The document discusses smart grid control. It defines smart grid control as algorithms or rules to handle smart grid systems. This allows for implementation of renewable energy and microgrids while making power grid control over wide area networks more challenging. The document outlines various smart grid control enablers like sensors, communication channels, and computational platforms. It also discusses frameworks for smart grid control from standards bodies like NIST. Specific control applications discussed include automated demand response, distribution grid optimization, and wide-area control using phasor measurement units.

1. Smart Grid Control
Kelvin Yong Hong Chien
MKE161159

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Smart Grid Control
• Control Enablers
• Framework for Smart Grid
• Architecture for Smart Grid
• Standard
• Malaysia Initiative
• Conclusion
• References

3. Introduction – Smart Grid
• Smart Grid is defined as electrical grid that has variety of
operational and energy measures including:
– smart meters
– Smart appliances
– renewable energy resources
– energy efficient resources
• Utilize the communication technology.
• "The grid," refers to the electric grid, a network of
transmission lines, substations, transformers and etc.
• Electronic power conditioning and control of the production
and distribution of electricity is important.
• Video

4. Smart Grid – Basic Diagram

5. SMART GRID
JUSTIFICATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICRELIABILITY

6. SMART GRID
CHARACTERISTICS
Robustness
Self Healing Capability
Compatible
Economics
Integra ability
interoperability
Integrated 2 ways communication
Advanced components
Advanced Control Methods
Sensing and measurement technologies
Improved interfaces and decision
support
Applications of smart grid technology
Key Technologies
Area in SMART GRID
###According to DOE

7. Smart Grid Control
• Definition: Algorithm or rule to handle the smart
grid system
• Effect:
– Implementation of Renewable energy (RE)
– More challenging because RE has more
intermittent
– Micro grid implementation on building
– Control power of network through wide area
network

8. Smart Grid Elements – Control Enablers
• Sensors and Instrumentation
– Smart Metering: Automated Meter Reading (AMR)
– Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU): time-stamped
waveform data from transmission lines
– Home automation devices
• Actuation
– Smart inverter: Inclusive of Application Programming
Interface (API) – detect the problem remotely.
• Communication Channel
– Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), smart meters
allow measurement of actual consumption much more
frequently than is possible with manual meter reading.

9. Phasor measurement units (PMUs)

10. Phasor measurement units (PMUs)

11. AMI & AMR: Evolution of Meter
MANUAL
meter reading
•More prone to errors
•Time intensive
•No usable data available
•Inconsistent billing
period
AMR
Automated Meter
Reading
•Remote meter reading
•One way
communication
•Limited usable data
available
•Inconsistent billing
period
AMI
Advanced metering
infrastructure
•Remote meter reading
•Two way communication
•Billing schedule
•Power quality
•Temper indication
•Outage management
•Remote troubleshooting
•Remote connect/disconnect
•Detailed usage data available

12. Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)
• Could more easily to obtain meter
readings in near real time
• Provides consumers with consumption-
based bills
• Utility can improve energy production
through tighter control during peak and
low demand periods.
• Technologies require: handhelds
devices, notebook computers & wireless
networks

13. Advances Metering Infrasructure (AMI)
• Allows utility companies to remotely
measure , collect and analyze usage
statistics from smart meters.
• Similar to AMR but provides some
enhancement: 2 way
communication with the meter
• The information gathered by the
smart meter drives the demand-
response smart grid and enables the
majority of smart grid applications.
Smart Meter

14. Smart Grid Elements – Control Enablers
• Computational Platforms
– Example: smart thermostats needs to have powerful
processors as well.
• User Interfaces and User Experience Enablers
– Display data, compare energy cost and consumption with
their historical data and remote monitoring of equipment.

15. Framework for
Smart Grid Control
National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) Smart Grid
Conceptual Model
• Smart grid domains showing
electricity flows (dashed lines) and
communication and control
connections (solid lines).
• Electrical flows (heavy green
arrows)
• communication/control (black
arrows)
• owners/operators responsible for
control actions) (heavy-outlined
boxes).

16. Template Control of Smart Grid
Automated Demand Response
• Demand reduction in customer
premises when the utility anticipates
a supply shortage or when electricity
prices are high.
• Initiated by the utility, often through a
third-party intermediary such as an
aggregator
• Example: commercial building load
reduction may include lowering or
turning off nonessential lighting or
raising cooling set points
• Modeling and forecasting loads is
important for accuracy of automated
demand response.

17. Template Control of Smart Grid
Control for Distribution Grids
• Distributed, dynamic, flexible system.
boundaries that acts as a single
controllable entity with initiated by
the utility, through aggregator.
• Reason: Renewable rich distribution
grid has fluctuations in voltage.
• Optimization methods including
genetic algorithms or multi agent
methods.

18. Template Control of Smart Grid
Wide-Area Control
• the development of
phasor measurement
units (PMUs),
• flexible AC transmission
system (FACTS) devices,
and high-bandwidth
pervasive connectivity.
• Wide area gain
popularity

19. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
FACTS composes of static equipment used for the AC
transmission of electrical energy.
• Enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability
of the network.
• It is generally a power electronics-based system.
– Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR)
– Thyristor-switched reactor (TSR)
– Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC)
– Mechanically-switched capacitor (MSC)
• Video

20. Smart Grid Control: Cyber–Physical
Security and Resilience
• Example physical attack is the 2013 sniper attack on
PG&E’s Metcalf transmission substation in San Jose,
CA, USA, that caused over $15 million worth of
damage.
• Cyber attacks are concerned because grid
infrastructure has multiple ownership channels
where malicious agents can target.
• Video

21. Standard for Smart Grid: IEC Standards
• IEC 61334: series (PLC/DLC communication)
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems
• Distributed resources IEC 61400: series for wind turbines
• IEC 60364-7-712: for a building solar power supply
• IEC 62257 : series for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural
installations
• IEC TS 61085 : General considerations for telecommunication services for electric
power systems
• IEC 61727 :Photovoltaic (PV) systems - Characteristics of the utility interface
• Metering IEC 61334: series (PLC/DLC communication)
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems
• IEC 62056: (Complete comm. Stacks for smart metering)
Electricity metering - Data exchange for meter reading, tariff and load control
•
• IEEE Standard 2030 ( Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology
and Information Technology operation with the Electric Power System (EPS) and
End-Use Applications and Loads)

23. Smart Grid: Malaysia Initiative
• Tenaga Nasional Bhd (TNB) is set to install 1,000 smart grid advance
meters both in Putrajaya and Malacca throughout the one-year period of
the pilot project.
• In June 2012, TNB’s research arm, TNB Research Sdn Bhd (TNBR),
partnered with Trilliant Holdings Inc, a global smart grid communications
company to develop solutions to provide with end-to-end solutions for the
utility’s first integrated smart meter and smart grid project.
• The initiative for smart grid scheme came as measure to meet the rising
energy consumption and demand in Malaysia 5% per year over the next
five years, and is likely to double in the next 20 years.

24. Conclusion
• Smart Grids represent a modern energy service provider that
utilizes natural renewable resources and provides a reliable
energy system which can be intelligently deployed to facilitate
the optimal generation, distribution ,control & management
of electricity to ends customers in a variety of market.
• Control in smart grids covers many domains and application,
in the future, it will be more variety or beyond the
architecture of current available control.

25. Thank You
Q & A Section

26. References
[1] “A guide to Smart Grid : Europian smartgrids technology platform, vision
and strategy for Europ’s electricity
technology”,http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/smartgrids, 2006
[2] “Architecture Design for Smart Grid” , Yu CunJiang, Zhang Huaxun,
Zhao Lei, Electronics and Information Engineering College,
Changchun , University, Changchun, China ,2012
[3] “Controls for Smart Grids: Architectures and Applications”, S. Tariq, M. A.
Anuradha. IEEE, 2017.
[4] “Model Based Systems Engineering for Smart Grids as Systems of
Systems”, A. J. Lopes, R.Lezama, R.Pineda, Research University for
Manufacturing and Engineering Systems (RIMES), the University of
Texas El Paso, Texas, 2011
[5] “ Locational Signal to reduce network investments in smart distribution
grids: What works and what not?”, Christine Brandstatt,Gert Brunekeeft,
Nele Friedrichsen, College Ring 2, Bremen, Germany, 2011
[6] “Smart Grid Control” presentation slide note, Adetoro Saheed Ayodeji Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, 2012
[7] “Smart Grid” Website content
https://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid/smart_grid.html