1. Hydro-­‐poli*cal
Baseline
of
the
Upper
Jordan
River
The
Associa+on
of
the
Friends
of
Ibrahim
Abd
el
Al
www.uea.ac.uk/
watersecurity/
Mark
Zeitoun,
Karim
Eid-­‐Sabbagh,
Muna
Dajani,
and
Michael
Talhami
publica2ons

2. Why
a
hydropoli2cal
baseline?
1.
Tensions
that
could
start
a
war
2.
Sustainable
water
and
economic
development
of
the
South
3.
Gaps
in
basic
data
4.
To
clarify
confusion
over
perceived
and
actual
issues
om
a
diversion
een
diverted
fr
Has
a9en*on
b ever
realised?
s
n
sche me
that
wa
an-­‐Nahar
21
Feb
1995,
in
Amery
(2000:
Figure
5.2)

3. Focus
(instead)
on
the
Upper
Jordan
Upper
Jordan
River
Lake
of
Tiberias
Yarmouk
River
Lower
Jordan
River
Dead
Sea

4. Upper
Jordan
River
Hydropoli2cal
Baseline
Study
Goal
to
understand
the
hydro-­‐poli2cal
landscape
with
a
view
to
legal
re-­‐
distribu2on
of
the
UJR
Ques+ons
• The
UJR
Flows:
loca2on,
quan2ty
and
quality?
• How
asymmetric
is
the
distribu2on?
• How
was
the
asymmetry
achieived,
and
how
is
it
maintained?
• How
important
is
water
in
the
Lebanon-­‐Israel
conflict?
Method
• partners
–
AFIAL,
and
Ibrahim
Abd
el
Al
• research
team
–
Eid-­‐Sabbagh,
Dajani,
Talhami
• historical
record,
interviews,
hydrological
records,
official
statements,
etc
• mul2-­‐disciplinary
approach:
hydrology,
poli2cal
science,
interna2onal
rela2ons,
law,
hydro-­‐geology,
hydro-­‐hegemony,
discourses
etc

5. THE
WATER
POWER/
FLOWS
USE
BORDERS
OCCUPIED
LANDS
THEORY
2006
Summer
HYDROPOLITICAL
BASELINE War
THE
RECORD
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS

6. THEORY
HYDROPOLITICAL
BASELINE

7. Interna2onal
Transboundary
Water-­‐sharing
norms
Interna*onal
Water
Law
1997
UN
Watercourses
Conven3on:
3
principles
•
‘prior
no2fica2on’
•
‘no
significant
harm’
•
‘equitable
and
reasonable
use’
+
2008
Dra=
Aquifer
Ar3cles
Others
• ‘prior
use’
• state
sovereignty
(‘Harmon
Doctrine’)

8. Other
interna2onal
norms
relevant
to
water:
IHL
and
HR
to
water
Interna*onal
Humanitarian
Law
Ar2cle
52
(1)
of
the
Geneva
Conven2on’s
Addi2onal
Protocol
1:
‘protec2on
of
civilian
objects
which
are
not
military
objec2ves’
Ar2cle
54
(Para.
2)
and
Ar2cle
55
of
Addi2onal
Protocol
1:
protec2on
of
the
“Natural
Environment”
and
“Objects
indispensable
to
the
survival
of
the
civilian
popula2on”
Interna2onal
Conven2on
on
Economic,
Social
and
Cultural
Rights
(Ar2cle
11(1)):
Destruc2on
of
civilian
water
infrastructure
is
a
viola2on
of
the
right
to
an
adequate
standard
of
living.
Human
Right
to
Water
UN
Commifee
on
Economic,
Social
and
Cultural
Rights:
General
Comment
15
UN
General
Assembly
2010
Human
Right
to
Water:
“declares
the
right
to
safe
and
clean
drinking
water
and
sanita2on
as
a
human
right
that
is
essen2al
for
the
full
enjoyment
of
life
and
all
human
rights”
see
Tignino
2010

9. WATER
USE
HYDROPOLITICAL
BASELINE

10. Current
Water
Use
Use
in
2011
from
surface
water
and
groundwater
in
the
Upper
Jordan
River
Basin
and
related
aquifers:
Country
Flow
Use
[million
cubic
metres
per
year]
Syria
0
n/a
Lebanon
~11
local
irriga2on
and
domes2c
[via
Wazzani
PS
+]
Israel
360
–
520
Irriga2on
locally
and
in
Negev
desert
(+
through
wastewater
reuse),
and
domes2c
(1/3
of
total
freshwater
consump2on
comes
from
Lake
of
Tiberias)
[via
Na2onal
Water
Carrier]
Lebanon
claim:
35-­‐55
[‘Johnston
alloca2on’
-­‐
equitable
and
reasonble
share]

11. Prior
Water
Use
in
Lebanon
(1921)
The
1921
French
report
counted:
• Six
water
mills,
located
on
the
Hasbani
mainstream
(named
or
located:
near
Souk
al
Khan;
Maria
-­‐
just
upstream
of
Ghajar;
Moutran;
Hadj
Khalil;
and
Souk,
near
the
canal
of
the
Emir);
• Three
irriga*ons
canals
(one
downstream
of
Ghajar,
and
two
upstream
–
one
of
which
was
es2mated
at
5km
long
and
irriga2ng
an
es2mated
600
dunums
with
3,000
m3
per
day
in
summer
[~1.1
MCM/y]
on
the
“right
side
of
the
Hasbani”);
and
• Associated
dams
and
impoundments
for
the
above.
4)
8)
cess ion
(191
Fakhoury
(192
+
Sursock
con Nassif
and
Dr
ey
+
Sul eiman
B
FNA
(1921d)
ETUDE
GENERALE
DE
LA
FRONTIERE
PROBABLE
vers
METELLI
et
du
pays
au
N.
et
au
SUD,
immédiatement
des
deux
côtés
de
(la)
fron+ère.
De
l'Inspecteur
des
Travaux
Publics
de
l'Etate
du
Grand
Liban.
French
Na2onal
Archives
in
Nantes,
Archives
des
postes
diploma2ques,
consulaires,
culturels
et
de
coopera2on:
Caisse
450;
Fonds
-­‐
"Beyrouth"/2e
versement;
Serie
-­‐
Service
Techniques
«
Hydraulique
».

12. THE
FLOWS
HYDROPOLITICAL
BASELINE

13. rjay un”
Main
sources
of
the
Upper
Jordan
)
oun
(Ma rdj Ayo
Hasbani
Hasbani
r)
ive
sba ni”
Springs Hasbaya
“Me
ni R
(Ha asba
H
Liddan
“N.
“Metelli”
(Metulla) Metulla
Liddan
“El Ghadjar” Wazzani Springs
Hasbani
Springs Ghajar
(Ghajar)
Liddan Banias
River Banias
Hasbani
m)
River Banias Springs
rea
As l”
Liddan
(El . Assa
River
l st
Banias
Banias
“N
” r)
)
as e
n River
ni Riv
(Lidda n”
a
. B ias
da
“N an
“N. Led
(B
Banias
UPPER
JORDAN RIVER Kuneitra
Huleh
Lake
+Groundwater
(FNA
1921)
a) Pre-1916
Lake of
Ottoman Empire
Tiberias
LOWER
JORDAN RIVER
“Lac du Houlé”
(Huleh Lake)

14. Source
of
the
Hasbani
–
at
Hasbaya
(MacGregor
2002
[1870]:
175)

15. Source
of
the
Hasbani
–
at
Hasbaya

16. Main
sources
of
the
Upper
Jordan
LEBANON
Mediterranean
Sea
SYRIA
Lake Tiberias
Basin
ISRAEL
JORDAN
LEBANON
Hasbani
Mt
Basin Hasbaya Hermon
er
Riv
ani
Hasb
Ajoun
catchment
area
Banias Basin
Metulla
s ea
m Liddan Basin
arm
’a F
El Wazzani
Str
Ghajar
eba
sl
A
Ch
el
Aj o
Banias
n
u
r
an Rive
St r e a
er
Riv
nias
Ba
dd Occupied UNDOF SYRIA
m
Li
ISRAEL SYRIAN Administered
GOLAN Zone

17. LEBANON [million
cubic
metre
per
year,
1949
–
2004
annual
river
flows
measured
upstream
of
their
Mediterranean
Sea
SYRIA confluence
point]
143
(+/-­‐
43%)
Hasbani
Lake Tiberias most
of
the
base
flow
provided
by
the
Wazzani
Springs
Basin
ISRAEL
JORDAN
LEBANON
! 114
(+/-­‐
30%)
Banias
Hasbani
Mt
Basin Hasbaya Hermon
er
Riv
ani
Hasb
241
(+/-­‐
10%)
Ajoun
Liddan
catchment
area
Banias Basin
!
Metulla
s ea
m Liddan Basin
arm
’a F
El Wazzani
Str
Ghajar
eba base
flow
much
larger
+
sl
A
Ch
el
more
secure
Aj o
Banias
n
u
r
an Rive
St r e a
er
Riv
nias
Ba
dd Occupied UNDOF SYRIA
m
Li
ISRAEL SYRIAN AdministeredYearbooks
1949-­‐1977,
1959-­‐2004,
and
HSI
GOLAN Zone 1992-­‐2004,
and
Klein
(1998)
for
1977-­‐1992.
!

18. Transboundary
groundwater
flows
–
rough
es2mate
250
–
350
[million
cubic
metre
per
year]
(Kafri
and
Lang
1979,
from
Brielmann
2008:
Fig.
10)
(labels
added).

19. Summary
of
the
Upper
Jordan
River
Flows
[million
cubic
metres
per
year]
Banias
114
(variable,
vulnerable
to
pollu2on)
Hasbani
143
(variable,
vulnerable
to
pollu2on)
Liddan
241
(stable,
somewhat
vulnerable
to
pollu2on)
Ajoun
(?)
Groundwater
250
–
350
(stable,
less
vulnerable)

20. POWER/
BORDERS
HYDROPOLITICAL
BASELINE

21. So[
Power:
1920
Hydropoli2cal
Border
Shiv
–
lobbied
for
“Mtelle” B anias
demandée par the G’t anglais ” (Metulla)
(Border adjustment requested
by the English Goverment)
”Lac de Houlé ”
(Hula Marshes) “Koneirtra”
(Kuneitra)
par l’accord Sykes-Picot”
Sykes-Picot Agreement)

22. So[
Power:
1923
Hydropoli2cal
Border
Shiv
–
obtained
Hasbani
FRENCH MANDATE Springs Hasbaya
LEBANON
Border
1923
-­‐
1967
Metulla
Liddan
Wazzani Springs
Springs Ghajar
Liddan Banias
River Banias
Hasbani
River Banias Springs
River
FRENCH MANDATE
SYRIA
UPPER
JORDAN RIVER Kuneitra
Huleh
Lake
BRITISH MANDATE
PALESTINE
Lake of d) 1923 border
Tiberias
LOWER
JORDAN RIVER

23. Hard
Power:
military
ac2on
over
water
1950s
&
1960s
1965
Israel
army
thwarts
1953
diversion
afempt
Syria
army
thwarts
Israeli
afempt
(successful)
(successful)
1965
Syria
afempts
to
divert
Hasbani
1965
away
from
NWC
PLO
afacks
NWC
1953
(unsuccessful)
Israel
afempts
construc2on
of
NWC
from
B’nat
Yacoub
Bridge
1964
Israel
completes
NWC
at
Tiberias
(status
quo
‘2l
present)

24. Hard
Power:
Military
acquisi2on
and
relinquishing
of
territory:
a
water
impera2ve?
1967
Israeli
occupa*on
1982
–
2000
2000:
(near)
return
to
of
Golan
+
(maximum
occupa*on)
1967
borders
(1920
borders
achieved)
Hasbani
Springs Hasbani Hasbani
LEBANON Hasbaya
’a
LEBANON Springs Hasbaya LEBANON Springs Hasbaya
eba
Ch ms ’a ’a
r eba eba
Fa Ch ms Ch ms
Fa r
Metulla Far
Liddan Metulla Metulla
Wazzani Springs Liddan Liddan
Springs Ghajar Wazzani Wazzani Springs
Springs
Springs Ghajar Springs Ghajar
Liddan Banias
Liddan Banias Liddan Banias
River Banias
Hasbani River River Banias
Springs Hasbani Banias Hasbani
River Banias Springs
River Banias Springs River Banias
River SYRIA
River SYRIA River SYRIA
UPPER
Was
WATER
an
UPPER
UPPER
interest
in
the
JORDAN RIVER Kuneitra Kuneitra
JORDAN RIVER Kuneitra JORDAN RIVER
Huleh
Lake territorial
conquests
Huleh
Lake
Huleh
Lake
(as
in
the
1950s)
??
ISRAEL ISRAEL ISRAEL
e) post 1948 border f) Maximum Israel e) post 1948 border
Lake of + 1967 Israeli Lake of occupation border Lake of + 1967 Israeli
Tiberias occupation of Golan Tiberias (<2000) Tiberias occupation of Golan
LOWER LOWER LOWER
JORDAN RIVER JORDAN RIVER JORDAN RIVER

25. OCCUPIED
LANDS
HYDROPOLITICAL
BASELINE

26. Interests
in
CHEBA’A

27. Water,
Ski-­‐ing,
and
military
in
Cheba’a
2.
Ski
Resorts
1.
Water
3.
Military-­‐strategic
[all
images
taken
from
Google
Earth,
February
2012]

28. Religious
sites
in
Cheba’a
Lebanon
4.
site
of
Abraham’s
Occupied
Covenant
of
the
Pieces
Cheba’a
Farms
[all
images
taken
from
Google
Earth,
February
2012]

29. Summary
of
the
interests
in
occupa2on
of
Cheba’a
Priority
?
Water
1.
-­‐
?
Military
2.
-­‐
?
Ski-­‐ing
3.
-­‐
?
4.
-­‐
Ski-­‐ing
Religious
Water
is
a
component,
alongside
other
components
(not
a
primary
driver).
Especially
Liddan
recharge
area;
But
the
volumes
involved
are
not
cri2cal
…
à
Israel
‘water-­‐security’
discourse
(discussed
in
the
UJR
Study)

30. Interests
in
GHAJAR

31. Occupa2on
of
Ghajar
/
Wazzani
Springs
Lebanon Syria
-­‐
Golan
(occupied
by
Israel)
Cheba’a
Ghajar
-­‐
north Ghajar
-­‐
south
(Lebanon)
(occupied
by
Israel)
Hasbani
River
Wazzani
Springs Lebanon
©
Sébas2en
Pellissier

32. Wazzani
Springs
Pumping
Sta2on
–
War
of
Words
in
2002
[see
Maternowski
2006,
Alles
2010]
unofficial
Israeli
response:
Shimon
Peres
-­‐
“We
do
not
want
a
flare-­‐up,
but
we
will
not
give
up
water”
(Sedan
2002)
official
Israeli
response:
“
…unilateral
ac2on
by
Lebanon
would
be
Lebanese
response:
unacceptable
to
Israel.”
‘Lebanon
has
right
to
a
legal
share’
è
US,
UN
and
EU
media2on`
+
heavy
winter
rains:
• Lebanon
built
Wazzani
PS,
but:
• right
to
abstract
lev
unresolved...

33. Wazzani
Springs
Pumping
Sta2on
on
Hasbani
River
(completed
2002)
Design
Capacity:
4.4
MCM/y
(<14%
of
Lebanese
claim,
<1%
of
Israel
abstrac2ons
from
Tiberias)
Actual
Abstrac+ons:
less
(lack
of
diesel,
maintenance)
Hasbani River +!
Ralf
Klingbeil,
2010

34. Summary
of
the
interests
in
Wazzani
Springs
/
occupying
Ghajar
Priority
?
Water
1.
-­‐
?
Military
2.
-­‐
?
Ski-­‐ing
3.
-­‐
?
Religious?
4.
-­‐
?
Will
of
the
residents?
Water
is
a
component,
alongside
other
components
(not
a
primary
driver)
Flows
of
Wazzani
more
imporant
than
Hasbani…
but
s2ll
not
cri2cal….
à
Israel
‘water-­‐security’
discourse
(discussed
in
the
UJR
Study)

35. 2006
Summer
HYDROPOLITICAL
BASELINE War

36. Jbaa
Baissariye
Some
damages
to
water
infrastructure
in
Lebanon
and
Israel
Sarafand Merouaniye
Sarba Jarjouaa
Mlikh Aaramta
Aazze
Saksakiye Zefta
Israel
Toufahta Rihane
Insariye Habbouch Dlafy
Babliye Kfour
Louaiziye
Direct
damage:
Aadloun
Khartoum
Kfar Roummane
Kaoukaba Hasbaiya
Doueir
• Safad
WWTP
Kharayeb
Insar Aabba Harouf Marjayoun
Blat
Fardis
Ain Jerfa
Hebbari
Indirect
damage:
Qasmiye
Arzay
Zrariye
Braiqaa
Jibchit
Yohmor
Qlaiaa
Ebel es Saqi
Kfar H
• 3
WWTP
(e.g.
Haifa)
Bourghliye Bedias Maaroub
Kfar Sir
Aalmane Khiam
Mari Kfar Chouba
Aabbassiye Kfar Kila
Lebanon
Borj ech Chmali El Majidiye
Barich
Ghandourieh
Qantara Taibe Wazzani
Direct
damage:
Tyre
Jouaya Tallousa Aadaisse
• 20
pumping
sta2ons
Deir Qanoun
Aitit
Majdel Markaba
• thousands
of
roovop
tanks
Majdel Selm
Soultanieh
Siddiqine Houla
Mansouri
• 100s
of
km
distrib’n
pipes
El Biyada
Aita El-Jabel Baraachit
Chaqra
Sribbine Mheibib
• 200-­‐700
transformers
Naqoura
Chama’a
Tair Harfa
Zabqine
Chihine Beit Lif
Beit Yahoun
Blida
• 55
public
reservoirs
Aalma ech Chaab
Jebbain
Ramiya
Qaouzah Bent Jbail
Aaitaroun
Yarine
etc
Aita Ech Chaab
Rmaich
Yaroun
Maroun er Ras
+
indirect
damage
0 5 10 15 km
ISRAEL
Destruction of Housing Units S T A T E B O U N D
Totally destroyed
Caza
Partially Destroyed
Severly damaged Boundaries of occupied Cheba’a
equivalent to 1,800 units
Damages to Public Water Reservoirs
1 Reservoir Damaged Reservoir
2 Reservoirs Destroyed Reservoir Damages to housing units: UNHCR 2006 and GOL 2006; Damages to
3 Reservoirs SLWE (2006), Water and Sanitation Cluster 2006 (UNICEF). Administ
4 Reservoirs Database of the National Master Plan for Lebanon, 2005. Mapping: Do

37. Typical
drinking
water
system
in
southern
Lebanon

38. 2006
Summer
War
Zeitoun
Water
reservoirs
in
Lebanon
damaged
during
the
2006
Summer
War,
showing
a
range
of
the
nature
of
the
damages.
Siddiquine:
no
direct
damage
to
reservoir;
Chama'a:
‘indiscriminate’
and
‘deliberate’;
Ramiya:
‘deliberate’.
Zeitoun
Zeitoun

39. Jbaa
Baissariye
2006
Summer
War
Sarafand Merouaniye
Sarba Jarjouaa
Mlikh Aaramta
Aazze
Saksakiye Zefta
Israel
Toufahta Rihane
Insariye Habbouch Dlafy
Babliye Kfour
Louaiziye
Direct
damage:
Aadloun
Khartoum
Kfar Roummane
Kaoukaba Hasbaiya
Doueir
• Safad
WWTP
Kharayeb
Insar Aabba Harouf Marjayoun
Blat
Fardis
Ain Jerfa
Hebbari
Indirect
damage:
Qasmiye
Arzay
Zrariye
Braiqaa
Jibchit
Yohmor
Qlaiaa
Ebel es Saqi
Kfar H
• 3
WWTP
(e.g.
Haifa)
Bourghliye Bedias Maaroub
Kfar Sir
Aalmane Khiam
Mari Kfar Chouba
Aabbassiye Kfar Kila
Lebanon
Borj ech Chmali El Majidiye
Barich
Ghandourieh
Qantara Taibe Wazzani
Direct
damage:
Tyre
Jouaya Tallousa Aadaisse
• 20
pumping
sta2ons
Deir Qanoun
Aitit
Majdel Markaba
• thousands
of
roovop
tanks
Majdel Selm
Soultanieh
Siddiqine Houla
Mansouri
• 100s
of
km
distrib’n
pipes
El Biyada
Aita El-Jabel Baraachit
Chaqra
Sribbine Mheibib
• 200-­‐700
transformers
Naqoura
Chama’a
Tair Harfa
Zabqine
Chihine Beit Lif
Beit Yahoun
Blida
• 55
public
reservoirs
Aalma ech Chaab
Jebbain
Ramiya
Qaouzah Bent Jbail
Aaitaroun
Yarine
etc
Aita Ech Chaab
Rmaich
Yaroun
Maroun er Ras
+
indirect
damage
0 5 10 15 km
ISRAEL
Destruction of Housing Units S T A T E B O U N D
Totally destroyed
Caza
Partially Destroyed
Severly damaged Boundaries of occupied Cheba’a
equivalent to 1,800 units
Damages to Public Water Reservoirs
1 Reservoir Damaged Reservoir
2 Reservoirs Destroyed Reservoir Damages to housing units: UNHCR 2006 and GOL 2006; Damages to
3 Reservoirs SLWE (2006), Water and Sanitation Cluster 2006 (UNICEF). Administ
4 Reservoirs Database of the National Master Plan for Lebanon, 2005. Mapping: Do

40. 2006
Summer
War
Reservoir
part
of
Wazzani
Springs
project
South
Lebanon
Water
Establishment
(SLWE
2006).

41. Summary
of
water
and
2006
Summer
War
Water
was
target
of
war
Water
as
tool
of
war
Viola*ons
of
Interna2onal
Humanitarian
Law
Viola*on
of
Human
Right
to
Water
à
erosion
of
interna2onal
norms
[sov
power]
Hydropoli2cal
mo2ve
(Wazzani
PS):
indirect
[sov
power]

42. HYDROPOLITICAL
BASELINE
THE
RECORD

43. 1916
-­‐
1948 1948-­‐
1967 1967
-­‐
1978 1978
-­‐
2000 2000
-­‐-­‐>
1916 1948 1967 1978 2000 2002
Control
over
Territory
100%
French Mandate Syria / Lebanon
1923 British Mandate Palestine Israel
Lebanon
Syria
0%
100%
Control
over
Water
1965
0%
100%
Use
of
Water
1964
0%
1920 1921 1954-­‐56 1993
TREATIES 1916
1948
Nakba,
MILITARY/
POLITICAL 1978
-­‐
2000 2002 2006
EVENTS

44. HYDROPOLITICAL
BASELINE
CONCLUSIONS

45. Some
conclusions
Biophysical
Significant
data
gaps
in
surface
and
groundwater
flows,
quality
and
use
•
Groundwater
flows
are
more
important
than
river
flows
•
Academic
• Control
is
achieved
through
sov
then
hard
power,
and
maintained
by
sov
(deterrent)
power
(‘remote
control’)
• Control
of
water
without
control
of
territory
(à
de-­‐territorialisa2on
debates)
• Israel’s
hegemonic
posi2on
in
the
basin
has
limits
(a
hegemon
without
hegemony?)
Poli*cal
• Control
of
the
Hasbani
is
centred
on
the
Wazzani
Springs/Ghajar
• Control
of
the
Upper
Jordan
is
centred
on
the
Liddan
and
Banias/Cheba’a
• There
is
a
‘historic
debt’
/
grounds
or
a
‘prior
use’
argument
for
re-­‐distribu2on
(on
top
of
the
legal
argument)
• Water
re-­‐distribu2on
prevented
by
Israeli
‘water-­‐security’
discourse

46. Some
conclusions
(con’t.)
-­‐
last
slide!
Future
• Israeli
interests
/
dependance
on
UJR
is
changing
(desalina2on);
• Water
conflict
will
shiv
with
shiving
poli2cal
context;
• Poten2al
flashpoints
of
armed
conflict:
groundwater
development;
water
quality
issues
(olive
oil
residue);
• re-­‐ac2ve
diplomacy
at
such
2mes
will
constrain
issues,
not
resolve
them;
• Asymmetry
can
be
entrenched,
if
basin-­‐wide
approach
not
taken.

47. Thank-­‐you
!
For
more
analysis
and
references:
download
the
Upper
Jordan
River
Hydropoli2cal
Baseline
from
the
Publica2ons
page
of
the
UEA
Water
Security
Research
Centre:
www.uea.ac.uk/watersecurity/publica2ons
Mark
Zeitoun,
Karim
Eid-­‐Sabbagh,
Muna
Dajani,
and
Michael
Talhami
m.zeitoun@uea.ac.uk

48. References
Amery,
Hussein
(2000).
A
Popular
Theory
of
Water
Diversion
from
Lebanon:
Toward
Public
Par2cipa2on
for
Peace.
Water
in
the
Middle
East:
A
Geography
of
Peace.
Wolf,
A.
and
H.
Amery.
Aus2n,
USA,
University
of
Texas
Press.
Brielmann,
Heike
(2008).
Recharge
and
discharge
mechanism
and
dynamics
in
the
mountainous
northern
Upper
Jordan
River
Catcment,
Israel,
LMU
Muenchen:
Faculty
of
Goesciences.
FNA
(1921).
ETUDE
GENERALE
DE
LA
FRONTIERE
PROBABLE
vers
METELLI
et
du
pays
au
N.
et
au
SUD,
immédiatement
des
deux
côtés
de
(la)
fron+ère.
De
l'Inspecteur
des
Travaux
Publics
de
l'Etate
du
Grand
Liban.
French
Na2onal
Archives
in
Nantes,
Archives
des
postes
diploma2ques,
consulaires,
culturels
et
de
coopera2on:
Caisse
450;
Fonds
-­‐
"Beyrouth"/2e
versement;
Serie
-­‐
Service
Techniques
"Hydraulique";
Sujet
-­‐
U2lisa2on
de
la
rivière
Yarmouk
et
du
bassin
supérieur
du
Jourdain
Sta2on
de
jaugeage
de
Wadi-­‐Khaled,
1921
-­‐
1942.
HSI
(1977).
Hydrological
Yearbook
1949
-­‐
1977.
(Hebrew),
Jerusalem,
Hydrological
Service
of
Israel.
HSI
(2004).
Hydrological
Yearbook
1959
-­‐
2004.
(Hebrew),
Jerusalem,
Hydrological
Service
of
Israel.
Klein,
Michael
(1998).
"Water
Balance
of
the
Upper
Jordan
River
Basin."
Water
Interna+onal
23(4):
244
-­‐
248.
Lukes,
Steven
(2005
[1974]).
Power:
A
Radical
View
-­‐
2nd
edi2on.
Hampshire,
UK,
Palgrave
MacMillan.
MacGregor,
John
(2002
[1870]).
The
Rob
Roy
on
the
Jordan
-­‐
The
extraordinary
19th
Century
tale
of
the
first
canoeist
to
explore
the
Middle
East
and
Africa.
London,
UK,
republished
by
The
Long
Riders'
Guild
Press,
2002.
Also
published
by
Harper&Brothers,
Publishers,
New
York
in
1870,
under
the
2tle:
The
Rob
Roy
on
the
Jordan,
Nile,
Red
Sea,
and
Gennesareth,
&c:
A
Canoe
Cruise
in
Pales2ne
and
Egypt,
and
the
Waters
of
Damascus.
Sedan,
Gil
(2002).
U.S.,
Israel
seek
to
defuse
tense
Lebanese
water
plan.
J
Weekly.com,
Jewish
Telegraphic
Agency.
SLWE
(2006).
Damages
to
the
Water
Sector
in
the
South
of
Lebanon
from
the
2006
War.
Saida,
South
Lebanon
Water
Establishment.
Tignino,
Mara
(2010).
"Water,
interna2onal
peace,
and
security."
Interna+onal
Review
of
the
Red
Cross
-­‐
Humanitarian
debate:
law,
policy,
ac+on
92(September
2010).
Zeitoun,
Mark
(2007).
Viola2ons,
Opportuni2es
and
Power
along
the
Jordan
River:
Security
Studies
Theory
Applied
to
Water
Conflict.
Water
Resources
in
the
Middle
East:
Israeli-­‐Pales+nian
Water
Issues
-­‐
From
Conflict
to
Coopera+on.
Shuval,
H.
and
H.
Dweik.
Heidelberg,
Germany,
Springer
Verlag.
213
-­‐
224.
Zeitoun,
Mark,
Karim
Eid-­‐Sabbagh,
Muna
Dajani
and
Michael
Talhami
(2012).
Hydro-­‐poli+cal
Baseline
of
the
Upper
Jordan
River.
Beirut,
Associa2on
of
the
Friends
of
Ibrahim
Abd
el
Al.