiconductors are used in solar cells, provides the electrical field in most solar cells. Semiconductors are a class of materials with conductivity somewhere between metals and insulators. Solar cells are manufactured from monocrystalline materials. Low cost cells are round because they are made from sheets, which are cut from monocrystalline rods as they are pulled from the melt. Joining p and n type material in to a single crystal makes the cross section of a silicon solar cell. Step 2: The Output from this is fed to the boost converter [8]. A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power Figure 1.7 Effect of Cell Temperature on Cell’s converter with an output voltage greater than its input Characteristics voltage. It is a class of switched-mode power The parameters effecting MPP are shown above. According supply (SMPS) containing at least to Maximum Power Transfer theorem, the power output of a two semiconductor switches (a diode and a transistor) and at circuit is maximum when the Thevenin impedance of the least one energy storage element, a capacitor, inductor, or circuit (source impedance) matches with the load the two in combination. Filters made of capacitors impedance. Hence our problem of tracking the maximum (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally power point reduces to an impedance matching problem. In added to the output of the converter to reduce output voltage the source side we are using a boost convertor connected to ripple. In order to change the input resistance of the panel to a solar panel in order to enhance the output voltage so that it match the load resistance (by varying the duty cycle), a DC can be used for different applications like motor load. By to DC converter is required. The system uses a boost changing the duty cycle of the boost converter appropriately converter to obtain more practical uses out of the solar we can match the source impedance with that of the load panel. The initially low voltage output is stepped up to a impedance. higher level using the boost converter, though the use of the There are different techniques used to track the maximum converter does tend to introduce switching losses. The power point are: output voltage equation of boost converter is stated below: 1) Perturb and observe (hill climbing method) 2) Incremental Conductance method 3) Fractional short circuit current 4) Fractional open circuit voltage 5) Neural networks Where Vo is the output voltage 6) Fuzzy logic Vi is the input voltage D is the duty cycle, defined as II METHODOLOGY All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 108
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 Input Pulse Width Output Voltage (V) % of Period Voltage (V) Step 3: 43 25.5 61.50 43 45.0 85.34 The load resistance is placed at the output, and the output is obtained as a variable dc voltage. 43 50.5 95.25 Step 4: 43 75.5 190.10 The simulation result is shown at the output. 43 80.5 243.50 III RESULT ANALYSIS Table 1 IV CONCLUSION The results shown in this paper are the basic requirements for the MPPT. As mentioned above amongst the various methods the study shown here will be extended by opting Perturb and Observe Method (P&O). The main contribution of this thesis is tracking the maximum power point using a closed loop system consisting of some power electronic devices such as boost converter, rectifier and PV module as input device. Instead of using semiconductor devices live diodes IGBT’s will be Figure 1.9 (a) Input Voltage waveform used. V FUTURE SCOPE OF THE WORK In future, this approach can be applied for tracking the Maximum Power Point without using any type of controller. Hence, reducing the cost and increasing the efficiency of the system. The basic advantage of only using Perturb and Observe method is that when it is properly optimized it can offer very high Maximum Power Point Tracking efficiency, which is highly competitive against other Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithms. Figure 1.9 (b) Output Voltage Waveform VI REFERENCES Figure (a) shows the input voltage from the PV module. [1]. Rucha Korhale.Paper Presented on Renewable Energy Input voltage of 42.956 V is provided at the input. The Source. output from the load resistance after being boosted up is [2]. Liuchen Chang Wind Energy Conversion System University shown in Figure (b). of N.Brunswick, NB IEEE Canadian Review - Spring / Printemps The entire system has been modeled on MATLAB R 2006a [3] Concentration of solar radiation by white backed and Simulink. The inputs to the solar PV panel are the photovoltaic panels APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 23, No. 23 / 1 current and temperature. The simulation is favorable out for December 1984 series connection of PV cells. [4] Ir Dr Edward LO Associate Professor Department of Electrical Engineering , PV Cells- Working Principle and Applications by The The Boost Converter consisting of an IGBT instead of diode Hong Kong Polytechnic University. is controlled using the pulse generator. At the output various [5] Survey of Energy Resources Interim Update 2009 World values of voltages can be obtained by varying the pulse Energy Council. width of the pulse generator. [6] S.Sundar Kumar Iyer EPSRC-DST Solar Energy Workshop If we vary the pulse width of the pulse generator various Solar Energy Research in India A Perspective Wednesday, 22nd voltage range at the output can be obtained, as listed in the April, 2009 . table below in Table 1. All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 109
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2012 . [7] Nicola Femia, Member, IEEE, Giovanni Petrone, Giovanni Spagnuolo, Member, IEEE, and Massimo Vitelli IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 20, NO. 4, JULY 2005. [8] European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.33 No.3 (2009) , pp.515-524 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009. http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm. All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET 110
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