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Charles Hillman, Ph.D. - "The Relation of Childhood Fitness and Adiposity to Brain Health"
1. The Relation of
Childhood Fitness &
Adiposity to Cognitive &
Brain Health
Charles H. Hillman, Ph.D.
Neurocognitive Kinesiology Laboratory
Department of Kinesiology & Community Health
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2. Physical Inactivity Trends
• There is a pandemic of physical inactivity in
today’s society.
• Recent reports forecast that inactivity will
continue to rise throughout the
industrialized world over the next few
decades (Ng & Popkin, 2012).
• Although the effects on physical health is
well known, cognitive and brain health is
only beginning to emerge.
4. Aerobic Fitness & Achievement Test
Performance
400
350
e oc S T AS l a o T
r
I t
300
250
R 2 = 0.22
200
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PACER (# Laps)
Castelli, Hillman, Buck, & Erwin (2007) JSEP.
70
80
5. Body Mass Index & Achievement Test
Performance
400
350
e oc S T AS l a o T
r
I t
300
250
R 2 = 0.06
200
10
15
Castelli, Hillman, Buck, & Erwin (2007) JSEP.
20
25
Body Mass Index
30
35
7. Cognitive Control
Inhibition
Working Memory
Cognitive Flexibility
the ability to ignore
distraction & stay
focused
the ability to hold
information in mind and
manipulate it
the ability to switch
perspectives, focus of
attention, or response
mappings
11. Fitness, Hippocampus, & Memory
80
Memory Performance
75
Low Fit
High Fit
70
*
65
60
55
50
Item Accuracy
Chaddock et al. (2010). Brain Research, 1358, 172-183
Relational Accuracy
12. The FITKids Randomized Trial
An after-school physical activity program occurring on 150 of the 170 day school year.
221 Children (Rx = 109, Control = 112)
participated
intermittent
in
>70
moderate
minutes
to
of
vigorous
physical activity following each school
day.
29. Fitness x Learning (Day 2)
Accuracy (% Correct)
Higher Fit
Lower Fit
Raine et al. (2013) PLOS ONE.
*
*
Study Only
Test Study
30. Conclusions
• Fitness may benefit brain health and academic performance.
• Fitness has been linked to changes in cognition that are
disproportionately larger for tasks requiring cognitive control.
• Early PA experience may shape cognition and its neural
underpinnings.
• Excess adiposity is related to decrements in cognitive & brain
health, and scholastic achievement.
• Single bouts of aerobic exercise benefit basic and applied aspects
of cognitive performance.
• Collectively, these data suggest that time spent engaged in
physically active does not detract from academic performance.
• Thus, early intervention is crucial toward lifespan health and
effective function of brain and cognition.
31. Acknowledgements
Collaborators
Sarah Buck (Chicago State U)
Darla Castelli (U Texas)
Neal Cohen (UIUC)
Eco de Geus (Vrije U)
Joe Donnelly (U Kansas Med)
Kirk Erickson (U Pitt)
Ellen Evans (U Georgia)
Bo Fernhall (UIC)
Eric Hall (Elon College)
Keita Kamijo (Waseda U)
Art Kramer (UIUC)
Eddie McAuley (UIUC)
Rob Motl (UIUC)
Matthew Pontifex (MSU)
Jason Themanson (IL Weslyan U)
Michelle Voss (U Iowa)
Students
Laura Chaddock
Eric Drollette
Chris Johnson
Naiman Khan
Davis Moore
Kevin O’Leary
Lauren Raine
Mark Scudder
Kelvin Wu
Funding
NICHD HD055352
NICHD HD069381
NIDDK DK085317
CNLM/Abbott Labs
Nike Foundation
IARPA
32. Virtual Crosswalk
• Why do we care about
attention and memory
performance in children?
• Motor vehicle accidents are
among the leading causes
of death among children
under the age of 16 years in
the U.S.
• Given the importance of
fitness to cognition, might
fitness lead to better
decision making at the
crosswalk?
90
80
Lower-Fit
Higher-Fit
70
60
50
Chaddock et al. (2012). MMSE, 44, 749-753
40
Undistracted
Music
Phone
33. Mechanisms for PA & Cognition
• Neurogenesis
• Angiogenesis & synaptogenesis in the cerebellum (Isaacs et al.,
•
•
•
1992)
Increased density of capillaries in the molecular layer to support
increased metabolic demands (Black et al., 1990)
Enhanced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (van Praag et al., 1999)
• Increased LTP and Morris water maze performance
Increase levels of neurochemicals that improve plasticity and
neuronal survival
• Brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF; Cotman & Berchtold, 2002)
• e.g., 7 days of voluntary wheel running increased BDNF mRNA levels in the
hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex (Neeper et al., 1996).
• Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; Carro et al., 2001)
• Serotonin (Blomstrand et al., 1989)
• Dopamine (Spirduso & Farrar, 1981)
• Brain Metabolism
• Regional cerebral blood flow and oxygenization (Dustman et al.,
1984)
• Glucose and lactate consumption associated with ∆ in neuronal pH
Notas do Editor
Learning Objectives:
To understand the relation of chronic participation in physical activity and greater amounts of aerobic fitness on brain structure and function
To understand the role of physical activity on cognitive health and function
To understand the acute, transient effects of a short bout of moderate exercise on cognitive and brain health
To demonstrate the relationship between excess adiposity on brain and cognition
To indicate the relationship between these health factors and scholastic achievement
N = 259 3-5th graders, Age, Sex, SES, physical fitness
Fitnessgram = Aerobic capacity (PACER), muscle (strength, flexibility), BMI
Pos relationship btw. Total ISAT score & the number of fitnessgram tests in which student scored in the healthy fitness zone
When digging deeper into the relationship
The effect was carried by aerobic capacity
When digging deeper into the relationship
The effect was carried by aerobic capacity
N = 397 2nd and 3rd grade children
Children’s inhibitory control and spatial working memory were investigated in a large sample of preadolescent children whose aerobic fitness was determined using the PACER test. Importantly, even using a field test of aerobic fitness, we replicate the beneficial relation between children’s cognitive control and fitness that previous investigations have uncovered using primarily laboratory measures. While selective findings were not observed for flanker, they were for working memory.
Executive control is required to meet desired outcomes and intended goals.
It refers to a subset of processes associated with the selection, scheduling, and coordination of computational processes that are responsible for perception, memory, and action.
Situations in which executive control is required include:
Novel tasks, planning, problem solving, conscious choices among alternatives, overriding a strong internal or external pull, etc.
The flanker task has been used to assess interference control
Relates to the ability to suppress irrelevant information in the environment while maintaining attentional control on relevant information.
Participants discriminate between two centrally-located targets, which are flanked by an array of other letters that have different action schemas associated with them.
Variable amounts of interference control are required based on the compatibility of the target and flankers.
The striatum (i.e., the largest component of the basal ganglia) plays an integral role in the refinement and control of movement through the selection and maintenance of purposeful motor activity, while suppressing unwanted or useless movement.
The basal ganglia is part of a cortical-striatal loop that involves projections from the prefrontal, frontal, and parietal cortices, which functions in the selection and initiation of willed action.
In particular, the dorsal striatum (CN, Put, GP) contributes to ECF, especially decision making, action selection, inhibition, & the integration of sensorimotor & cognitive information.
The nucleus accumbens (part of the ventral striatum) is involved in affect and reward associated with reinforcement learning and motivational states
55 ten year olds (30 = lower fit, 25 = higher fit) performed a flanker task
Higher fit performed better on the flanker task (i.e., better interference control) and had greater dorsal striatum volume (after controlling for intracranial volume).
No group differences observed in the ventral striatum
Doral striatum volume correlated with flanker task performance. Ventral striatum did not.
Findings suggest selective effects of fitness on brain structure, and that fitness serves to promote increased brain health and better cognitive function.
Item and Relational Memory Conditions
High Fit had greater bilateral hippocampal volume
Hippocampal volume was correlated with relational memory, but not item memory
N = 49 (21 High vs. 28 Low)
102 females (53 in Rx)
N = 122 children, 7-9 years old.
Accounted for age, sex, fitness, SES, and IQ
BMI & DXA (total body and ROI of abdominal adipose tissue)
37 Obese & 37 Healthy Weight Children (19 girls in each grp)
Obese BMI = 25.3 kg/m2 (98%), Healthy Weight BMI = 16.8 (58%)
8-10 years old (mean age = 9 yrs)
Matched on VO2, SES, IQ, Age, Sex, etc.
In both conditions: initial exposure showed all names on a single map
In study only: name of one region appeared at a time. They tapped to indicate that they saw each name-region combo
In test study: name appeared on side of map, and they tapped where they thought the correct region was, and received feedback
Accuracy was recorded for each block w/in each condition
This is only the test-study encoding condition (these data were from their learning day)
Free Recall – empty map, fill in all names using the keyboard
Cued Recall – same, except they had a word bank
Free recall always occurred before the cued recall condition (for each map – order was free (map1), free (map2), cued (map1), cued (map2)
ON THE RECALL DAY…There was a learning effect, such that higher fit learned more regions in the study only condition, regardless of recall strategy.
Higher fit participants had greater accuracy than lower fit participants
The test study condition resulted in higher accuracy than the study only condition
Tests involving free recall resulted in lower accuracy than the cued recall test