Presentation on Globalization and spread of English by David Crystal. Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

1. Australia and New Zealand
 Afzal Khan

2. Australia and New Zealand in World

3. Australia
 At the end of the eighteenth century British arrived at
southern hemisphere.
 English prevailed in Australia as a consequences
 There emerged new and distinctive varieties of English in
Australia.
 About 1770 Australia was first visited by James Cook.
 Within twenty years British established their first panel colony
in Sydney.

4. British Arrival to Australia and New
Zealand

5. Migration of Convicts
They started immigration of English prisoners to
Australia.
Within fifty years 130,000 prisoners were transported
to Australia.
These prisoners were named as free settlers.
By 1850, the population of Australia was about
400,000, and by 1900 nearly 4 million and in 2002
nearly 19 million.

6. Arrival of British Convicts

7. The linguistic impact of those settlers on
Australia and New Zealand
 The settlers were from London and Ireland who had Cockney accent
and the brogue of Irish.
 The features of the Cockney accent of London and the Brogue of Irish
English can be traced in the speech patterns heard in Australia today.
 Similarly, many varieties of English originated in the region who had
expression of aboriginal languages.
 Recently American influence in the region also caused immigration to
Australia.
 Consequently Australia has a very mixed linguistic character today.

8. Aboriginal Terms used in Australian English
 Kangro- called by natives Kangooroo (Cook writes in his
journal)
 The Dharuk Language was spoken around Sidney, It
influenced Australian English to a great extant.
 E.g. Boomerang, Corroboree, Dingo, Gunyah, Kaola, Nullah-
Nullah Waddy, Wallaby, Waratah, Warrigal etc.
 Two important words from Yagara Langauge of the Brisbane
region can be traced down today in Australian English e.g.
Bunge and Yakka

9. Influence of English Convicts’ Slang on
Australian English
 Document written on those Convicts’ Slang named as “Flash
Language”
 James Hardy Vaux wrote his vocabulary of the Flash Language
in 1812 and published in 1819 (Dictionary of Underworld
Slang)
 The term swag rooted in thieves’ slang referred to a thief’s
Booty or plunder.
 World War’s impact on Australian English

10. New Zealand
 Captain cook had charted the islands in 1769 and the
European whalers and traders can to the region in 1790s.
 They started to expand the developments already taking place
in Australia.
 Christian missionary work began among the Maori from
about 1814.

11. Treaty of Waitangi
 Treaty of Waitangi between Maori chiefs and the British
crown.
 It is a treaty signed in 1840 by British crown and the
Maori chiefs which resulted in the recognition of British
sovereignty over new Zealand.
 Consequently a rapid increase in European immigration
to new Zealand was evidenced.
 From around 2000 in 1840 to 25000 by 1850 and three
quarters of a million by 1900.

13. Three strands of New Zealand’s social history
that have great impact over linguistics in the
region
 The comparison with Australia, there has been a stronger
sense of the historical relationship with Britain, and a greater
sympathy for British values and institutions, many people
speak with British accent.
 There was growing sense of national identity for which they
motivated the use of distinctive New Zealand vocabulary.
 There arouse concerns for Maori people as there population
increased up to 10% which increased use of Maori words in
new Zealand English.

14. South Africa
Zia ur Rehman

15. History of South Africa
 The history of South Africa starts more than 100,000 years
ago, when the first humans inhabited the region
 The historical record of this ethnically diverse country is
generally divided into four distinct periods:
 the pre-colonial era
 the colonial era
 the post-colonial and apartheid era
 the post-apartheid era

16. Geography of South Africa

17. Demography of South Africa

18. Linguistic Map of South Africa

19. Colonization of South Africa
 Dutch Colonization of South Africa started in 1652.

20. British Colonization
 British replaced Dutch in 1795 during Napoleonic Wars.

22. Settlement
5000 Britishers were initially settled in 1820
There were given lands
First attempt to Anglicized African People.
Settlement continued in 1840 – 1850
In last quarter of 19th century more than million
mostly British were settled in South Africa.
Settlement were mostly in Natal, and Witwatersrand
for Gold and Diamond

23. English Language
 In early settlements English become language of law and education.
 Due to various settlements various accents of English emerged.
London area at Cape, and Midlands
Northern British speech at Natal
Other homogenous accents also emerged which was common to Australian accent.
 Same times English emerged as 2nd language among Black Population
 In 2002 from 43.5 million people only 3.7 million people speak English as 1St Language
 In 1993 various surveys were conducted among black people, “ They saw English is a passport to
International communication
Socio-economic upward mobility
As Lingua Franca
Language of Education

24. English As Official Language of S.A
1993, English was declared as National language
including other 10 African languages
1994, In South African Parliament 87% proceedings
and speech were made in English.

25. Resistance

26. Thank
You