BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465

1. UNIT NO. 4
MECHANICS OF TECHNICAL WRITING
PRESENTED BY zahid Mehmood

2. OBJECTIVES
 After going through this unit, you will
be able to:
 Use grammar rules
 Punctuate the sentence properly
 Use capital words

3. THE PARTS OF SPEECH
The basic communication tools are called the parts of speech
 Nouns
 Pronoun
 Verbs
 Adverbs
 Adjectives
 Prepositions
 Conjunctions
 Interjections

4. NOUN
Words that mean persons, places, objects, events, or concepts
 TYPES OF NOUN:
 COMMON NOUN:
 Nouns that are common or general
people, places, or things
 PROPER NOUN:
 Nouns that refer to people, places, or
things that are special or particular


5. POSSESSIVE NOUNS :
A possessive noun owns or possesses
something. You form the possessive by adding "'s"
or simply an apostrophe (') to the end of the noun
 COLLECTIVE NOUNS :
 Nouns that refer to a single group
made up of a number of people,
places, or things

6. PRONOUNS:
Pronouns take the place of nouns. Pronouns do
virtually everything that nouns do.
 Personal Pronouns
 Intensive/reflexive pronouns
 Indefinite pronouns
 Possessive pronouns
 Relative pronouns
 Interrogative pronouns
 Demonstrative Pronouns Personal
Pronouns

7. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns take the
place of a noun that represents a
person
 Person Case Singular Plural
 First:, Nominative, I We
 Possessive, My/Mine Our/Ours
 Objective Me Us
 Intensive/Reflexive Myself Ourselves
 Second: Nominative, You You
 Possessive Your/Yours Your/Yours
 Objective You You
 Intensive/Reflexive YourselfYourselves
 Third: Nominative, She/he/It, They
Possessive His/her, Hers/It’s Their/Theirs Objective
Him/her/ It Them
 Intensive/Reflexive Himself/ Herself/ Itself, Themselves

8. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns show unspecified people or things
All Each most other
Another Either neither several
Any everybody nobody some
Anybody everyone none somebody
Anyone Few no one someone
Both many one Such

9. Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns that, whom, whose, and that
typically refer to people. The pronouns which, that,
and of which refer to things.
 Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns always ask a question. The
pronouns who, whose, and whom all refer to people.
The pronouns what and which refer to objects or
concepts.
Demonstrative Pronouns
This ,that ,these , those

10. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Antecedents are the nouns to which pronouns refer.
Pronouns must agree with their antecedent
 This means that the number, case,
and person of the pronoun must be
the same as the noun to which it
refers.

11. VERBS
They show a sense of being, a sense of action, and a
sense of time.
 Verbals
 Verbals are derived from verbs. They are
verb forms that act as other grammatical
elements, such as nouns, adverbs, and
adjectives, within a sentence. There are
three types of verbals:
 Infinitives
 Participles
 Gerunds

12. Infinitives
It is the root form of a verb
 Participles
 A verb that is used as an adjective is
called a participle. There are both past
participles and present participles. Most
present participles end in ''ing," and most
past participles end in "ed," "en," "ed," or
"t."
 Gerunds
 Gerunds always end in "ing" and signal
the use of an action verb to be used as a
noun

13. Verb Tenses
Verb tenses deal with time
 Present
 Past
 Future
 Present perfect
 Past perfect
 Future perfect
 Special Functions:
 Progressive
 Conditional

14. MOOD
The sense of intention is called
mood.
 Three moods of English
 The indicative mood makes a direct
statement or asks a question.
 The imperative mood commands,
directs, or requests.
 The subjunctive mood makes a
statement of urgency, formality,
possibility, or speculation.

15. Subject-Verb Agreement
Verbs are like pronouns in that verbs must
agree with their subjects in person and number
 Agreement in person:
 I am You are It is

 Agreement in number:
 She writes They write

16. ADJECTIVE
Words that qualify a noun or pronoun
 Demonstrative Adjectives
 They show or demonstrate particular
items and their distance from the
speaker. E.g. that, which, what, these,
those.
 Limiting Adjectives
 Limiting adjectives identify and
number the nouns they modify e.g
a/an, both, several, few, some, many,
any, every, most, each, one, every

17. Comparative Adjectives
Many adjectives make comparisons of people,
places, and things. The positive, comparative,
and superlative adjectives show different
degrees of the quality or characteristic.
 Compound Adjectives are hyphenated
forms when they precede the noun they
modify. If they follow the noun they modify,
they are two separate words.
This is a past-due report. This report is past
due.
 Predicate Adjectives
Adjectives following linking verbs are called
predicate adjectives. They refer to and modify
the condition of the subject and its relation to
the verb.

18. PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are the words that connect informational phrases to the
rest of a sentence.
 CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions connect major elements within
sentences and show their relationships. There are
four basic types of conjunction:
 Coordinating Conjunctions
 Coordinating conjunctions join two or
more elements in a sentence. The
elements joined together can be nouns,
verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, or
phrases and clauses. The coordinating
conjunctions are and, but, or, and nor.

19. Correlative Conjunctions are used in
pairs to emphasize the elements they join e.g
either or, neither nor, not only, but also.
 Subordinating Conjunctions join
elements of unequal importance or
rank.e.g after, since,unless
 Linking Adverbs
 Linking adverbs join two independent
clauses. Linking adverbs show results,
contrast, or continuation.

20. INTERJECTIONS
Interjections express emotion or get the
reader's immediate attention.e.g Hurrah!
Alas !
 PUNCTUATION
 Punctuation is unique to written
language. You don't use punctuation
when you speak. What you do use is a
series of meaningful pauses and tonal
changes in the sound of your voice
 What Is Punctuation?
 Punctuation is systems of symbols that
help readers understand the structural
relationships within a sentence

21. The following 11 marks of punctuation are
often seen being used in writing.
Period Or Full Stop .
Apostrophe ‘
Colon :
Semi Colon ;
Comma ,
Exclamation Mark !
Dash ---
Hyphen -
Parenthesis ( )
Question Mark ?
Quotation Mark “ ”

22. Period or Full Stop
A period usually indicates the end of a declarative or
imperative sentence.
 Use periods after initials in names. John T., J.P.
Morgan
 Use periods as decimal points with numbers.
109.2 degrees; $540.26; 6.9 percent
 Use periods to indicate abbreviations.
Ms. Dr. Inc.
 APOSTROPHE (‘)
 An apostrophe (‘) is used to show possession, to
indicate the omission of letters, and sometimes to
form the plural. Do not confuse the apostrophe
used to show the plural with the apostrophe used
to show possession.

23. CONTRACTION
When you combine two words to make a contraction, you
will always take out some letters. In their place, use an
apostrophe.
they + have = they’ve; are + not = aren’t; they + will =
they’ll
 COMMA(,)
 It is used to indicate shortest pause in
the sentence.
 Commas after an Introductory Word or Phrase
 Commas in a List of Items
 Commas and Coordinating Adjectives
 Commas in Dates, Addresses, Greetings
and Closings of Letters

24. Colons
The colon (:) is a mark of anticipation and introduction
that alerts readers to the close connection between
the first statement and what follows. A colon is used to
connect a list or series to a word, clause, or phrase
with which it is in opposition. Three topics will be
discussed: the history of language, the origin of
English, and the importance of grammar.
 Semicolons
 The Semicolon (;) links independent clauses or
other sentence elements of equal weight and
grammatical rank, especially phrases in a series
that have commas in them.

25. Exclamation Marks (!)
The exclamation mark indicates strong feeling. Hurry!
Great! Wow!
 Dash (—)
 A dash (—) is a punctuation mark used to set off
information in a sentence for emphasis.
 Arrive to the interview early—but not too early
 Hyphens
 The hyphen (-) serves both to link and to separate
words. The hyphen’s most common linking function is to
join compound words.
 used to form compound numbers from twenty-one
throug
 A hyphen is always used as part of a letter or number
modifier. 5-cent
 9-inchh ninety- nine and fractions

26. Parentheses ( )
Parentheses ( ) are most often used to identify
material that acts as an aside or that is secondary to
the main information (such as this brief comment) or
to add incidental information.
 Question Marks (?)
 Is used to end a sentence that is a
direct question
 Direct Quotations
 A direct quotation is an exact account
of what someone said or wrote. To
include a direct quotation in your
writing, enclose the words in
quotation marks.

27. ABBREVIATION
An abbreviation, is a shortened form of a
word.
 The most common title abbreviations include:
 Mr. = Mister Mrs. = Mistress (pronounced “missus”)
Ms. = (pronounced “miss” or “miz”)
 Introduce Them with Parentheses. ...
 Abbreviate Personal and Professional Titles. ...
 Only Abbreviate Well-Known Terms. ...
 Look Closely at Initialisms. ...
 Keep Date Abbreviations Informal. ...
 Time and Time Zones Can Follow Several Styles.
...
 There Are USPS Standards for Addresses. ...
 Latin Abbreviations Need Punctuation.

28. ANY QUESTIONS
????