Medical applications of Biotechnology.

1. MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Prof. Madeline A. Villanueva
University of San Agustin

2. •There are a wide variety of products that the biotechnology
field has produced.
•More than 65% of biotech companies in the U.S. are
involved in pharmaceutical production (relating to drugs
developed for medical use).
•1982 - Genentech developed
Humulin (human insulin) to
treat diabetes.
•It was the first biotech drug
to be FDA approved.

3. •There are more than
80 biotech drugs,
vaccines, and
diagnostics with more
than 400 biotech
medicines in
development targeting
over 2oo diseases!
•Nearly 1/2 of new
drugs target cancer

4. Drug
Developer
Function
Betaseron
Chiron/Berlex
Multiple sclerosis
Ceredase
Genzyme
Gaucher’s disease
Engerix B
Genentech
Hepatitis B vaccine
Epiver
GlaxoSmithKlein
Anti-HIV
Epogen
Amgen
Red blood cell enhancement
Genotropin
Genentech
Growth failure
Humulin
Genentech
Diabetes
Intron
Biogen
Cancer & viral infections
Neupogen
Amgen
Neutropenia reduction
Procrit
Amgen
Platelet enhancement

5. •Most widely used biotech products are
recombinant proteins (produced by
gene cloning in cell culture)
•Cell culture refers to the technique of
growing cells in a lab under controlled
conditions; similar to in vitro
•“in vitro” refers to working in a
controlled environment outside of a
living organism
•Bioreactors (large culturing
“containers” where DNA of interest can
be mass produced) are also used

6. •In the near future, it may be
commonplace for treatments to
include the use of gene therapy
(attempt to replace “defective” gene
with “normal” gene) and tissue
engineering (designing & growing
tissues for use in regenerative
medicines).
•1st Genetically Modified Organism
(GMO) to produce human protein was
E. coli (pictured right) that was given
DNA to produce somatostatin (hGH
-human growth hormone - 1977)

7. •One of the first
genetically engineered
(GE) products sold was
tissue plasminogen
activator (tPA)
•tPA is a blood clot
dissolving enzyme used
immediately after a heart
attack or stroke to clear
blocked vessels

8. •According to Biotech
Industry Organization
(2005), New Jersey is the
5th leading state in the
U.S. in terms of number
of biotech companies
•California,
Massachusetts, North
Carolina, & Maryland are
the only higher ranked
states

9. • Other biotech products include
proteins in:
• home pregnancy tests
(monoclonal antibodies)
• frost-resistant strawberry
plants
• Although many are focused on
medical and agricultural
applications, some are for our
own fashion interests (specialty
apparel)!

10. • Stonewashed jeans use
genetically engineered
enzymes (amylase &
cellulase) to create a
faded look
• Originally, pumice
stones were used (jeans
washed with the stones)
• This method damaged
the machines

11. Before going in-depth with a few areas of biotech research, it
is important to gain a brief understanding of the many
applications of biotechnological advancements.
• Microbial
• Environmental
• Agricultural
• Aquatic
• Animal
• Medical
• Forensic

12. • Bacteria & yeast are the most
frequently used microbes
• Better enzymes and organisms
for making foods, simplifying
manufacture and production
processes, and making
decontamination processes for
industrial waste product removal
more efficient.
• Microbes used to clone and
produce batch amounts of
important proteins

13. • Molecular pharming is the
use of genetically modified
plants (or animals) as a source of
pharmaceutical products.
• These are usually recombinant
proteins with a therapeutic
value.
• This is an emerging but very challenging field that requires:
•manipulation (at the genetic engineering level) of protein
glycosylation (addition of polysaccharide chain)
•subcellular protein targeting in plant cells

14. 
New drugs are discovered in one of two ways

Totally new chemical substance

Derived from molecular manipulation of a
current drug

15. 
Until recently, designing a new drug
by changing the molecular structure
of an existing drug was a very slow
process of trial and error

16. 
Aided by computer design and use
of enzymes, researchers are able to
remove DNA chemically from one
organism and transplant into other

17. • Basic research in biotech uses
knock-out experiments, which are
very helpful for learning about the
function of a gene.
• A knock-out is created when an
active gene is replaced with DNA
that has no functional information.
• Without the gene present, it may
be possible to determine how the
gene affects the organism (its
function)

18. In 1996, Dolly the sheep became the first cloned animal
created by the somatic cell nuclear transfer process.
• Born: July 5, 1996
• Announced: February 22, 1997
• Died: February 14, 2003
• Dolly was cloned from a cell
taken from a six-year-old ewe
• She became the center of much
controversy that still exists
today

19. •DNA fingerprinting is the classic example of a forensic
application. It is used most commonly for law enforcement
and crime scene investigation (CSI).
•It was first used in 1987 to convict a rapist in England.
•Other applications of DNA
fingerprinting include:
• identifying human remains
• paternity tests
• endangered species (reduces
poaching)
• epidemiology (spread of disease )

20. • The major environmental use is for bioremediation.
• Bioremediation is the use of biotech to process or
degrade a variety of natural and manmade products,
especially those contributing to pollution
• Therefore, cleaning up environmental
hazards produced by industrial progress
is a major application of this type of
biotechnology.
• There is a strong tie to microbial
biotech (since many microbes are
helpful for this area).

21. •In the 1970s, the first U.S. GMO patent was granted to a
scientist for a strain of bacteria capable of degrading
components in crude oil.
•In 1989, the Exxon
Valdez oil spill in
Alaska used
Pseudomonas
species (oildegrading bacteria)
to clean up the spill
•It was 3x faster &
without increased
environmental effects

22. • Medical applications of biotech include preventative,
diagnostic, and treatment.
• The Human Genome Project is very useful within this field.
• Gene therapy and stem cell
technologies are two up-andcoming fields within the medical area
of biotech.
• Stem cell technologies include
immature cells that have the potential
to develop and specialize into a
variety of other cell types.

23. • Different chemicals
can coax them to
develop into different
cell types.
• Newest, most
promising area
• Most controversial

25. INGREDIENTS:
 Powdered milk ………….. 1/2 gallon
 Coconut milk …………….. 1-1/2 gallon
 Evaporated milk ………… 1/3 gallon
 Sugar ……………………..…. 2 kilo
 Corn starch ……………..… 1/3 kilo

26. PROCEDURES:

Mix all ingredients using mixer (or egg
beater) until the consistency is foamy. Pour
in a stainless steel pan or boiler. Let boil for
15 minutes to kill any microbes or bacteria.
Set aside to cool.

27. 
Transfer it in round stainless container.
Cover, put it in wooden push cart. Put lots of
crushed ice and salt between the container.
You can use dry ice as an alternative. The icecream will get hard in 20 minutes.

28. 
Put desired flavoring (artificial flavors):
vanilla, lemon or kalamansi (can be obtain
from peels), chocolate, coffee, nuts, cashew
and others. You can also use real fruit flavors
like mango, ube, macapuno, cheese, etc. Put
into freezer for half an hour or until halffrozen. Remove from freezer and mix again
(with big wooden spon or egg beater) until
the consistency becomes a thick mass.

29.  1/2 Gallon Whole Milk (Goat or Cow)
 1/4 cup white vinegar or 1/4 cup Lemon juice
 Salt to taste

30. 1. Put milk into stainless steel pot and heat
over medium until between 190 and 200
degrees.

31. 2. Slowly stir in vinegar or lemon. Remove
from heat and allow to curdle and cool until
it’s not too hot to touch.

32. 3. Pour cheese into cloth lined bowl. Pull
together the 4 corners of cloth and twist
around a spoon. Hang dripping cheese for a
few hours.

33. (BTW, it’s not touching the bottom of the bowl.
It just looks that way.)
4. Salt to taste and check consistency. I like a
fairly hard cheese, so I hang it in the fridge
overnight. That’s about the max.

34. 5. Untie, (add any garlic or herbs or more salt,
if you like) place in airtight container, and
chill. Depending on how long you hung it, it
should be about 12-16 oz of cheese.

35. Ingredients Needed:
6 lbs of Malt Extract
 2.25 Oz Hops
 1 Package of yeast
 2/3 cup Priming Sugar – such as corn
sugar.


36. Brewing consists of five simple stages.
1. Brewing the Beer – Pale malt extract and
hops are boiled together with water for about
an hour to sterilize the extract and release
the bittering qualities of the hops.
Frequently grains are steeped in the mixture
prior to the boil to add additional color and
flavor complexity.

37. 2. Cooling and Fermenting – The hot
mixture (called wort) is cooled to room
temperature and siphoned or transferred to a
fermenter where it is combined with
additional water to achieve the desired 5
gallon batch size. Once the mixture drops to
room temperature, yeast is added to start the
fermentation process.

38. Cleanliness and sanitation are very important
since the wort can be easily infected by
bacteria in this state. An airlock is used to
keep the fermenter sealed during
fermentation. Your beer will ferment for 1-2
weeks.

39. 3. Priming and Bottling – Once the beer is
fully fermented, it is siphoned to another
container to prepare for bottling. Here
priming sugars such as corn sugar are mixed
with the beer. The beer is siphoned into
bottles and each bottle is capped with a
bottle capping device.

40. 4. Aging – Once the beer has been bottled it
needs to age for 2-6 weeks. During aging the
yeast will ferment the remaining sugar you
added and create carbon dioxide. This carbon
dioxide will naturally carbonate your beer so it
is nice and bubbly.

41. In addition, undesirable sediments such as
excess yeast and proteins will drop out of the
beer during aging and this will enhance the
flavor of your beer. In may take several
months to reach peak flavor, though
homemade beer usually drinkable after a
month.

42. 5. Drinking – When the beer is properly
aged – just put the bottles in the fridge and
enjoy! There’s nothing quite like a great beer
that you made yourself.

43. This is the five step process for making your
own beer. The brewing portion takes a few
hours, and bottling and transferring take
another hour+ spread out over a few weeks.

44. Overall, brewing a batch of extract beer
involves 3-4 hours of your time and about 4
weeks to ferment and age into a drinkable
brew. This makes home brewing an
attractive hobby for people who lead a busy
lifestyle, but enjoy making things from
scratch.

45. Overall, brewing a batch of extract beer
involves 3-4 hours of your time and about 4
weeks to ferment and age into a drinkable
brew. This makes home brewing an
attractive hobby for people who lead a busy
lifestyle, but enjoy making things from
scratch.

47. 
A homemade medical ointment is a soothing
and cost-effective way to treat wounds.

Proper wound care is essential to promote
healing and prevent infection.

48. 1. Pour two to three tablespoons of olive oil
into a small bowl. If using coconut oil, it will
need to be melted into a liquid consistency so
that the herbal can be infused into it. To do
this, heat one to two cups of water in a bowl.
Measure two to three tablespoons of oil into
a small bowl that will fit inside the bowl
without having water touch the oil. Avoid
direct heat when melting oils. Allow the oil to
set and thicken.

49. 2. Puncture five to seven vitamin E capsules
with a sharp knife and squeeze the contents
into a bowl. Vitamin E will help to soothe
skin and prevent scarring. It is an
antioxidant that will help preserve the shelf
life of the ointment.

50. 3. Chop the herbal into a fine consistency of a
finely-milled spice.

51. 4. Infuse one tablespoon of the ground herbal
into the coconut or olive oil and vitamin E
mixture. The rule for mixing herbs into oil
substances is 1:2. For 1,200 mg of oil, the
proper amount of herbal would be 600 mg
(or one tablespoon herbal into three
tablespoons of oil). Stir the mixture
vigorously for one to two minutes.

52. 5. Store the mixture in an air-tight container at
room temperature away from light.

53. 


Ingredients:
White Wax…………….. 50 g
White Petrolatum…….. 950 g
to make…………. 1000 g

54. Procedure:
Melt the white wax in a suitable dish
on a water bath. Add the white petrolatum,
warm until liquefied then discontinue the
heating until the mixture begins to congeal.
Place in a suitable container and label
accordingly.

55. 


Ingredients:
Yellow Wax …………….. 50 g
White Petrolatum…….. 950 g
to make…………. 1000 g

56. Procedure:
Melt the yellow wax in a suitable
dish on a water bath. Add the white
petrolatum, warm until liquefied then
discontinue the heating until the mixture
begins to congeal. Place in a suitable
container and label accordingly.

57. 



Ingredients:
Precipitated Sulfur ……………..….100 g
Mineral Oil ………………………..…..100 g
White Ointment ……………………. 800 g
to make ………………………….1,000 g

58. Procedure:
Levigate precipitated sulfur with
mineral oil to a smooth paste, and then
incorporate with white ointment to make
1,000 g. Place in a suitable container. Label
accordingly.

59. 





Ingredients:
Cetyl Esters Wax …………… 125 g
White Wax …………………… 120 g
Mineral Oil ………………….. 560 g
Sodium Borate ……………..
5g
Purified Water ……………… 190 g
to make ……..…….1,000 g

60. 

Procedure:
Reduce the cetyl exters wax and the white was
to small pieces. Melt them on a water bath with
mineral oil, and continue heating until the
temperature of the mixture reaches 70 degress C.
Dissolve the sodium borate in the purified
water, warmed to 70 C, and gradually add the warm
solution to he melted mixture, stirring rapidly and
constinuously until it has congealed. Place in a
suitable container. Label accordingly.

61. 




Ingredients:
Iodine crystals ………………….. 50 g
Potassium iodide …………… 100 g
Purified Water, a sufficient quantity,
to make ……………………1,000 mL

62. 
Procedure:
Dissolve 50 g iodine in 100 mL of
purified water containing 100 g of potassium
iodide. Sufficient purified water is then
added to make 1,000 mL of solution. Place in
a suitable container and label accordingly.

63. 




Ingredients:
Cherry juice …………………….. 475 mL
Sucrose …………………………… 800 g
Alcohol ……………………………. 20 mL
Purified Water, a sufficiently quantity
to make ……………….1,000 mL

64. 
Procedure:
Dissolve the sucrose in cherry juice by
heating on a water bath, cool, and remove
the foam and floating solids. Add the alcohol
and sufficient water to make 1,000 mL and
mix. Place in a suitable container and label
accordingly.

65. 


Ingredients:
Arnica in moderately coarse powder …. 200g
Alcohol ( 3 volumes)
Purified Water ( 1 volume), aa, q.s. ……1,000 mL

66. 

Procedure:
Note: Use a mixture of 3 volumes of
alcohol and 1 volume of water as a
menstruum
Mix the arnica with a appropriate
quantity of the prescribed solvent or mixture
of solvents, to make it evenly and uniformly
damp.

67. 
Allow to stand for 15 minutes then
transfer to a percolator (a narrow coneshaped vessel, open at both ends) and pack
firmly. Pour enough of the prescribed
menstruum to saturate the drug.

Place the top on the percolator, and
when the liquid is about to drip from the
percolator, close the lower orifice.

68. 
Allow the drug to macerate for 24 hours.
If no assay is directed, allow the percolation
to proceed slowly, gradually adding sufficient
of the solvent used to produce 1,000 mL.
Place in a suitable container and label
accordingly.

69. 



Ingredients:
Calamine ….……………..…….. 80 g
Zinc Oxide ………………..…….80 g
Glycerin ………………….…….. 20 ml
Bentonite magma …………250 mL

70. Procedure:

Dilute the Bentonite magma with an
equal volume of calcium hydroxide topical
solution. Mix the powder intimately with the
glycerin and about 100 mL of the diluted
magma, triturating until a smooth, uniform
paste is formed. Gradually incorporate the
remainder of the diluted magma.

71. 
Finally add enough calcium hydroxide
topical solution to make 1,000 mL. and
shake well. If a more viscous consistency in
the lotion is desired, the quantity of
Bentonite magma may be increased to not
more than 400 mL. Place in a suitable
container and label accordingly.

72. 



Ingredients:
Sugar ……………………….. 3 g
Tragacanth……………….. 2 g
Volatile Oil Extract q.s.
Purified Water q.s.

73. Procedure:

Triturate the sugar to a fine powder.
Add the tragacanth powder in 3 quarts of
water to form a uniform mass. Add the
volatile oil extract then flatten to uniform
thickness. Divide the mass until it weighs
approximately 1 gram. Dry in an oven. Place
in a suitable container and label accordingly.

74. 


Ingredients:
Rose Oil ………….…… 2 mL
Purified Water, a sufficient quantity
to make …………..1,000 mL.

75. Procedure:

Thoroughly incorporate 2 mL of Rose
water with 1.5 g of talc or with a sufficient
quantity of purified siliceous earth or pulped
filter paper. Transfer to a graduated cylinder.
Add 1000 mL of purified water, and
thoroughly agitate the mixture several times
during 10 minutes.

76. Procedure:

Filter the mixture, returning the first
portions, if necessary, to obtain a clear
filtrate. Add purified water through the filter
to make the product measure 1000 mL. Place
in a suitable container. Label accordingly.

78. HERBAL HAIR SHAMPOO
INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS:


Liquid castile soap ……………… 2 tbsp
Spring water …………………….… 1 cup
Fresh herbs …………………….…. ¼ cup
(2 tbsp dried)
Almond or apricot kernel oil .. 1 tsp
Essential oil ……………………….. 2 drops

79. Procedure:
 Place herbs in a clean 10-ounce glass jar with a lid.
 Boil the spring water and pour over the herbs.
 Cover and let steep for 10 to 20 minutes.
 Strain the liquid from the herbs into a bowl.
 Add the liquid castile soap and almond or apricot
kernel oil and mix thoroughly.
 Scent with essential oil and mix again.
 Bottle in a plastic container with a spout or a clean
recycled shampoo bottle.
Yield: Approximately 24 shampoos

80. HERBAL HAIR CONDITIONERS
Jojoba Conditioner
Ingredients
rose floral water ……………. 1 cup
jojoba oil ………………………. 1 tbsp
vitamin E oil …………………. 10 drops

81. Procedure:



In the top of a double boiler, gently warm the rose
water.
Once rose water is warm, add jojoba oil.
Pour the mixture in a blender and add the vitamin
E. Blend at high speed for 2 minutes.

82. How to use:





Wet hair with warm water.
Pour the conditioner onto your hair and scalp,
massaging in thoroughly.
For damaged hair or extra conditioning, leave on
for several minutes, perhaps while bathing.
Rinse thoroughly with warm water.
Shampoo lightly and rinse again with cool water.

83. 











INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS:
Distilled Water …………… 1/4 cup
Orange Flower Water …. 1 tbsp
Lemon Oil …………………. 10 drops
Orange Oil ………………… 2 drops
Glass Container (with a lid)
Funnel
Distilled Water
1 oz. Glycerin
Eyedropper
Paper Towels
Essential Oils

84. PROCEDURE:

Take a saucepan and combine vodka, distilled
water and orange flower water in it. Place it over
heat and bring the mixture to boil. After the mixture
boils, remove it from heat and add lemon and
orange oil into it. Stir the mixture, until the
ingredients are mixed well.

Allow it to cool at room temperature and pour
in the spray bottle for use.

85. ESSENTIAL OILS BASED COLOGNE
PROCEDURE:

Wash the glass container and its lid thoroughly.
The container should have a tight lid to hold the scent
in the bottle.

Place the funnel on the top of the bottle and add 1
pint of distilled water, unscented rubbing
alcohol/vodka and glycerin. The first two ingredients
make the liquid of the cologne and provide a solvent.
Glycerin is required as a fixing agent, which helps the
cologne scent to last for long.

86. 

Now, you have to decide what type of fragrance
you want for the cologne. With the help of eyedropper,
drop different combinations of essential oils on folded
sheets of paper towel. Sniff the paper towel and
determine the best fragrance. One needs to note here
that the scent will smell stronger on the paper towels
than in the cologne.
After you have decided on the type of fragrance,
add 4-8 drops of essential oils in the water mixture. Cap
the bottle and shake it gently to mix the essential oils
with the rest of the ingredients.

87. Smell the cologne. Add more oil, if the scent is too
weak, and if it is too intense, add more distilled water. The
fragrance of the cologne will become intense over time.

Rest the cologne bottle in a cool and dark place for
about two weeks. Shake the bottle gently before using.
Caution :
 Testing the homemade cologne is important before
beginning to use it. Check for any allergic reactions by
applying a small amount of cologne on a small patch of
skin on the back of your arm. Wait for 24 hours to see if
there is any reaction.


88. FOOT SOAK
 Enough water to fill up
whatever you are going to be
using (not to full, give it some
room for your feet to go in
without overflowing)
 5-10 mint leaves1 cup of sea salt
or kosher salt
 1 lemon or lime sliced and
placed in the water
 Let your feet soak for awhile
and relax. Soak for around 10
minutes.

89. FOOT SCRUB
INGREDIENTS:
 Sugar……………………………….... 3 tbsp
 Lemons or limes ( crushed)….. 3 pcs.
 Sweet almond oil ………………… 1 tbsp
 Mint leaves ( cut up) ……………. 10 -15 pcs.
 Baking soda …………….……..…… 1/4 cup

90. PROCEDURE:
Crush the lemon or lime up well using
leaving of course all the pulp. Mix all the
ingredients together. Massage the scrub all
over your feet and work it in well. Rinse with
water or a washcloth emerged in water.
Apply lotion to your feet

91. INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS:
 Emulsifying wax …………... 1/4 cup
 Olive oil ……………………….. 1/8 cup
 Water …………………………. 1 1/4 cup
 Vitamin E liquid capsules..1 pc
 Scented oils (optional) ….. 5 drops
 Large pot …………………….. 1 pc
 Small pot …………………….. 1 pc
 Measuring cups
 Small containers

92. PROCEDURES:

Prepare double boiler. Place a small amount of
water in a large pot, then place a smaller pot in the
water bath. Turn the stove on to medium heat.
Prepare the lotion base. Measure 1/4 cup of the
emulsifying wax and add to the heated pot. Stir
continuously. As emulsifying wax slowly melts, stir
continuously.

93. 
Slowly add 1/8 cup olive oil and 1 1/4 cup
water. Stir until ingredients are thoroughly
blended. Add extra ingredients. Break a vitamin E
capsule into the mixture for added moisture. If you
prefer, add at least 5 drops of scented oil. Stir until
all ingredients are blended well.

Remove from heat. Divide. Before lotion
begins to solidify, pour into the desired containers.
Recycled travel size shampoo bottles work great for
storage.

94. TIPS & WARNINGS:

Because the lotion does not contain any
preservatives, it does not have an extensive shelf
life. Unused lotion should be stored in the
refrigerator. Never close the lid to the container
after pouring heated lotion. Always allow lotion to
cool completely before closing containers.

95. INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS:
 Distilled water ………………. 3 tbsp
 Baking soda ………………..… 1/4 tsp
 Rose water …………………….. 3 tbsp
(orange water or distilled water)
 Witch hazel, vodka or gin …. 1 tbsp
 Small mixing bowl
 Spoon or spatula
 Bottle with lid
 Funnel
 Cotton balls

96. PROCEDURE:

Measure three tablespoons distilled
water into mixing bowl. Add baking soda and
stir well. Let the mixture stand until the
baking soda is completely dissolved. Add the
remaining water and witch hazel or alcohol.
Stir well to combine the ingredients
thoroughly.

97. PROCEDURE:

Pour the mixture into the bottle using
the funnel. Use the astringent by pouring a
small amount to a cotton ball and wiping it
onto your face. Allow it to dry completely,
and do not wash it off. Store your astringent
in a cool, dry place.

98. TIPS & WARNINGS:

You can use Borax powder in place of
the baking soda. You can add a squeeze of
lemon juice for a fresh scent and additional
astringent properties. This is a nice touch,
especially if you are only using plain distilled
water. Do not ingest astringent!

99. INGREDIENTS:
 Coconut Oil (solid state) …. 6-8 Tbsp
 Baking Soda ………………...... 1/4 Cup
 Corn Starch ………………..….. 1/4 Cup

100. PROCEDURE:

Put the coconut oil, baking soda, and
corn starch in a bowl. Mix the ingredients
together with a fork (this step is a lot easier if
you warm up the “oil” until it becomes soft
and mixes easily). Place your finished
product in a jar for storage.

101. TIPS:

Since coconut oil begins to melt above
75°F, if you live in a warmer climate (or it’s
Summer), it’s best to store it in a cooler area
(like your fridge). If you have no choice but to
keep it in an area above 75°F, you can still use it
without issue—it’s just a bit messier. To use,
simply dip a couple of finger tips into the
homemade deodorant and apply to your
underarms.

102. INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS:
 Apricot kernel oil …….. 1 cup
 Coconut oil ………..... 1/4 cup
 Beeswax ……………... 1/4 cup
 Essential oil ……….... 3-4 drops
 Vegetable base color (optional)
 Saucepan
 Stove
 Bottle

103. PROCEDURE:

Turn your stove burner on to a low heat
and place a small saucepan over it. Combine the
apricot kernel oil and coconut oil in the
saucepan and heat gently. If desired, the apricot
kernel oil can be replaced by different
lightweight, non-scented oil. You can use sweet
almond oil, safflower or even canola oil.
Coconut oil can be replaced by cocoa butter.

104. 
Chop the beeswax chunk into small
pieces with a knife, or use a vegetable grater
to grate it into fine pieces. Put the beeswax
into the saucepan with the oil ingredients.
Stir gently over low heat until the beeswax is
melted in completely. The wax will help your
homemade body lotion hold together and
provide more soothing for your skin.

105. 
Remove the oils and melted wax from
the heat and pour them into a smooth-sided
bowl. Add the water while you stir
continuously to combine them together.

106. 
You can also use an electric mixer on a
low speed to whip the lotion together if you
desire. The amount of water you use will
depend on how thick and creamy you want
the lotion. A lightweight, every-day lotion
will have more water. Use less for a more
intensive treatment. Add 3 or 4 drops of your
favorite essential oil to scent the lotion.

107. 
You can also create your own by
steeping various flowers, herbs or fruit peels
in clear, non-scented oil for a period of at
least a month. Use any scent you like for your
lotion, or match the scents with
aromatherapy ideas: citrus for energy,
lavender for calming and eucalyptus for
clarifying. Stir the essential oil in until totally
combined.

108. 
Add a couple of drops of vegetablebased food coloring if desired. This does not
effect the way you use the lotion, it just
makes it look more like store-bought ones.

109. 
If you make multiple types of homemade
lotion, coloring them can help keep track of each
type or scent. Use a funnel if necessary and pour
the finished lotion into a clean glass bottle. It is
now ready for use. Homemade lotion without
preservatives can last several months in a cool
place.
TIPS & WARNINGS:
 Add water a little at a time to avoid lumpiness.

110. 










INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS:
Concentrated shampoo base. 1/4 cup
Salt …………………………………. 1 tsp.
Coconut oil ……………………….1 tbsp.
Jojoba oil ………………………… 2 tsp.
Vanilla fragrance oil …………. 10 drops
Coconut fragrance oil ……..… 10 drops
Plastic squeeze bottle …….…. 12 oz.
Medium saucepan
Wire whisk
Small funnel

111. PROCEDURE:

Bring 3/4 cup water to a boil in a
medium saucepan. Remove from the heat,
add the unscented shampoo base, and stir
until well combined. Add the salt, coconut oil
and jojoba oil to the soap and water mixture.
Stir vigorously with a wire whisk until the
ingredients are well combined.

112. 
Store the coconut shampoo in the
shower, and use about 1 tbsp. per
application. Massage into the hair and scalp
thoroughly, and rinse with warm water.

113. TIPS AND WARNINGS

Purchase concentrated shampoo base at
local craft and hobby stores, or order online.
If unavailable, use unscented baby shampoo
or liquid castile soap instead. Janice Cox,
author of "Natural Beauty for All Seasons,"
recommends rinsing your hair with a coconut
milk hair rinse after shampooing.

114. 

For best results, simply pour fresh
coconut milk over your hair as the final rinse.
Purchase virgin coconut oil for use in
homemade cosmetics if possible. Virgin oil is
made from fresh coconuts and experiences
less processing and refining. This leaves
more of its healing properties intact,
according to Bruce Fife in his book "Coconut
Cures."

115. INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS:
 Milk ………………………..… 1/2 cup
 Salt ………………………..…. 1/2 tsp.
 Honey ……………………….. 1 tsp.
 Fuller's earth …………..... 1 tsp.
 Instant oatmeal ………….1 tbsp.
 Lemon juice …………….….1 tsp.
 Chickpea powder …………1/2 tsp.
 Turmeric …………………... 1 pinch
 Yogurt …………………….... 1 tsp.
 Orange juice
 Papaya or avocado
 Cotton balls

116. PROCEDURE:

Stir together 1/2 cup cold milk and 1/2
tsp. of salt. Soak a cotton ball and gently dab
all over your face. After the milk dries in 2 to
3 minutes, dip a cotton ball again in the
mixture and rub lightly in a circular motion
and wash off with water. Milk removes dirt
from deep pores and salt exfoliates dead skin
resulting in instant brightness.

117. 
Mix a tablespoon of honey and fuller's
earth with a few drops of orange juice and
apply it liberally over your face. Rinse it off
after a minute for an instant glow from the
orange juice. Also, apply a few drops of plain
orange juice on your forehead and cheeks
and wash it off for a natural shine.

118. 
Take 1 tbsp. of instant oatmeal and add
1 tsp. of honey and lemon juice to make a
loose paste. Apply it all over forehead, face
and neck. When it begins to dry, rub using
brisk, firm movement to remove dead cells
and stimulate the skin. Wash it off with
lukewarm water.

119. 
Blend 1/2 tsp. of chickpea powder along
with a pinch of turmeric and honey. Blend
this well with milk for dry skin or yogurt for
oily skin and apply on your face. Massage in
circular motion and wash away. The chickpea
powder exfoliates your skin and honey
moisturizes. Mash together the flesh of
papaya or avocado along with 1 tsp. each of
honey and yogurt. Apply on the face and
rinse after two minutes.

120. TIPS & WARNINGS

Always use lukewarm water to open the
pores before applying the face wash. Wash
with cold water to close the pores afterward.
Do not exfoliate your skin more than twice a
week.

121. INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS:
 Ethyl alcohol ……………………..… 4 tbsp.
 Distilled water ………………….….. 2 cup
 Bergamot essential oil …………… 10 drops
 Lavender essential oil ………..….. 10 drops
 Bottles

122. PROCEDURES:

Mix all the ingredients.

Find a dark, airtight bottle. For the
purpose of making homemade perfume, a
glass bottle will work best.

123. 
Fill your bottle with the distilled water.
Then add in the ethyl alcohol, the bergamot
essential oil and the lavender essential oil.
Shake the bottle gently until all the contents
fully mix. The order in which you mix in the
contents doesn't matter.

124. 
Store the bottle in a cool, dry place for
48 hours. Avoid letting sunlight get in
contact with the bottle. Once the 48 hours
are up, again gently shake the bottle. Use a
small dab to test out your new perfume. If
you are satisfied, use it as you would any
other type of perfume. If you are not
satisfied, you can make another batch and
adjust the level of lavender oil.

125. TIPS & WARNINGS:
 Add rose petals or other flowers to the oil to
add different scents.

126. INGREDIENTS AND MATERIALS:
Olive oil………………….……. 2 lb 10 oz
 Solid-type vegetable
shortening .……………………... 1 lb 7 oz
 Coconut oil ………………….. 1 lb
 Lye (sodium hydroxide) … 10-1/4 oz
 Water ………………………..… 2 pints
 Glycerine (glycerol) …….... 1-1/2 oz


127. Alcohol (Vodka or food-quality ethanol,
Do not use methanol.) …………………. 1/2 oz
 Castor oil ………………………………... 1-1/2 oz
 Essential oils (optional), such as peppermint,
rosemary, lavender, for fragrance and therapeutic
properties


128. PROCEDURE:

In a large pan, mix together the olive oil,
shortening, and coconut oil. In a wellventilated area, preferably wearing gloves
and eye protection in case of accidents, mix
the lye and water. Use a glass or enameled
container. This is an exothermic reaction, so
heat will be produced.

129. 
Warm the oils to 95°F-98°F and allow
the lye solution to cool to the same
temperature. One of the easiest ways to
accomplish this is to set both containers into
a large sink or pan full of water that is at the
correct temperature. When both mixtures are
at the proper temperature, stir the lye
solution into the oils. The mixture will turn
opaque and may darken.

130. 
When the mixture has a creamy texture,
stir in the glycerine, alcohol, castor oil, and
any fragrance oils or colorants. You have a
couple of options here. You can pour the
shampoo into soap molds and allow it to
harden. To use this shampoo, either lather it
with your hands and work it into your hair or
else shave flakes into hot water to liquefy it.

131. 
The other option is to make liquid
shampoo, which involves adding more water
to your shampoo mixture and bottling it. You
may have noticed that many shampoos are
pearlescent. You can make your homemade
shampoo glittery by adding glycol distearate,
which is a natural wax derived from stearic
acid. The tiny wax particles reflect light,
causing the effect.