1. Climate Policy Integration and
Organisational Implications:
ACase Study of Indonesian
Forestry Sector
Yogi Suwarno
PGR Seminar, June 6th,2013

2. Outline
□Introduction
□ Climate change
□ Policy on climate change
□Literature Review
□ Policy integration
□ Policy Making
□ Climate Policy Integration
□Background
□ Indonesia
□ Forest-related actors

3. Introduction
□ Climate change
□ Main causes
□ Natural processes
□ Human-induced
□ Main impacts
□ Water shortages, food production
□ Sea level increase, flooding
□ Increased rate of death from water-related diseases
□ Biodiversity loss, drought, fire
□ From realm of scientific research and environmental advocacy
to mainstream political and economic policy discussion (Held,
2011)
□ Main strategies
□ Mitigation
□ Adaptation

5. Policy Integration
□Coherence policy making (OECD, 1996) cross-
cutting policy making (Cabinet office, 2000), policy
coordination (Challis et.al., 1988; Alter and Hage,
1993; Peters, 1998), concerted decision-making
(Warren et.al, 1974), holistic government, joined-up
policy (Wilkinson and Appelbee, 1999), joined-up
government (Ling, 2002)
□In organisational theories, refers to inter-
organisational co-ordination (Rogers and Whetten,
1982), inter-organisational collaboration (Alter and
Hage, 1993), inter-governmental management
(Agranoff, 1986), network management (Kickert,
1997)

6. Policy Integration
□ It refers to a policy where the
constituent elements are brought
together and made subjects to a
single, unifying conception
(Underdal, 1980: 159)
□ It concerns the management of
cross-cutting issues in policy
making, transcend boundaries,
not correspond to the institutional
responsibilities of individual
departments (Meijers, 2004)
□ Generally it can be simply
synonymised with policy
incorporation or policy integration
(UNDP, 2004; Dalal-Clayton,
2009; Gupta, 2010: 67; Nunan, et.
al., 2012)
Integrated
policy-making
Coordination
Co-operation

7. National Level
Regional Level
Local Level
Ministry Ministry Ministry
Agencies
Council
Council
Agencies
Agencies
Vertical
integration
Horisontal integration
Policy field:
Forestry
Policy field:
Health
Policy field:
Education

8. Policy Integration in Practice
□International / regional level
□ 1992: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change:
□ 1997: Kyoto Protocol
□ 2012: Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol
□OECD
□ Communicative, organisational, and procedural instruments
□EU
□ The 1997 Amsterdam treaty, article 6: “environmental protection
requirements must be integrated into the definition and the
implementation of …community policies…”
□Implications to sectoral policy
□Organisational structures and processes challenges

9. Indicators of successful policy integration
□UNDP-UNEP PEI (2009)
□ the inclusion of poverty-environment linkages,
□ the strengthening of ministerial capacity,
□ widening stakeholders,
□ increasing budget allocation and improving livelihood and
□ access to environment and natural resources for the poor
□Dalal-Clayton and Bass (2009)
□ EM can be considered successful when ministries or agencies
could recognise and address issues routinely into their policy and
decision-making.

10. EPI, CPI and the context
Sustainable
Development
EPI
CPI

11. Policy Process
□Frameworks
□ Stages heuristic
□ Institutional rational choice
□ Multiple streams
□ Punctuated-equilibrium framework
□ The advocacy coalition framework
□ Policy diffusion framework
□Responses to cross-cutting issues
□Organisational arrangements challenges to policy
integration

12. Policy Network
(Adapted from Marsh,1998)
Literature Form Members Characteristics Remark
American Sub-government / iron
triangle
Interests groups,
bureaucratic
agencies,
government
Private interests control
rather than respond to
Jordan,
Peter,
McFarland
British Policy network / sub-
system
Government
agencies,
pressure groups
Close relation between
particular interests and
different sections of
government
Richardson
and Jordan
Inter-organisational
relations
Political
institutions
Structural (rather than
individual) relationship
between political institutions
Rhodes
European Governance (German) Policy networks as a mode of
governance
Mayntz,
Scharf ,
Schneider
The rational central
rule model (Dutch)
Government as a key actor Kickert
Democratic model
(Dutch)
Government no longer
superior, directive, role

13. Policy Network and Policy Outcomes
□As a structure (Marsh and Rhodes)
□ Downplay the important of agents
□ Structural links between interests involved
□ Structure of network affects policy outcome
□ Factors exogenous lead to change in policy network and outcomes
□As a resource exchange pattern
□ Pattern of interaction and resource exchange between agents
□ Bargaining between actors within the network affects policy
outcomes
□ Emphasise the factors endogenous that lead to change

14. The Burke-Litwin Model of Organisational Performance and Change
(Burke,2011)

15. Indonesia

16. Background
Facts
o 4th biggest population
o 3rd biggest rainforest
• High forest cover country
• High deforestation rate
• 3rd biggest carbon emitter
• Deforestation and land conversion
are the largest source of emission
• Emission from energy sector is
small but growing rapidly
• One of the most vulnerable
countries affected by climate
change (World Bank, 2011;
Measey, 2010)
Carbon emission sources
(MoE, 2009)
2660
580
850
160150
1650
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Peat
Waste
Forestry
Agriculture
Industry
Energy
2000
2005
2020
Total by
2020

17. Actors, climate-related institutions
□Nation-wide
□ Ministry of Forestry
□ Ministry of Environment
□ Ministry of Agriculture
□ Ministry of National Development Planning
□ Cross-Ministerial Committee on Forestry
□ National Council for Climate Change (DNPI)
□ REDD+ Task Force
□ National Council on Forest (DKN)
□Stakeholders
□ Private organisations, NGOs
□ Indigenous people
□International institutions: UN, Embassies

18. Research Questions
□What does policy integration mean within a sector?
□What are the organisational implications of policy
integration
Thank You