1. •Root + Derivational Morpheme  a new word with a
new meaning. (usually change grammatical class)
create new words, listed in the dictionary (ex)
happy vs. Happiness;
•not required by syntax
•not very productive
(ex) dis-like, *dis-hate (ungrammatical)
•in English, can be prefixes or suffixes

2. •Root + Derivational Morpheme  a new word with a
new meaning. (usually change grammatical class)
change the part of speech or the meaning of a word;
(ex) part-of-speech: us-able (Verb  Adj),
trouble-some (N Adj), happi-ness (Adj  N),
judg-ment (VN), symbol-ize (NV),
happi-ly (Adj  Adv)
(ex) meaning:
anti-feminist, dis-comfort, ex-boyfriend,bi-sexual
(ex) both: use-less (VAdj)

3. • Inflectional morphemes have grammatical meaning or
function in the sentence.
 do not change meaning or part of speech, just add
extra grammatical information
 not listed in the dictionary
 in English, only suffixes
 Ex: Bound morphemes s (PLU, GEN) shoe, shoes, shoe’s
 nouns
• Other example
• Bound Morpheme ‘to’  in connection with a verb (‘ an
infinitive with to’)
• Bound Morphemes: Ex. –s, -ed
• He sails the ocean blue.
• He sailed the ocean blue.

4. • -s third-
person singular • She waits at home.
present
• She waited at home.
• -ed past tense • She is eating the donuts.
• -ing • Mary has eaten the donuts.
progressive • She ate the donuts.
• -en past • Lisa’s hair is short.
participle • Lisa has shorter hair than Kate.
• -s plural • Lisa has the shortest hair.
• -’s possessive
• -er comparative
• -est
superlative

5. Derivational Inflectional
further from
position closer to stem
stem
productive?* (often) no (usually) yes
(often)
meaning? predictable
unpredictable
*Productivity = the extent to which a
word-formation rule can be applied to
new morphemes, to form new words;

7. • Affix: a morpheme that comes at the beginning
(prefix) or the ending (suffix) of a base
morpheme.
• Note: An affix usually is a morpheme that
cannot stand alone.
• Examples: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few
exceptions are able, like, and less.

8. • Prefix: an affix that comes before a
base morpheme. The in in the word
inspect is a prefix.
• Suffix: an affix that comes after a
base morpheme. The s in cats is a
suffix.

9. Prefixes Suffixes
Bound morphemes which occur Bound morphemes which occur
only before other morphemes. following other morphemes.
Examples: Examples:
un- (uncover, undo) -er (singer, performer)
dis- (displeased, disconnect), -ist (typist, pianist)
pre- (predetermine, prejudge) -ly (manly, friendly)

10. • What is the difference in meaning
between apple and apples?
• What is the difference in form?
• What does this tell you about these
two words?

11. • Words can have an internal structure much
like the syntax of phrases.
• Morphemes such as the, -s, and re- near the
grammatical end of the continuum are called
grammatical morphemes.
• Note that grammatical morphemes include
forms that we can consider to be words like
the, a, and, and of and others that make up
parts of words like –s and -ed.
• Examples.
pencils walked

15. • Content words denote concepts such
as subjects, actions, and ideas
noun, verb, adjective, adverb
• Content words are open class words
new words can be added
• Example of new words :
Steganography the art of hiding
information in electronic text

16. • Function words express Grammatical
Functions
e.g., preposition, article, conjunctions, pro
nouns
• Function words connect the content
words to the larger grammatical context.
• Function words are also called ‘closed
class’ words no new words added to this
class.