ias exam notes

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LIBRARY SCIENCE TERMS
A
AACR-1.Abbreviation of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
(1967),
AACR-2.Abbreviation of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
(1978). AACR-2 does not supersede AACR-1 (1967) but
continues it, for, in spite of the changes in presentation and
content which it introduces, these are still the Anglo-
American Cataloguing Rules, have the same principles and
underlying objectives as the first edition and being firmly
based on the achievement of those who created the work,
first published in 1967. The new code has harmonised the
two differing texts of the first edition.lt incorporates the latest
international standards, makes provision for the whole range
of new materials and media and takes notice of the full
impact of MARC and bibliographic systems.
AACR-2 has only two parts. Part I description and Part II
Headings, Uniform Titles and References. The rules of Part
I contain instructions as the formulation of descriptions of
library materials. The rules in Part II are applicable to works
and not generally to physical manifestations of those works,
though the characteristics of an individual item are taken
into account in some instances.
Abbreviated Card.Refers to a catalogue card which gives
an abbreviated entry.
Abbreviated Catalogue Card. A catalogue card which is
bearing an added entry but having less information than the
main entry.
Abbreviated Catalogue Entry. Refers to a catalogue entry
(title, subject, translator, etc.) which does not provide as
much information as the main entry card.
Abend. Abnormal ending (acronym, pronounce as one
word). Early termination of a computer program due to an
error.
A.B.C. Abridged building classification for architects,
builders and civil engineers.
Aberrant Copy. One in which binding or machining errors,
and not merely defects, take place and the correct state of
which could be recognized.
Abnormal Termination. Means termination which takes
place when an error condition is detected by hardware,
revealing that a particular series of actions previously
initiated cannot be completed correctly
Abort.In computing, to terminate, in a controlled manner,
a processing activity in a computer system because it is
impossible undesirable for the activity to proceed.
Abridged Bliss Classification (1967). Henry Evelyn Bliss
gave bibliographic classification in 1908. The abridged from
was produced for schools in 1967.
Abridged Decimal Classification. Refers to an
abridgement of Dewey’s Decimal Classification intended
for use in small and slowly growing libraries.
Abridged Edition.Means a shortened or curtailed version
of a book but is retaining the essential character and theme
of the original.
Abridgement.A reduced form of a work which is produced
by condensation and omission of more or less of detail, but
retaining the general sense and unity of the original.
Absolute Address. In computing :
(1) An address in a computer language that identifies storage
location or a device without the use of any intermediate
reference,
(2) An address that is permanently assigned by the machine
designer to a storage location,
(3) A pattern of characters that identifies a unique storage
location or device without further modification.
Absolute Addressing. Means address locations in store
by their absolute addresses.
Absolute Code. Refers to a programming code which is
using absolute addresses and operators It is also known
as actual code direct code, one level code and specific.
Absolute Coding. Program instructions written in absolute
code. They do not need further processing before being
intelligible to the computer.
Absolute Location. Perfect location.
Absolute Size. Perfect size.
Absolute Value. Refers to the magnitude of a number
without regard to sign.
Absolute Value Computer. A computer in which data is
being processed in its absolute form, all variables keeping
their full values.
Abstract. Refers to a form of current bibliography in which
sometimes book, but mainly contributions to periodicals,
are summarized; they are accompanied by adequate
bibliographical descriptions to enable the publications or
articles to be traced, and are frequently arranged in classified
order. They may be in the language of the original or be
translated into English or some other language. Periodicals
which contain only abstracts are known as journals of
abstracts or abstract journals.
Abstract Bulletin. A printed or mimeographed bulletin which
contains abstracts of currently published periodical articles,
pamphlets, etc. It is issued by a special library and distributed
monthly, weekly, or daily to its clientele. Also called abstract
journal,
Abstract Classification. Refers to abstract arrangement
in classes/abstract assignment to a class.
Abstract Entity. Abstract of a thing that exists or has
existence.
Abstracting Periodical. Refers to the abstracts of
magazines (Periodic) published at regular intervals. It is a
special magazine for the purpose specially having abstracts
of magazines under a class of knowledge
Abstracting Service.The preparation of abstracts, usually
in a limited field, by an individual, an industrial organization
for restricted use, or a commercial organization; the
abstracts being published and supplied regularly to
subscribers. Also the organization producing the abstracts.
Such services may be either comprehensive or selective.
Abstraction. Refers to the mental process of dividing and
grouping which is involved in classifying.
Abstract Journal or Periodical. A periodical which is
having abstracts of current material in books, pamphlets
and periodicals.
Abstracting Service. Abstracts in a particular field or on a
particular subject which are being prepared by an individual
or a company and supplied regularly to subscribers or on
request.
Abstractor. Refers to one who summarises the thought in
reference.
Academic Dissertation. Written discourse which treats a
subject at length academically.
Academic Libraries. Those of universities, university
colleges, and all other institutions of forming part of, or
associated’ with, institutions of higher education.

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Academy Publication. Refers to a work which is being
issued by an academy. Sometimes, in an inclusive sense,
it refer to a work issued by any learned society.
Acceleration Time. The time elapsing between the
interpretation of an instruction to a peripheral unit to read or
write, and the moment when transfer of information from
the unit to store or vice versa could start, e.g., the time
taken for accelerating the tape transport on a magnetic tape
unit.
Acceptance Test. Refers to a test which is used to
demonstrate the-capability of a new computer system. It is
generally conducted by the manufacture to show the
customer that the system is in working order.
Access
(1) In information retrieval : (i) a device or method whereby a
document may be found; (ii) permission and opportunity to
use a document (IBM); (iii) the approach to any means of
storing information, e.g., index, bibliography, catalogue,.
electronic computer.
(2) The ability to get data from and/or place it into memory.
Access Arm
(1) A device which is employed to position the reading and
writing mechanisms of a storage device.
(2) A mechanical device in a desk file storage unit that is
able to position the reading and writing mechanisms.
Accession.To enter in an Accessions register particulars
of each book in the order of its acquisition.
Accession Arrangement. Refers to the arrangement of
posting different facts relating to a acquired property/material
of library.
Accession Assistant.Refers to a person who helps the job
of acquiring and accessioning of the material.
Accession Book. See Accessions Register.
Accession Card. See Accessions Register.
AccessControlRegister. Thetermusedforaregisterwhich
is used to record the access level allocated to an active
procedure.
Accession Date. Refers to the date on which a publication
has been entered in the accessions register.
Accession Department. See Cataloguing Department.
Accession Division.Refers to the section of an acquisition
department that records, in chronological order of receipt,
publications secured by purchase, exchange, or gift.
Accessioning. Refers to addition to library property by
acquiring it because of demands as it is a growing organism.
Accessioning Book. A register which is used for
accessioning purpose.
Accessioning Book of Periodicals. A register which is
used for maintaining account of periodicals.
Accessioning Date. Refers to the date of posting the arrival
of the library material.
Accessioning Department. Department which renders
services of accessioning the material of the library.
Accessioning Register. Refers to a strongly bound register
which has the following Columns :
(1) Date of acquisition. (2) Accession number.
(3) Author. (4) Title.
(5) Publisher’s Name. (6) Place of Publication.
(7) Ed. (8) Vols.
(9) Pages. (10) Source of supply.
(11) Price class/Book No./Remarks, etc.
Accession Number. The number given to a book from the
Accessions Register. It may also be a number given to an
article in a periodical, or other document, which is indexed
by the Uniterm Concept Co-ordination System.
Accession Order. Refers to the arrangement of books on
the shelves according to the order of their addition to a
class; a numerical and chronological, as distinguished from
a classified, arrangement.
Accession Record. The term used for a record of the
volumes which are added to a library in the order in which
they are received. It may be known, from its various forms,
as Accession Book, Accession Cards, Accession
Catalogue, Accession File, Accession Sheets, etc.
Accession Slip. A slip which is used for accessioning
purpose.
Accessions. A group term which indicates additions to the
stock of a library.
Accessions Catalogue. Synonymous with Accessions
Register. Accessions List.See Accessions Register.
Accessions Register. The chief record of the books added
to a library. Books are numbered progressively as they are
added to stock and entered in the register. It may be in
book form or on cards, and may give a condensed
description of the acquisition and history of each book from
its reception to its withdrawal. Materials other than books
which are added permanently to stock and of which records
should be kept are similarly recorded. Not to be confused
with Acquisition Record.
Accession Section. A section of a cataloguing or
processing department which concerned with accessioning
library materials.
Accession Stamp. A rubber stamp which is impressed on
the back of a title-page; when the information is written in
the appropriate panels of which the stamp is comprised, it
gives much information concerning the records, and
processing, of the individual book.
Access Method. Refers to the way in which data in a file
has been selected for processing; e.g., a direct access
storage system can contact files which have been accessed
in a number of different ways serial access, random access,
and selective sequential access.
Access Permission. A response which is given to an
attempt for initiating a software routine, when access control
mechanisms have ascertained that the attempt possesses
correct status and satisfies predetermined security checks.
ACM. An acronym for association for computing machinery,
a professional computer science organisation.
Acme Colour Separator. A machine developed for making
three or four colour-corrected continuous tone negatives from
coloured transparencies.
Acquisition. The processes of acquiring, or the department
concerned with acquiring, books for a library.
Acquisition Department. The department of a library
concerned with the ordering of books and possibly their
cataloguing and processing also. Often other functions such
as obtaining books by exchange or gift, administration of
serials and binding are undertaken.
Acquisition Number. Refers to the number in serial to the
material acquired in accession register of entry.
Acquisition Record. A record of all books and other
material added or in process of being added; it is usually
kept in alphabetical order.
Acquisition Work. The work of book selection, ordering,
obtaining by gift or exchange, serials control, and rebinding
(American).

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ESSAYS
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
SOCIAL ROLE OF LIBRARIES
Libraries are service centres. Libraries help the users to
get the information they want. For this purpose the library
staff has developed a number of tools and techniques. The
classified arrangement of books on the shelves helps the
users to locate easily the books they want The library cata-
logue helps the users to know whether a book is available
in the library or not; it is the call number in the catalogue
entry helps to locate the book on the shelf. The various
maps, plans, guides, etc. provided in the library helps the
users to find their way in the complex library mechanism.
In addition, the Reference Library Staff provides personalised
service whenever the user is in difficulty. The lending, refer-
ence, bibliographic, inter-library loan, translation, reprogra-
phy etc. are the general services provided by the library.
Services other than these normal services, we can call as
extension services.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
Extension services are employed for the following purpose
1.To help the users to better utilise the library services
2.To attract and see that more and more people make use
of the library.
For achieving die first objective mentioned above, the librar-
ies have to employ what some call as the “International
Extension Services”. For achieving the second objective,
one has to apply what we call “External Extension Ser-
vices”.
Internal Services:-Apart from providing assistance to us-
ers, the reference librarians or reference assistance are
expected to orient the users in the library mechanism. Be-
cause libraries are these days mechanised things.
Mechanised things are dependent ones. One needs orien-
tation to exploit the resources to the fullest extent. The
activities to be carried out by the Reference staff within the
library to orient or educate the users are called ‘Internal
Extension Activities’. Some address these activities as
‘User Education Programm e’. Such as lower education or
‘orientation’ programme not only help the users in exploit-
ing the resources of a library, but also, help the library staff
in better organisation and management of the libraries.
Some of these Internal Extension Services are detailed
below:
Orientation into the Library Mechanism:-The Reference
staff may orient the users either formally or informally into
the library systems. In an informal way, the user may be
taken to the Library Map/Plan and explain the various sec-
tions, special collections and services. The Reference Staff
may take the user personally to various sections and ex-
plain the type of material available, kind of information one
can get, etc. It will be more effective if it is demonstrated to
the user as to how to locate the information from various
types of source material. In the formal system of orienta-
tion, the structured orientation programme may be planned
wherein one can combine lectures supported by audio-vi-
sual aids; tour around the library demonstration; etc., can
be used effectively.
In a formal programme, the following areas may be compre-
hended:
Introduction to the Library:-Concept and role of the li
brary; types of libraries; kinds of documents; sections of a
library; services provided etc.
Documents:-Sources-Primary, Secondary and Tertiary,’
Kinds-Books, Periodicals, Audio-Visual, etc.
Parts of a Book:-Preliminaries-Half title page, Title page,
Back of the title page, table of contents, preface, introduc-
tion; Body of the book Parts, Chapters, Paragraphs, Sec-
tional headings, references, notes, etc., End matter-Notes,
references, index etc.
Care of Books:-How to pick-up a book from the shelf, open-
ing of the book for consultation, protecting books from its
enemies, improper ways of handling, etc.
Arrangement of Material:-Books-textbooks, reference
books-pamphlets; pictures; clippings; periodicals; films and
film strips; slides; wire, tape; phono; cassettes-audio, vi-
sual; floppies; CDs, DVDs; etc.
Location of Documents:-Use of catalogues-Kinds of en-
tries; arrangement of entries; location in the catalogue; Call
Number-Parts and role of each part; Arrangement of books
on the shelves-Bay guides, shelf guides, inclusive num-
bers on the tier, arrangement are spine labels; identifica-
tion of the book etc.
Reference Books:-Characteristics, Kinds-Encyclopedias;
Dictionaries, atlases, almanac, guide books, gazetteers,
gazettes, biographical dictionaries, indexes, etc.
Bibliography:-Selection of items, arrangement preparation
of index cards; etc.
Technical Writing and Editing:-Planning a study order-
ing of the subject chapterization; paragraphing; providing
feature headings; hints on punctuation and capitalization
citing references; arrangement of references editions proof
reading; etc.
OTHER ACTIVITIES
Other extension activities that a library may take-up to bring
books and users together are:
Organisation of Exhibitions-Which will help in bringing
to the notice of the users the richness of me collection of
the library: topical exhibitions will attract large number of
users; provide an opportunity to discover bocks which were
not expected of.
Display of New Additions:-Many libraries display the jack-
ets of the new additions at the entrance of the library so
that they can draw the attention of the users and thus
tempted to read. Nagpur University Library has started a
‘Monthly Book Exhibition’ wherein, books added in the pre-
vious month are displayed from 3-11 of every month. This
provides an opportunity for users to have a look at books on
all subjects at one place. Inter-disciplinary nature of the
research support such displays.
Lectures:-Libraries should arrange topical lectures; lectures
suitable to different sections of the users-men, women, chil-
dren, students, etc. This opportunity should also be utilised
for arranging suitable exhibitions/display of books and other
reading material which help the users to select the right
book for extended reading. Dr. Ranganathan used to bring
out topical bibliographies also on such occasions and dis-
tribute them among the listeners so that they can easily
select literature on their choicest subject
Other Extension Activities:-Many public libraries are also
organising dramas, musical concerts, film shows, quiz
programmes, elocution and essay competitions, etc. to at-
tract the public to the library and finally become beneficia-
ries of its resources.

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External Services:-External Extension Services are those
provided outside the library. These services are aimed at:
1.Creating awareness among the general public about the
role of libraries, library services, etc.
2.Use of external sources like mass media, mass contact
programmes, etc. for the spread of the message of the li-
braries as sources of enlightenment and education
3.Organising community services, group oriented progra-
mmes, etc., as supportive to library service and
4. Plan an integrated, coordinated and well modulated li-
brary and information services at various levels.
Reader Friendly Service:-Regular users of the library know
the role and resourcefulness of the libraries. There may be
many who are not aware of the role of the libraries and how
to exploit the resources of the library. The creation of aware-
ness among the public may be taken up either by library
staff or by voluntary organizations (NGOs).
STAFF AT WORK
The library staff may attract the people to the library and
appraise them about the role and services of the library. In
fact, the library staff can serve the public at large and make
them willing beneficiaries of the library-literates, neo-liter-
ates as well as illiterates. The ways and means by means
of which the library staff can achieve this objective will be
detailed in the next section.
SERVICE CENTRES
In India, voluntary organizations (NGOs) have been playing
an important role in the establishment, maintenance and
execution of innovative services. The Library Movement in
Andhra Desa was described as ‘peoples movement’ be-
cause the enlightened public took initiative in spreading the
library movement to the nook and corners of the region.
The Andhra Desa Library Association (established in 1914)
organised ‘Library Pilgrimages’ for spreading the message
of library movement. They used to go from place to place
convince the local public the need for establishing a library,
as well as, advice the existing libraries in organizing librar-
ies on technical lines and organise various extension ser-
vices to enhance their utility.
Publicity:-Publicity is the art of influencing public opinion
and demand. The publicity target may be general or indi-
vidual. General, here we mean, those programmes which
are aimed at making the public aware of the need of librar-
ies; value of books and other reading material; educative
role of libraries; services offered by the libraries etc.
Mass Media:-In this context mass media can be exploited
in spreading the message by writing articles in newspa-
pers and magazines; radio and television talks; organising
public lectures; demonstration tours; attractive sign boards;
organising exhibitions: observing library weeks publishing
brochures; leaflets; bulletins; etc.
Library Bulletin:-Publication of library bulletin would be a
valuable medium which can be used to provide general
information about library services, particularly new initia-
tives; routine programme of the library topical issues book
reviews literature survey articles; rules and regulations spe-
cial announcements etc.
MEANT FOR PEOPLE
Use of Fairs and Festivals:-India is said to live in villages.
Villages have the tradition of holding fairs and festivals. These
provide greater opportunity to have mass contact
programmes. Programmes like lectures, exhibitions, etc.
on libraries and books can be organised which will enable
the public to realise the importance of libraries and the so-
cial change mat die books can bring.
Wall magazines, posters, charts giving useful information
about libraries, literacy, education, etc. be displayed at the
venue.
Exhibition of manuscripts, maps, microforms, phonorecords,
use of internet, CD-ROMs, etc. will prove to be useful
Cultural events like dramas, film or video shows, musical
concerts, etc. can be arranged at the venue of the lecture
or exhibition which will attract more and more people to the
event
SOCIAL ORIENTATION
Adult Education Programmes:-As a part of the exten-
sion programmes, library enthusiasts were organising adult
education classes to make the public literate so that they
could make use of the libraries. Even today many of the
public libraries are conducting adult education programme.
Local Broadcasting:-Village libraries have been organising
film shows, audio and video broadcasts, lecture
programmes, etc. In order to enlighten the illiterate public
in terms of health, hygiene, family welfare, agriculture, cul-
ture and heritage, contemporary politics and economics,
etc.
Reading Newspapers, Display of Wall-newspapers:-
Libraries in the villages, in localities where there is a con-
siderable number of illiterate population have been reading
newspapers and magazine articles of interest to the illiter-
ate public at specific hours in the morning and evening,
during those hours where majority of them have a free time.
For thebenefit of neo-literates, librariesdopreparewallnews-
papers and display in the library as well as at places where
majority of the public congregates.
COLLECTIVE EFFORTS
Reading Circles:-Many public libraries are organising
‘Reading Circles’ for various groups, like, ‘Women Circles’;
‘Children’s Circle’; ‘Student’s Circle’; ‘Special Reading
Circles’ on the basis of subject, profession, etc.
Such circles are found to be always effective. These groups
provide an opportunity to come together discuss, common
issues, problems and get die information from the library at
their disposal.
Libraries should provide suitable time, space and reading
material for these groups. In the United States of America
some of the public libraries are providing free accommoda-
tion for NGOs to locate their offices and offer services.
Special ‘Summer Reading Programmes’ for pre-schoolers;
special awards or incentives to children who visit the library
often and for those who read more books; special
programmes like story-telling; film showing; library tours;
reading lists for different age groups; different standards;
lists of books giving fairly fables; poems; etc., guides to
parents giving information as to how they can help their
children succeed in schools.
To Young Adults:-College bound students should have ac-
cess to material that help develop skills for college entrance
examinations (like PMT, GATE, etc.); complete set of col-
lege prospectuses; computer and internet facility: job infor-
mation; career planning literature etc.
To Adults:-Health guides and medical tips events lists; ref-
erence and referral service; bibliographical service book lists
workshops and seminars; etc. integrated services.
Extension service also implies providing library service by

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LIBRARY AND
INFORMATION SCIENCE
PAPER -II & PAPER -III (PART A & B)
UNIT—I
• INFORMATION, INFORMATION SCIENCE, INFORMA-
TION SOCIETY
• INFORMATION AS A RESOURCE/COMMODITY
• INFORMATION TRANSFER CYCLE
GENERATION, COLLECTION, STORAGE AND DISSEMI-
NATION
ROLE OF INFORMATION IN PLANNING, MANAGEMENT,
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
• COMMUNICATION—CHANNELS, BARRIERS
• INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS—
CONCEPT, COPYRIGHT, CENSORSHIP—
PRINT AND NON-PRINT MEDIA
• LIBRARY AND INFORMATION POLICY AT THE
NATIONAL LEVEL
INFORMATION, INFORMATION SCIENCE,
INFORMATION SOCIETY
INFORMATION
Information
The man is a thinking animal so various kinds of thoughts
and ideas are created in his mind. Thus human mind is a
generator of ideas. These thoughts and ideas are based on
certain facts, which are derived by continuous observances
and experiences. When these facts hold the test of time,
they become data, i.e. something which occurs, which can
be seen, felt and observed. When these data are arranged
in an organised manner and presented, told or passed on
to some one, become information. Hence we can say that
information originates from an idea that creeps in mind of a
man as a result of observation.
The word information is derived from two Latin words
Forma andFormatio,which convey more or less the same
meaning. There are other such terms as knowledge, facts,
data, news, message, etc., which are used synonymously
near to the word information. But none of these terms are
equivalent to information. In fact, information is the act of
informing the fact. Therefore the concept of information is
taken to the meaning as a collection of facts or other data.
It is also an assemblage of data in a comprehensible form
recorded on paper or some other medium, and capable of
communication.
In simpler terms, the processed data is information.
Information consists of data that have been retrieved,
processed or otherwise used for informative or inference
purpose, argument or as a basis for forecasting or decision
making. The way in which the data of a message are
structured is crucial to their effect as information.
GENERALCONCEPT
According to Shera, information is that, which is transmitted
by the act or process of communication, it may be a
message, a signal, a stimulus, it assumes a response in
the receiving organism and therefore, possess response
potential... its motivation is inherently utilitarian... it is
instrumental and it usually is communicated in an organised
or formalised pattern, mainly because such formalisation
increases potential utility.
A number of authors defined information as follows :
1. Facts concerned with a subject, called information.
— J. Beeker
2.The information is a collection of statements, facts and
the figures. — Haufman
3. Information is a symbol or set of symbols which has the
potential for meaning. —Faibisoff & Ely
4.Information is that which has the power of changing the
size of a thing. — Bacon
A PROPERTY OF DATA
According to ALA World Encyclopedia of Library and
Information Service, information is a property of data
resulting from or produced by a process that produced the
data.
According to Ford :
The structure of any text which is capable of changing the
image structure of a recipient is information.”
With reference to library and information science,
information may be defined as the structure of any text
which is capable of changing the image-structure of a re-
cipient or any stimulus that reduces uncertainty.

t-6
Mainly the terms data and knowledge are also used for
information, where the term data refers to an individual fact,
a piece of information. Thus data can be described as dis-
crete and unorganised pieces of information. Data becomes
information when these pieces are processed, interpreted
and presented in an organised or logical form. And knowl-
edge is the organised body of that information. Thus in com-
mon parlence, information and knowledge more or less can
be used synonymously without making any distinction be-
tween them.
The following example may make the ideas clear about
these 3 terms i.e. Data, information and knowledge. We
take the example of cloth which is weaved by yarns and
the yarns are prepared from the cotton. Cotton is loomed
into yarns which in turn is weaved into cloth. In the same
way data also can be weaved into information which can be
used to form an organised body of knowledge. In general,
both data and information are the building blocks of knowl-
edge. Thus now the meaning of the above terms might be
clear.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION
“Information is the product of the human brain in action. It
may be abstract or concrete. When an individual begins to
think, a variety of images and sensations flash across his
mind. This makes some information to accumulate in his
mind and his memory retains some pieces of knowledge”,
says Viswanathan.
INFERENCE
From the above statements, we can infer that :
(a) Information is the data that have been retrieved and
processed;
(b) Information may be a message, a signal, or a stimulus;
(c) Information is meant for communication and it is capable
of bringing a change in the recipient;
(d) What we often call information is only a random collection
of data, until it is used by someone to achieve a specific
purpose; and
(e) Information reduces the uncertainty when used.
Data and Information
According to Faibisoff and Dely, data can be numerically
expressed, that is, quantified, quantifiable or objective. Data
is highly repetitive. Information is not highly repetitive or
quantified or quantifiable. It is characterised as narrative
and subjective. Data then are number or unit facts, frequently
repeated. Whereas, information is an idea. Information is a
symbol or a set of symbols, which has the potential for
meaning.
ILLUSTRATION
Let us take the datum ‘9 6 1946’. This may be a date (9th
June 1946), a telephone number, an account of a person in
a bank, or any thing like. When we attribute a value or
meaning to a datum, it is called information.
Since the invention of printing, there has been a continuous
revolution in the generation, transfer and communication of
information in fact has been growing at an exponential rate
which is often referred to as “information explosion”.
Information is Cumulative-Human activity can be viewed as
a process of building-up knowledge. The knowledge
conserved by human, we call as ‘Universe of Knowledge’.
The individual knowledge is the sum-total of ideas
comprehended by a person. An individual gathers
information either by (sensory) experience or through formal
education or both.
The information available can be elaborated, consolidated,
interpreted and used for varied purposes basing on the kind
of information. The information can be used as raw-material
for elaboration and generation of new information. The broad
areas of application of information are :
(i) Recreative; (ii) Creative (or technological); (iii) Economic
(or Financial); (iv) Management; (v) Planning and Decision
making.
Characteristics of Information:
The following are the characteristics of information.
1. Information is the flow of message.
2. Information is transitory by nature.
3. Information inherits meaning.
4. Information is particular.
5. Information is fragmented.
6. Information is dynamic.
7. Information is timely.
8. Information is purpose oriented.
9. Information can be recorded.
10. Information is quantitative.
11. Information is structural.
12. Information is explanatory.
13. Information may be destroyed.
Types of Information:
Shera has categorized information into following types:
1. Conceptual Information:
The idea, theories, hypotheses about the relationships ex-
ists among the variables in the area of a problem.
2. Empirical Information:
Experience, the data of research, may be drawn from one’s
self or through communication from others. It may be labo-
ratory generated or it may be a product of Literature Search.
3. Procedural Information:
The methodology which enables the investigastor to oper-
ate more effectively. Procedural information relates to the
means by which the data of the investigation is obtained,
manipulated and tested, it is certainly methodological, and
from it has been derived the scientific attitude. The commu-
nication of procedural information from one discipline or field
or investigation to another may illuminate vast shadows of
human ignorance.
4. Stimulatory Information :
Man must be motivated and there are but two sources of
such motivation, himself and his environment. Stimulatory
information that is transmitted by direct-communication the
contagious enthusiasm of another individual - but whether
directly or indirectly communicated. It is probably the most
difficult of all forms of information to systematize. It is fortu-
itous by nature, it submits unwillingly to direction or com-
pulsion.
5. Policy Information :
This is the focus of the decision making process. Collec-
tive activity necessitates the definition and objective and
purpose, the fixing of responsibility, the codification of rights
and privileges, and the delineation of functions,
6. Directive Information :
Group activity cannot proceed effectively without coordina-
tion, and it is through directive information that this coordi-
nation is achieved.

t-7
UNIT—V
• ORGANISATION OF KNOWLEDGE/INFORMATION
• MODES OF FORMATION OF SUBJECTS
• LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION
CANONS AND PRINCIPLES
• LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
DDC, UDC AND CC
• LIBRARY CATALOGUING
CANONS AND PRINCIPLES
• LIBRARY CATALOGUING CODES
CCC AND AACR -II
• BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS
INTERNATIONALSTANDARDS—ISBDS,MARCANDCCF
• INDEXING
PRE-COORDINATE, POST-COORDINATE
• VOCABULARY CONTROL
THESAURUS, LISTS OF SUBJECT HEADINGS
• DATABASES
SEARCH STRATEGIES, BOOLEAN OPERATORS
• KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION/KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Information and knowledge are related words and are used
synonymously to each other. Even then there is a shade of
difference in their meaning and in the context of their us-
age. Both are being explained with reference to library and
information science.
1.Information — Any news is the information but it is new
or interesting information. There are so many news around
us which create information. Information is created as a
result of the different types of human activities. Both indi-
viduals and corporate bodies are involved in the creation of
information for some specific purposes.
2.Knowledge— The organised body of information is called
knowledge. With some statements, we can clearly under-
stand the meaning of knowledge. We often say a knowl-
edge of French is desirable for the post, which means that
a person having reasonable acquaintance with French is
eligible for a certain position. Similarly, we often called li-
brary as a store house of knowledge, which means that
library store documents which contain knowledge.
Thus we see that with a shade of difference in their mean-
ing, we treat information and knowledge more or less syn-
onyms to each other without making any distinction be-
tween them.
Information Management:
The application of the principles of management to the ac-
quisition, organisation, control, dissemination and use of
information is called information management. The term
information management is used ambiguously in several
fields. In computer science it is used as a synonym for
information technology or as indentical to data manage-
ment. In business or management studies it has similar
connotations to technology management. According to
D.D.Wilson compared with other areas, in the context of
library and information science, it is more widely concerned
with the meaning of information for the information uses
and with information retrieval issues.
Knowledge Management:
Knowledge Management is form of application of sound
management practices to human resources as a whole
which are the carrying vectors of knowledge. In a sense, it
is the management of the organisation towards the con-
tinuous renewal of the organisational structure, facilitation
of organisational members, putting information technology
instruments with emphasis on teamwork and diffusion of
knowledge into place. Knowledge Management process is
a question of proper vision, organisational networks, edu-
cated decision and the best use of lessons learned as the
key to organisational learning. Hence KM is needed in the
librariestoimprovelibraryservices,recordinformation,create
knowledge and enables users to share and learn by provid-
ing user friendly approach in all the activities.
Information Management v/sKnowledge Management
:We often use information and knowledge interchangeably
and more so because we are unable to clearly distinguish
between the two as they are very much related. However,
while trying to manage them, the distinction would be fairly
clear in the sense that KM (i.e Knowledge Management)
involves not only all activities of IM (Information Manage-
ment) but some more specialised activities centred around
creation and recording of new knowledge and sharing it.
IM basically deals with information present in the docu-
ments while KM deals not only with the information con

t-8
tent of documents but also with the knowledge present in
the employees’ brain. Also, in IM, coded information be-
comes knowledge for the future use but in KM, coded knowl-
edge becomes information for future knowledge base, IM
and KM have different challenges to meet. For IM, the chal-
lenges lies in valuing separate information items and dem-
onstrate the power of IM in the context of profit margins,
increased organisational efficiency etc. As far as KM is
concerned, the challenge lies in tapping the tact knowl-
edge (knowledge which cannot be easily codified) and cre-
ate an environment that would facilitate creation of new
knowledge and sharing it for organisational developments.
2. MODES OF FORMATION OF SUBJECTS
Today new subjects are being formed in the universe of
subjects by different modes of formation of subjects. Where
each mode has distinct implications on the design and
development of schemes of classification. Dr. Ranganathan
made initiation towards the modes of formation of subjects
in 1950. He first postulated four modes. Later he recognised
following types of modes of formation of subjects. Of them,
some are simple, some are compound and some are com-
plex. Thus these modes are as follows:
1. Fission—
Fission is the process of division of subjects into smaller
pieces. In this mode an isolate or basic subject gets fis-
sioned or split into subdivisions. Thus there is increasing
intention and decreasing extension of subjects into spe-
cialized fields. Hence fission is an internal process of divi-
sion without involvement of outside agency. Example:
2. Dissection—
Dissection is a process to cut a universe of entities into
parts of coordinate status. In this mode an isolate or a ba-
sic subject gets fissioned or split into parts of coordinate
status. The classes are ranked equally. Example:
3. Denudation —
This term is used to denote fission, when a subject is splitted
up in chain type relationship, the mode of formation is denu-
dation. Here the classes are subdivided and the extension
of class is decreased and intension is increased. Each later
class is subordinated to the earlier one. Example:
4. Lamination —
The process of lamination gives rise to
compound subjects. It means layering one facet on the
other.
When a subject has more than one, direction, it is called
lamination. Example:
Agriculture of corn ,
Curriculum of university education
5. Loose Assemblage—
It is the process linking together different classes. This is
achieved by the process of assembling together of two or
more basic subjects or compound subjects. It is used to
show relation of a subject with another subject or its subdi-
visions.
Examples: Mathematics for engineers BobD
Classification and cataloguing 2:51or5
6. Fusion —
In this mode two or more main subjects are fused together
in such a way that each of them loses its individuality in
respect of the schedules of isolates needed to form the
compound subject going with it. This results in fused main
subject.
Examples: Biophysics, Geochemistry, Medical Jurisdic-
tion etc.
7. Distilation —
In this mode, a pure subject is evolved as a main subject
based on experience in its appearance in action in diverse
compound subjects going with different basic subjects. This
results in a distilled main subject. Examples:
Management of university, Public heath, Microbiology etc.
8. Agglomeration —
Agglomeration is a subject comprehending several succeed-
ing consecutive basic subjects and having some essential
qualities in common. This mode of development is used in
some partial context usually in the context of main class.
In CC, enumeration device and interpolation device are used
for agglomeration. Examples: Biological science is an ag-
glomeration class including Zoology, Botany, Animal Hus-
bandry, Agriculture and Medicine etc.
9. Cluster —
This mode was formerly known as subject bundle. In this
mode a new kind of agglomeration of subjects is formed
and a new subject is constructed. Example : Indian Phi-
losophy. Indian Culture, Indian History, Indian Civilization
etc.

t-9
UNIT—X
• TYPES OF LIBRARIES—
NATIONAL,
PUBLIC,
ACADEMIC AND
SPECIAL OBJECTIVES,
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
• DIGITAL LIBRARIES—CONCEPT
• VIRTUAL LIBRARIES—CONCEPT
• TYPES OF USERS, USER STUDIES, USER EDUCA-
TION
• ROLE OF UGC IN THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION CENTRES IN INSTI-
TUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA
• ROLE OF RAJA RAMMOHAN ROY LIBRARY FOUNDA-
TION(RRLF)
TYPE OF LIBRARIES
The word library has been derived from the Latin word
Libraria, whose verbal meaning is the house of books, i.e.
the place where the books are collected or stored. But there
is no suitable definition of the library which would describe
clearly, but the aims of the library has always been changed
at time to time. Before inventions of papers, printing and
machines, the main aim of libraries was only to keep safe
of the books and they were available only to high gentry of
the people. But now their aims have basically been changed
and now they are open to every one. Thus keeping in minds
the present aims, libraries can be defend as a collection of
books so organised and arranged in a suitable physical
plan by the staff to facilitate easy use by readers. In more
clear way, we can say that today libraries are those that
collect, store, process, organise, disseminate and distrib-
ute information and knowledge recorded in documents. Thus
we see that there was a time when libraries were regarded
only as store houses of books and other reading materials,
but now they have become the dynamic social agencies for
effective dissemination of information and knowledge. Now
the/libraries are essentially to promote the best utilization
of their resources and services and to make the users aware
about them. Thus libraries play a predominant role in the
progress and development of the society and has also be-
come an integral part and indispensable agency for impart-
ing education.
Libraries are not only the nucleus of the society, but they
are also very dynamic components of the society. Hence a
library is supposed to be the most powerful and effective
media for bulk communication of ideas for the betterment of
society. The modern libraries serve as information and com-
munication centres. They identify the information needs of
the users and supply required information and necessary
guidance. The success of a library depends upon the qual-
ity of the services it provides.
There are variety of libraries which are functioning in mod-
ern society these days to meet knowledge and information
needs of different segments of our contemporary society.
Parry Committee on libraries (UK) talked about 6 types of
libraries while discussing the functions and duties of the
libraries. Libraries differ in their nature and forms of activi-
ties they perform. On this basis libraries are of various types.
But mainly five types of libraries are present at this time,
which are being discussed.
1. National Libraries
2. Academic Libraries
3. Public Libraries
4. Special Libraries
5. Information Centres
Such libraries exist in almost all the countries all over the
world. We give below the brief discussion of each of the
libraries here as follows:
NATIONAL LIBRARIES
National Libraries differ in size and scope from country to
country. For example National Libraries like British Museum
(Britain), Library of Congress (U.S.A.), and Bibliotheque
Nationale (France) contain not only literature of their
countries but also of other countries.
Earlier the aim of the National Library was to build up
exhaustive collections. Secondly, during the first century
and half of their development, most of the National Libraries
allowed the public to have limited access to their collections.

t-10
Thirdly, they did not participate in the inter-library cooperation
with other libraries of their countries.
The essential services for National Library are follow-
ing:-
1.A reference collection of all the publications of the par-
ticular country, achieved by compulsory legal deposit (i.e.,
the requirement that all publishers deposit at least one copy
of everything which they produce with the national library).
2.A current national bibliography of the country’s output of
publications (the comprehensive of which can be best as-
sured by the legal deposit requirement), which in time will
cumulate into the country’s definite retrospective bibliogra-
phy.
3.A lending service, consisting of a store of multiple copies
of the whole of the country’s publication, plus as much of
the publication of the rest of the world as is economically
feasible, so that-
(a)any individuals or groups within the country concerned,
through their own local or specialised library services, may
be sure that a copy of an information-containing material,
which they require, may be made available through the na-
tional library service as quickly as possible
(b)so that libraries in other countries may have a central
point mat they may approach to borrow material which may
not be available in their own collections.
Other services of national libraries include:-
(i) A national information service, or at least a national re-
ferral service, i.e., an office which can reliably and speedily
refer enquiries to, sources of information which may not be
available from the national library itself.
(ii) A national translation centre, where new and proposed
translations are recorded, copies of completed translations
held, and translations made of foreign material which is of
great interest or importance, but is unlikely to be translated
elsewhere.
(iii) A national publishing house. This might, e.g., repub-
lish out of print material and give opportunity to authors
who cannot achieve publication elsewhere.
(iv) Librarianship and information work research and devel-
opment.
(v) Librarianship and information work education and train-
ing.
STAFF AT NATIONAL LIBRARY
There are two broad classes of staff employed in libraries-
those involved in library and information work and those
who provide back-up services. These categories car be sub-
divided:
1. LIBRARY/INFORMATION STAFF
Non-professional:-
Unqualified staff are usually educated to ‘O’ level standard;
should be able to understand national language and En-
glish language. They may have ‘A’ level or even higher quali-
fications which will enable them to take professional ex-
aminations.
Non-professional staff are expected to undertake most of
the routine work so that professionals can afford more intel-
lectually demanding duties. Some librarians have recognised
the Reed for a career ladder for non-professional staff.
Pre-professional:-
Broadly speaking all non-professional staff are pre-profes-
sional, but strictly the term relates to trainee librarians. The
distinction is worth making, for trainees should be given
some practice at professional duties and an attempt should
be made to introduce them to a wider perspective of
librarianship than they see in their immediate job. The use
of trainees as a cheap source of high quality labour is unfair
and on a par with the use of library science students on
field work as convenient extra hands, available for clearing
long-standing work and doing unpopular jobs.
Specialist:-
Professional librarians can specialise in many ways, by
type of library, i.e., national, public, academic, special; by
function, Le., reference work, children’s services, biblio-
graphical services etc.; or, perhaps, by subject interest, as
in university libraries where graduate qualified staff specialise
in an area of the stock-selecting, cataloguing, classifying,
and taking general responsibilities in that area. In special
libraries the knowledge of a particular subject area is very
useful. Professional staff also carry out indexing, abstract-
ing and translation work.
Managerial:-
Very senior posts in large libraries require more than biblio-
graphical skills. Chief librarians are professional librarians
with wider than average responsibilities, or professional
managers comparable to industrial executives. Irrespective
of the classification, it is evident that managerial expertise
is now necessary for more senior posts in the profession.
2.SUPPORT STAFF
Manual/caretaking
libraries are expensive warehouses of knowledge. Equip-
ment, stock, the buildings themselves are valuable. It makes
good economic sense to employ people specifically to care
for the library and its physical assets. Caretaking staff need
to have qualities of realibilities, responsibility and resource-
fulness-many caretaking problems arise outside normal
hours of work when senior staff cannot be consulted.
Clerical/Secretarial:-
Many libraries employ secretarial and other clerical staff.
Increased use of ‘media resources’ in libraries of all types,
and the installation of computerised processes, have made
technical knowledge essential. Although all staff concerned
with handling new media should be trained in their use,
large collections will require specialist technical staff. Com-
puter processing in libraries has led to a need for trained
operatives and, for libraries with in-house systems, some
technical expertise; such posts are often designated ‘Tech-
nical Services Librarian’.
Here we are discussing in brief some familiar national li-
braries of important countries of the world.
1. British Library, London (National Library of UK) —
The British Museum which was founded in 1759, was the
national library of UK till March 1973. Since April 1973 the
British Library has assumed the status of National Library.
British Library is not the name of one library but of a sys-
tem of libraries which is comprised of the six libraries and
information centers.
British Library has occupied a central position in the library
and information network of U.K. It reflects the intellectual,
Cultural and socio-economic life of the country. The library
aims to serve scholarship, research and development, in-
dustry, commerce and all other major users of information.
This library is directed by a Board of Management compris-
ing a chairman and the nine experts.
2. Library of Congress, Washington (DC) (National Li-
brary of USA) —
The Library of Congress founded in 1800 is the national

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