1. Respiration
ATP as currency of energy.
Ultra structure of mitochondrion and its functions.
Mechanism of aerobic and non aerobic respiration.
Significance of respiration.
2. Respiration
Energy is stored as organic food in plants.
Energy is released when organic food is oxidised
during respiration.
Potential energy in food is converted into kinetic
energy.
Energy releasing and energy supplying process.
The energy released is of two types:
Heat energy
Chemical energy
3. Definition
It is an intracellular oxidation process in
which complex organic substances are
broken down into simpler substances
with stepwise release of energy.
5. Reaction
C6 H12O6 + 6CO2
Enzymes
6H2 O + 6CO2 + 686 Kcal or 38 ATP
6. Overview of Respiration
Respiration involves:
1. Gaseous exchange
External respiration
Internal respiration
1. Catabolic process
Exergonic process
Formation of water
7. Types of Respiration
1. Aerobic Respiration
The oxidation of the glucose with the help of atmospheric
oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2 O + 38 ATP
2. Anaerobic Respiration
The partial oxidation of organic food in the absence of
atmospheric oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.
C6 H12 O6 2C2 H5 OH + 6CO2 + 2 ATP
8. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Requires molecular oxygen. Does not molecular oxygen.
Respiratory substrate is fully oxidized. Respiratory substrate is incompletely or
partially oxidized.
End products: CO2 and H2O End products: Ethyl alcohol and CO2
Exchange of gases between environment and Exchange of gases is not involved.
organism
Metabolic water is formed Metabolic water is not formed.
Occurs partly in cytoplasm and partly in Occurs entirely in cytoplasm.
mitochondria.
38 ATP molecules formed from a glucose 2 ATP molecules from a glucose molecule
molecule.
Involve electron transport chain. ETC not required.
Process runs continuously throughout life in Occurs continuously only in some
plants and animals. microorganisms. In others it takes place
temporary for short period during oxygen
deficiency.
9. Respiratory substrate
The organic substances which are oxidized in
cellular respiration for releasing energy are
called respiratory substrate.
a. Carbohydrates:
glucose, fructose, starch, glycogen, sucrose.
b. Fats: when carbohydrates are exhausted, fats
are used as respiratory source.
c. Proteins: used as respiratory substrate under
starvation.
10. ATP
ATP is energy rich organic compound which stores
biologically usable form of energy.
Universal carrier of chemical energy in living world.
Energy currency of cells.
Energy released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and AMP.
ATP + H2 O ADP + ip + 7.3 Kcal
Energy is stored when ADP & AMP are phosphorylazed to
ATP.
ADP + ip ATP
11. ATP - Structure
It is a ribonucleotide consisting of 3 components:
a. Adenine
b. Ribose
c. Three Phosphate groups
Adenine + Ribose = Adenosine.
1st Phosphate group is attached to Ribose and
then to each other in a linear fashion.
13. ATP - Functions
Storage of energy.
Supply of energy.
Minimization of energy wastage.
Phosphate group donor
14. Mitochondria
Double membrane bounded.
Center for aerobic respiration.
Present in all living eukaryotic cells.
Differ in shape. (filamentous, rod shaped).
0.5- 1µm in diameter & 2-6µm in length.
Colorless
16. Mitochondrial membrane
oOuter membrane- permeable to certain solutes.
Consists of 40% lipids & 60% proteins.
oInner membrane- consists of 80% proteins & 20%
lipids. Selectively permeable.
oCristae- inner membrane infolded into the matrix.
Encloses a narrow space called intracristal space.
Contains enzymes for respiration
oElementary particles- present on inner surface of
inner membrane. Named as FI particles or Oxysomes.
Range between 104-105 in a single mitochondrion.
17. Mitochondrial chamber
Outer chamber- present between outer & inner
membrane. Filled with watery fluid and few enzymes. It
temporarily stores ATP molecules after synthesis.
Inner chamber- central cavity of mitochondrion filled
with more dense, semi fluid, granular matrix. Matrix
contains enzymes, DNA, RNA, ribosomes. 2- 6
circular double stranded of molecule DNA.
18.
19.
20. Mitochondria -Functions
Power house of cell
Intermediate compounds
Calcium storage and its release
Thermogenesis
Maternal inheritance
22. Glycolysis
The sequence of reactions in which glucose (6C) is
broken down into two molecules of pyruvic
acid(3C).
Also called as EMP pathway named after their
discoverers Embden, Meyerhoff, and Paranas.
1st step in breakdown of glucose.
Does not require presence of oxygen & there is no
output of carbon dioxide.
Occurs in cytoplasm of cell.
Involves series of 10 reaction, each controlled by a
specific enzyme.
23. The reactions are studied in three groups:
Activation or phosphorylation of glucose
molecule.
Cleavage or fragmentation
Oxidation.
25. Activation or Phosphorylation of
Glucose
1. Phosphorylation of glucose
◦ Glucose is converted to Glucose 6- phosphate
2. Isomerisation
◦ Glucose 6- phosphate isomerised to Fructose 6-phosphate.
3. Second phosphorylation
◦ Fructose 6-phosphate is phosphorylased to Fructose 1, 6-
diphosphate by enzyme Phosphofructokinase(PFK).
26. Cleavage or Fragmentation
4. Cleavage
◦ Fructose 1, 6 bi phosphate is an unstable compound and
splits to produce 3C compounds 3PGAL and DHAP.
5. Isomerisation
◦ Glycolysis utilizes only PGAL, therefore DHAP is
isomerised to 3PGAL
27. Oxidation
6. Oxidative phosphorylation(Dehydrogenation):
o 3PGAL is oxidized by removal of Hydrogen(H2) and
simultaneous phosphorylation of the product resulting in 1,3
Di PGA
7. ATP synthesis:
o 1,3 Di PGA is converted to 3 PGA by release of one
phosphate group.
8. Isomerization:
o Phosphate group at 3rd carbon is shifted to 2nd i.e. 3 PGA to
2PGA.
28. 9. Dehydration :
o 2 PGA loses a molecule of water and gets converted to
PEPA
10. ATP synthesis (formation of Pyruvic acid)
o PEPA is converted to Pyruvic acid by removal of phosphate
group.
29. Net reaction of Glycolysis
C6H12O6 + 2 ADP +2 NAD+ 2 C3H4O3 + 2 ATP +2NADH +
H+ Pyruvic
acid
Net gain of ATP
6 ATP
From 2 NADH2
+ 4ATP
Directly formed
- 2ATP
Utilized
= Net8 ATP
gain
30.
31. Fate of Pyruvic Acid
Glucose
Glycolysis
Pyruvic acid
O2 is used O2 is not used
Aerobic Anaerobic
respiration respiration
32. Acetylation
Conversion of Pyruvic acid into Acetyl Co- A
Reaction starts in cytoplasm and completes in
mitochondria
Co A + CO2 +
Pyruvate(3C) Acetyl Co- A (2C)
NAD + NADH2
Pyruvic
dehydrogenas
e
33. Kreb’s cycle
Also called TCA or Citric Acid cycle.
Stepwise, cyclic complete oxidation and
decarboxylation of Pyruvic acid into CO2 AND H2O with
release of energy.
Named after Hans Krebs who traced the sequence of
reactions.
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria.
Des not consume ATP molecules.
34. The reactions are as follows:
1. Condensation:
Acetyl Co-A (2C) combines with Oxaloacetic acid (4C) in
presence of water to form Citric acid(6C).
2. Isomerisation:
Citric acid first dehydrates to form Cis Aconitic acid and then
rehydrates to form Isocitric acid(6 C).
3. Dehydrogenation:
Isocitric acid oxidizes to form Oxalosuccinic acid(6C).
4. Decarboxylation:
With release of a CO2 Oxalosuccnic acid converts to α-Keto
glutaric acid(5C).
35. 5. Oxidative decarboxylation:
α- Ketoglutaric acid oxidizes & decarboxylates and the product
combines with Co-A to form Succinyl Co-A (4C).
6. ATP synthesis:
Succinyl Co-A is hydrolysed to Succinic acid(4C).
7. Dehydrogenation:
Succinic acid is oxidized to Fumaric acid (4C).
8. Hydration:
Fumaric acid is converted to Malic acid (4C) by addition of
water.
Malic acid is then oxidised to form Oxaloacetic acid(4C).
36.
37. Net gain of ATP
8NADH2 - 24 ATP ATP synthesis through
2FADH2 - 4 ATP ETS
Direct synthesis - 2 ATP
Total gain of ATP - 30 ATP
38. Electron Transport System
Final step of aerobic respiration.
Most ATP and metabolic water generated in this step.
Located in inner mitochondrial member(cristae &
oxysomes).
Individual members are called electron carriers.
Electrons from NADH and Succinate pass through the
ETS to oxygen, which is reduced to water.
39.
40. NADH
Succinate
Complex I
UQ Complex II
Complex III
Cytochrome c
Complex IV
O2
42. Reduced ATP through Direct
Steps Total ATP
coenzymes ETS ATP
1.
2 NADH2 2NADH2 X 3= 6ATP 2 ATP 8 ATP
Glycolysis
2.
2 NADH2 2NADH2 X 3 = 6 ATP - 6 ATP
Acetylation
3. Krebs
6 NADH2 NADH2 X 3 = 18 ATP
cycle
2 ATP 24 ATP
2 FADH2 FADH2 X 2 = 4 ATP
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2 O + 38 ATP
43. Significance of Aerobic
Respiration
1 glucose molecule produces 38 ATP molecules.
Glucose molecule consists 686 k.cal energy.
Of these only 277.4 k.cal energy (38 X 7.3 k.cal) is
conserved in ATP.
Remaining energy is lost as heat energy.
Efficiency of this respiration is 40%.
44. Anaerobic respiration
The partial incomplete oxidation of organic food in the
absence of atmospheric oxygen is called Anaerobic
respiration.
Organisms performing anaerobic respiration are called
anaerobes.
In micro organisms it is known as fermentation.
No exchange of gases.
Only 2 ATP molecules are formed.
45. Mechanism
It is completed in 3 main steps.
1. Glycolysis
2. Decarboxylation
3. Reduction
46. Glycolysis
First step is similar to glycolysis of aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 + 2ADP +2NAD+ 2C3H4O3 +2 ATP
+2NADH+H+
47. Decarboxylation
Pyruvic acid is decarboxylated to form Acetaldehyde
(2C) and CO2 by enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase.
Pyruvate
Decarboxylas
2CH3CO COOH e 2CH3CHO + 2
CO2
Pyruvic acid Acetaldehyde
48. Reduction
Acetaldehyde
is reduced to Ethyl Alcohol by
NADH2 formed in Glycolysis with the help of
enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase.
Alcohol
Dehydrogena
se
Acetaldehyde Ethyl
Alcohol
49. Significance of Respiration
Release of energy
Synthesis of ATP
Stepwise release of energy
Growth and development
Energy for biosynthesis
Role of intermediates
Balance of CO2 & O2
Fermentation
Part of energy lost to environment in form of heat. It is useless to plants.Chemical energy is used for formation of ATP.40-50% energy is conseved in ATP.
686 Kcal or 2870 kjoules energy liberated per glucose molecule.Continuous process Occurs in cytosol and mitochondria. Doesn't occur in viruses and dead cells.
External respiration- exchange of gases between organisms & its surrounding. In plants oxygen is obtained from stomata, lenticles of woody stem, general surface of rootInternal respiration- exchange between cell and its surrounding. In plants intracellular spaces are present for this purpose.
Floating respiration- carbohydrates and fats used as respiratory substrates.Protoplasmic respiration- proteins used, cannot continue for long time as structural and functional proteins are degraded.
Stores energy for short period.Instant source of energyMakes any amount of energy available. Mobile source of energy and reaches all parts of cell.Transfer energy from food to cell function. Donates I or 2 phosphates group and acts as phosphorylating agent.
PGAL- 3 PhosphoglyceraldehydeDHAP- dihydroxy acetone 2 molecules of 3PGAL is formed from 1 glucose molecule
IN 6TH STEP, IN animals energy liberated is utilised to form GTP. BUT later it donates its energy for formation of ATP.IN 7TH step, released H2 is accepted by FAD (FLAVIN adenine dinucleotide) to form FADH2.
The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water
Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons (black arrows) creating an electrochemical proton gradientAllowing ATP synthase (ATP-ase) to use the flow of H+ through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from (ADP) and ip.Complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase; labeled I) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and passes them to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone; labeled UQ), which also receives electrons from complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; labeled II). UQ passes electrons to complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex; labeled III), which passes them to cytochrome c (cyt c). Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV (cytochrome coxidase; labeled IV), which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water.
Complex IV donates its electron to O2 which then becomes reactive (ionised).This ionised O2 reacts with 2 protons of H and form water molecule.