This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) and its global prevalence and impact. It defines hypertension and describes its various stages and categories. It then explains that hypertension is a major global health issue, being responsible for over half of heart disease and stroke deaths worldwide. The document also examines hypertension risk factors and prevalence trends over time. It recommends lifestyle changes like following the DASH diet and increasing physical activity to help prevent and control hypertension.

1. Hypertension
By : Yoonis Dayr Mohamed
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2.  What Is Hypertension?
 Categories of High Blood Pressure
 Why Hypertension Is a Major Public Health Issues?
 Current Situation Of Hypertension Globally
 Prevalence Of Raised Blood Pressure,
1975-2015
 Risk Factors For Primary Hypertension
 Risk Factors For Secondary Hypertension
 Immediate Effect Of Hypertension
 In These Situations, High Blood Pressure Can Cause:
 Recommendation
 DASH Diet
 Conclusion
 Reference
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3. Hypertension is defined when an individual had a systolic blood
pressure (SBP) ≥140mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure
(DBP) ≥ 90mm Hg, was taking antihypertensive drugs, or had
previously been diagnosed as hypertensive by health care
professionals.
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4. High Blood Pressure
 Stage 1 140–159 /90–99
 Stage 2 160–179 /100–109
 Stage 3 180 /110
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5.  Hypertension is responsible foe at least 45% of deaths due to heart
disease and 51% of deaths due to stroke.
 In terms of attributable deaths, hypertension is one of the leading
behavioral and physiological risk factor to which 13% of global deaths
are attributed.
 Hypertension is reported to be the fourth contributor to premature
death in developed countries and seventh in developing countries.
 Recent report indicate that nearly 1 billion adults had hypertension in
2000, and this is predicted to increase to 1.56 billion by 2025.

6.  The prevalence of hypertension is projected to increase globally,
especially in the developing countries.
 7.6 million premature deaths annually and 6% of the global burden of
disease are attributable to hypertension.
 Rapid urbanization, increased life expectancy, unhealthy diet, and
lifestyle changes have led to an increased rate of cardiovascular
diseases in Southeast Asia, including Bangladesh.
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7.  Hypertension drives the global burden of
cardiovascular disease, being widely acknowledged as
the most common cardiovascular disorder and number
one risk factor for mortality.
 The occurrence of hypertension is increasing, with
projections estimating a 30% increase in prevalence by
the year 2025, globally.
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8. Prevalence
%
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9. High blood pressure has many rusk factors, including:-
 Age: The risk of high blood pressure increases as human’s
age. In early middle age or about age 45, high blood pressure
is more common in men and women are more likely to
develop after age 65.
 Family history: High blood pressure tends to run in families.
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10.  Being overweight or obese: The more you weigh the more
blood you need to supply oxygen and nutrients to your tissues.
As the volume of blood circulated through your blood vessels
increases, so does the pressure on your artery walls.
 Not being physically active: People who are inactive tend to
have higher heart rates. The higher your heart rate, the harder
your heart must work with each contraction and the stronger
the force on your arteries. Lack of physical activity also
increases the risk of being overweight.
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11.  Using Tobacco: Not only does smoking or chewing tobacco
immediately raise your blood pressure temporarily, but the
chemicals in tobacco can damage the lining of your artery walls.
This can cause your arteries to narrow, increasing your blood
pressure. Secondhand, smoke also can increase your blood
pressure.
 Too much salt (sodium) in your diet: Too much sodium in your
diet can cause your body to retain fluid which increases blood
pressure.
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12.  Too little potassium in your diet: Potassium helps balance
the amount of sodium in your cells. If you don’t get enough
potassium in your diet, you may accumulate too much sodium
in your blood.
 Too little vitamin in your diet: Its uncertain if having too
little vitamin-D in your diet can lead to high blood pressure.
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13.  Drinking too much alcohol: Over time, heavy drinking can
damage your heart.
 Stress: High levels of stress can lead to a temporary increase in
blood pressure.
 Certain chronic conditions: Kidney disease, diabetes and sleep
apnea may increase the risk of high blood pressure.
 Sometimes pregnancy contributes to high blood pressure, as well.
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14.  The greatest risk factors for having secondary hypertension is
having a medical condition that can cause high blood pressure,
such as kidney, artery, heart or endocrine system problems.
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15.  High blood pressure emergencies
 High blood pressure is usually a chronic condition that
gradually causes damage over the years. But sometimes blood
pressure rises so quickly and severely that it becomes a
medical emergency requiring immediate treatment, often with
hospitalization.
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16.  Memory loss, personality changes, trouble concentrating,
irritability or progressive loss of consciousness
 Stroke
 Severe damage to your body's main artery (aortic dissection)
 Chest pain
 Heart attack
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17.  Sudden impaired pumping of the heart, leading to fluid backup
in the lungs resulting in shortness of breath (pulmonary
edema)
 Sudden loss of kidney function
 Complications in pregnant women (preeclampsia or
eclampsia)
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18. Adopt a healthy lifestyle by:-
 Following a healthy eating pattern.
 Maintaining a healthy weight.
 Being Physically Active.
 Limiting Alcohol.
 Quitting Smoking.
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19.  Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.
 Differences from the food pyramid:
- an increase of 1 daily serving of veggies.
- an increase of 1-2 servings of fruit.
- inclusion of 4-5 servings of nuts, seeds, and beans.
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22.  http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/blood_pressure_prevalence/en/
 Bloch, M. J. (2016). Worldwide prevalence of hypertension exceeds 1.3
billion. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension: JASH, 10(10), 753.
 Sarki, A. M., Nduka, C. U., Stranges, S., Kandala, N. B., & Uthman, O. A.
(2015). Prevalence of hypertension in low-and middle-income countries: a
systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 94(50).
 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
 http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/ncd/risk_factors/blood_press
ure_prevalence/atlas.html
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