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‫היסטוריית משפחה, היסטוריה‬
‫בילדות, התנסות ומצוקות בבגרות‬
   ‫האם אלו מנבאים דמנציה בגיל מאוחר. זה‬
            ‫שימושי ויעיל למניעה?‬
  ‫הניתן להסביר ממצאים ספוראדיים לכאורה?‬
‫היסטוריית משפחה, היסטוריה בילדות,‬
  ‫קונפליקט בבגרות, תגובות על מצוקה‬
                                       ‫דוגמאות:‬   ‫•‬
                                     ‫סדר לידה.‬    ‫•‬
               ‫התייתמות מאב או אם, בגיל צעיר.‬     ‫•‬
 ‫מידת הצלחה בהשתוות למעמד חברתי-כלכלי של‬          ‫•‬
         ‫האב (גברים יהודיים, דור ראשון בארץ!).‬
‫נטייה ל"רפלקטיביות מוגברת" מול בעיות ומצוקות.‬     ‫•‬
   ‫מידת המוטיבציה לשנות ולקדם מעמד בעבודה.‬        ‫•‬
‫יש בכך הגיון?‬
‫• לכאורה כן, בגלל השפעת ניסיון חיים בינקות על‬
‫התפתחות המוח, אולי גם ניסיון מאוחר יותר על‬
   ‫התמודדות המוח עם איום ירידה קוגניטיבית.‬

  ‫• האם יש בכך תועלת כלשהי לרפואה מונעת?‬
‫"הסקר על מחלות לב ודרכי‬
     ‫מניעתן בישראל"‬

   ‫שיתוף פעולה ישראלי (נציבות‬
     ‫שירות המדינה, "הדסה") -‬
     ‫אמריקאי (‪ )NIH‬החל משלב‬
            ‫התכנון בשנת 1691.‬
‫משתתפים‬

      ‫•232,01 גברים בני 04 ומעלה, עובדי מדינה ועיריות‬
               ‫קבועים באיזור תל אביב, ירושלים וחיפה.‬
‫• %2.68 מן המשתתפים עלו מארצות אירופה, אסיה‬
 ‫ואפריקה. גילם הממוצע 2.94. נדגמו בשברי דגימה שונים‬
‫עפ"י 6 תת-יבשות מוצא (מזרח, מרכז ודרום אירופה לחוד,‬
           ‫מזרח תיכון, צפון אפריקה וילידי ארץ ישראל).‬

     ‫•גברים נמוכים...ממוצע הגובה 761 סנטימטרים מכל‬
                                           ‫העדות.‬
‫בדיקות ומעקבים‬

     ‫• בדיקות דמוגרפיות, קליניות,‬
   ‫אנתרופומטריות וביוכימיות וכן‬
‫שאלון תזונתי ופסיכו-חברתי בשנת‬
     ‫3691. הרגלי פעילות גופנית‬
‫ושאלון סוציולוגי ב- 5691. תפקודי‬
                ‫נשימה ב- 8691.‬
‫ממצאים‬
              ‫• על פני > 021 מאמרים בספרות.‬
‫• זיהוי גורמי סיכון מוכרים (כולסטרול הדם,‬
     ‫לחץ דם, סוכרת , עישון) וגם בלתי מוכרים:‬
           ‫"אלפא ליפופרוטאין" נמוך, משתנים‬
   ‫אישיים/פסיכו-חברתיים). הכנת תרשים ניבוי‬
                        ‫עפ"י קטגוריות שלהם.‬
   ‫• גורמי הסיכון של צליעה לסירוגין ושל סוכרת‬
                                    ‫טיפוס 2.‬
‫דמנציה/מחלת אלצהיימר?‬
                  ‫• מה תמונת המצב?‬
                     ‫• מה התחזיות?‬
‫• מה הסכנהמה המשמעות מבחינת הכנת‬
            ‫מערכות בריאות הציבור?‬
‫תחזית לפני עשור‬
• Johannes Wancata et al, University of Vienna, European
  Psychiatry 2003;18:306-313.
• “We   made calculations on the number of
    dementia cases for the period 2000–
    2050 based on the population projections of
    the United Nations. For this purpose, we
    used the results of several meta-analyses of
    epidemiological studies. The number of
    prevalent dementia cases in the year 2000
    was 7.1 million.
•
Global prevalence of dementia: a
   Delphi consensus study
• Perri PC et al, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College,
  London, UK. Lancet 2005;366:2112-2117


• Evidence from well-planned, representative
  epidemiological surveys is scarce in many
  regions. We estimate that 24·3 million people
  have dementia today, with 4·6 million new
  cases of dementia every year (one new case
  every 7 seconds).
Social and financial ramifications
• Family caregivers remain the
 cornerstone of support for people with
 dementia, experiencing substantial
 psychological, practical, and economic
 strain.
• Dementia care is particularly time
  intensive, and many caregivers need to cut
 back on work. In the USA, the annual cost of
 informal care was $18 billion per year in 1998
 dollars.
Dementia and AD Risk Factor
 Study in Israel -1999/2000
• The Modified Telephone
  Instrument for Cognitive Status
  (TICS-m) : a phone interview
  performed by skilled
  interviewers. It includes 21 item
  and the maximum score is 50.
Dementia and AD Risk Factor
      Study in Israel
• Subjects with a TICS-m score lower
  than 27/50 were considered as
  cognitively impaired. At a level of
  27/50 the sensitivity of this test is
  >99% and the specificity is 86%.
• Subjects designated, or reported by
  caregivers, as cognitively impaired,
  proceeded to the next phase.
Dementia and AD Risk Factor
      Study in Israel
• Examinations proceeded
  between 1999 and 2001.
• Face to face interviews were
  conducted with 652 of the 800
  subjects identified as possibly
  demented by the Modified
  Telephone Interview for
  Cognitive Status. Others could
  not be interviewed by phone.
Dementia and AD Risk Factor
      Study in Israel
• Of 1892 assessed subjects
  (mean age 82 at assessment),
  307 (16.2%) had dementia and
  175 (9.2%) had cognitive
  impairment with no dementia.
Dementia and AD Risk Factor
      Study in Israel
• Of 1892 assessed subjects
  (mean age 82 at assessment),
  309 (16.3%) had dementia and
  175 (9.2%) had cognitive
  impairment with no dementia.
Phone
                           interviewed
                               2040




                                           Unable to be
Screened out       Examined at           examined at home
for TICS>27           home                     148
    1189               703




                                         TICS< 27
     Sensitivity sample
       (TICS=28,29)                      NCI=169
          NCI=50                         CIND=174
         CIND=1                           AD=254
                                          VAD=55
‫מה מדדנו?‬

‫• בידינו רק שכיחות דמנציה בשורדים‬
            ‫עד שנת 0002/9991‬
    ‫• אין לנו היארעות דמנציה לאורך‬
                        ‫השנים.‬
Major issues in this kind of
            study
• Selection bias.
• Survival bias.

• [We compared characteristics of
  those who survived to the
  deceased and those of men which
  were non-assessed to those
  assessed].
Socioeconomic status, CHD
  mortality, stroke mortality and
        late-life dementia
• “use it or lose it”: is this indeed the
  case…?
• Are those with higher education and
  higher SES somewhat relatively immune
  because of their studies and occupation?
• Alternative: are the same
  genetic/childhood factors predictive of
  both learning/career achievements and
  late-life dementia/AD?
Definition of SES
• There were five ranks, based on the type of
  employment reported and on formal education
  and on as follows:
• 1- No formal Schooling. 2- Incomplete
  elementary, 3- complete elementary, 4- partial
  high school or religious (yeshiva) or
  agricultural school, 5- complete high school or
  matriculation otherwise, 6- partial higher
  education, matriculation not required: Nursing,
  teachers’ college. 7-Non-university higher
  education with matriculation. 8-incomplete
  university, 9- BA, BSc or higher.
Socioeconomic status
    Rank       Employment             Education
                                      ‫• דירוג‬
 Highest (1)       Professionals,           7-9
                         teacher
 High    (2)      Administrative            7-9
                  Professionals,            4-6
                        teacher
Intermediate   Laborers," special”,          7-9
         (3)         technicians,            4-6
                  administrative
                  Professionals,             1-3
                          teacher
Socioeconomic status
    Rank                    Education
            Employment      ‫• דירוג‬
 Low (4)         Laborer,         4-6
             technicians,
                “special”         1-3
           Administrative
Lowest (5)       Laborer,
             technicians,         1-3
                “special”
SES and Prevalence of Dementia

  40
                              Clearly, surviving men •
  35                            with the lowest SES
  30                             rank were suffering
  25                                from a markedly
% 20                               increased rate of
  15               Dementia
                                          Dementia.
  10
   5
   0
       1 2 3 4 5
       SES Rank
‫להסביר את זה?‬
                       ‫באמצעות איזה מודל?‬     ‫•‬
             ‫יש טעם לתקנן להבדלים נוספים?‬     ‫•‬
‫נובע מארץ העלייה והיום זה פחות חושב בארצנו?‬   ‫•‬
      ‫ממשיך להיות "מנבא" וגם היום זה חשוב?‬    ‫•‬
‫דוגמא נבדלת לגמרי‬
                     ‫• פרדוכס!..‬
 ‫• (לא טוב לאכול מעט מדי שומן??...)‬
We have: Midlife intake of fat and late-life
                    dementia

• Nutritional intakes of 9,929 men.
•    The prevalence rates of demented men in 2000,
    in increasing quartiles of the % calories
    derived from saturated fat (%SAT FAT) as
    assessed in 1963, were 23, 18, 17 and 14%
    in men with %SAT FAT of <7.6, 7.5-9.5, 9.5-
    11.4, and 11.4-23.3% (p for trend=0.001
    unadjusted, 0.034 when adjusted - applying
    logistic regression - for age, socioeconomic
    status and diabetes).
Midlife intake of fat and late-life dementia



• The estimated adjusted Odds ratios
  associated with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th
  quartiles, relative to quartile 1, were 0.77,
  0.74 and 0.67. Total calories consumed
  and the % of calories derived form
  polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat
  were not related to late-life dementia
Dementia and religious
    upbringing and practice

• Higher prevalence of dementia
  among orthodox long-term survivors
  (contrasts with findings for incident
  cancer and CHD!).
• Beeri MS, Davidson M, Silverman JM,
  Schmeidler J, Springer RR, Noy S, Goldbourt
  U. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008 Nov;61(11):1161-
  8J
Multivariate analysis of dementia
     prevalence, 1999-2001
• In multivariate analysis, the following variables
  were related to the prevalence of dementia:
• Variable           Hazard Ratio 95% CI
• Age (5yr)                 2.04       (1.74-2.39)
• SES (lowest)           2.99         (2.17-4.12)
• Origin (African born)  1.69         (1.15-2.48)
• Diabetes mellitus      2.59         (1.29-5.21)
• Body height (per 1 SD) 0.70          (0.60-0.80)
Area under the curve plot
                      Area under ROC curve = 0.7429

               1.00




               0.75
 Sensitivity




               0.50




               0.25




               0.00
                      0.00            0.25             0.50         0.75   1.00
                                                  1 - Specificity
‫מה הערך‬
 ‫• של אוסף פרטים "לא שייכים" שיכול‬
‫להפריד במידה מסוימת מקרי דמנציה‬
              ‫מאנשים ללא דמנציה?‬
                   ‫• הגענו ל"ניבוי"?‬
    ‫• מה בחירת המשתנים ההגיונית?‬
‫עכשיו ל"כל מיני קשרים"‬
                     ‫בעיה של השוואות מרובות.‬     ‫•‬
 ‫שייך לניבוי? אין ממילא מה ליישם מכאן למדיניות‬   ‫•‬
                                       ‫מונעת.‬
  ‫רצון מסוים להסביר, על סמך מנגנון ספקולטיבי.‬    ‫•‬
‫איך לבחור משתנים המתאימים לתקנון רב משתני‬        ‫•‬
                   ‫ב"רגרסיה מחפשת ההסבר"?‬
                  ‫איזה תיאוריה יסודית להניח?‬     ‫•‬
‫השאלון האישי, 5691‬
‫בבדיקה השנייה, בשנת 5691, נשאלו הנבדקים‬       ‫•‬
                                        ‫על:‬
    ‫פרטים דמוגרפיים: מקום, סדר לידה, אחים‬     ‫•‬
                                    ‫ואחיות.‬
    ‫פירוט משרות בעבודה ודרגת שביעות רצון.‬     ‫•‬
                      ‫לידת ההורים, מקצועם.‬    ‫•‬
             ‫• משברים בילדות או בבחרות.‬
                   ‫• פרטים על קרובי משפחה.‬
‫(2)‬   ‫השאלון האישי, 5691‬
                          ‫עבודת האישה.‬   ‫•‬
‫באיזו מידה זוכה עבודת הנבדק להערכת‬       ‫•‬
                               ‫האישה?‬
                   ‫שיתוף האישה בבעיות‬    ‫•‬
‫הערכת הנבדק את הצלחת חיי הנישואין.‬       ‫•‬
        ‫אפשרויות נופש ופנאי - ומימושן.‬   ‫•‬
                 ‫אכזבות, צרות והישגים.‬   ‫•‬
Younger age at crisis following
parental death in male children and
adolescents is associated with higher risk
for dementia at old age.



   Ravona-Springer R, Beeri MS,
  Goldbourt U. Alzheimer Dis Assoc
   Disord. 2012 Jan;26(1):68-73.
Assessment of crisis
•    Reports were sought in 1965 of severe crisis,
     according to type of crisis, and age at
     which it had occurred:
1.   Death of a parent.
2.   Death of a sibling.
3.   Own severe illness
4.   Family severe illness
5.   Divorce
6.   Economic crisis
7.   Arrest
Current analysis
• We report the associations of crisis
  following father’s death (CFPD-F) or
  mother’s death (CFPD-M) with the
  prevalence of dementia among study
  participants who survived till the “dementia
  phase” in 1999/2000.
• Note: most deaths of parents, of these
  men aged >=42 years in 1965 were not
  reported as crisis.
Reported bereavement crisis and
   socioeconomic status (1-5)
• Only 22.9% of those who did not report CFPD-
  M were in the lowest socioeconomic status
  group in midlife compared to 35.8, 32.0, 30.6
  and 23.6% in those who reported CFPD-M at
  the age groups of 0-6, 7-12, 13-17 and >18
  respectively.
• Men reporting CFPD-M were also less likely to
  be in high socioeconomic groups in midlife
  (4.9, 5.6, 9.9 and 7.8% for those who reported
  CFPD-M at the age groups of 0-6, 7-12, 13-17
  and >18 respectively) compared to non-reports
  of CFPD-M (10.4% ) (Chi2 =36.89, DF=12, P<0.0005)
Crisis following father’s death
• Dementia prevalence rates in subjects
  who survived by 1999/2000 were
• 17.3% for those who did not report
  paternal CFPD and
• 29.8, 21.4, 20.9% and 11.1% respectively
  for subjects who suffered paternal CFPD
  at the ages of 0-6, 7-12, 13-18 and > 18.
Crisis following mother’s death

• Dementia prevalence rates in subjects
  who survived by 1999/2000 were
• 17.4% for those who did not suffer
  maternal CFPD and
• 27.1, 29.3, 23.2% and 9.9% respectively
  for subjects who suffered maternal CFPD
  at the ages of 0-6, 7-12, 13-18 and > 18
  years.
Age when CFPD had occurred and dementia at
   old age (at age groups younger than 18
        compared to CFPD at age ≥18)
                         OR for dementia       adjusted for        adjusted for
               Age       adjusted for age
                                            OR                  OR
                                            age and birth       age, birth order,
               (years)             )
                         (95% CI            order (95% CI)      country of birth
                                                                and SES (95% CI)

                0-6            3.56                3.41                3.52
                              (1.25-9.02)        (1.26-9.21)         (1.23-10.01)
Age at CFPD-
Mother          7-12           3.96                4.48                4.22
                                                 (1.53-13.09)        (1.36-13.1)
                             (1.38-11.33)

               13-18           2.65                2.53                2.61
                             (0.99-7.08)           (0.95-6.8)        (0.93-7.40)
Comment
• In parentally bereaved children and
  adolescents, the child's age at
  bereavement is significantly correlated
  with increased mental health problems
  (Sacco KA et al. Ann Clin Psychiat 2007;19:89-97).
• To what extent do these finding support a
  potential contribution of early life events to
  late-life dementia risk?
Repetitive thinking as a psychological
cognitive style in midlife is associated
with lower risk for dementia three
decades later.


   Ravona-Springer R, Beeri MS,
    Goldbourt U. Dement Geriatr
   Cogn Disord. 2009;28(6):513-20.
Exposure to the Holocaust and World
War II concentration camps during late
adolescence and adulthood is not
associated with increased risk for
dementia at old age.


   Ravona-Springer R, Beeri MS,
  Goldbourt U. J Alzheimers Dis.
        2011;23(4):709-16
‫המשתנים האחרונים שהראינו‬

  ‫• האם יש ספק , שהם חסרי ערך‬
    ‫בניבוי דמנציה באוכלוסיות?‬
‫• בכל זאת מרתקים מבחינת הבנת‬
               ‫מנגנון אפשרי?‬

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Goldbourt

  • 1. ‫היסטוריית משפחה, היסטוריה‬ ‫בילדות, התנסות ומצוקות בבגרות‬ ‫האם אלו מנבאים דמנציה בגיל מאוחר. זה‬ ‫שימושי ויעיל למניעה?‬ ‫הניתן להסביר ממצאים ספוראדיים לכאורה?‬
  • 2. ‫היסטוריית משפחה, היסטוריה בילדות,‬ ‫קונפליקט בבגרות, תגובות על מצוקה‬ ‫דוגמאות:‬ ‫•‬ ‫סדר לידה.‬ ‫•‬ ‫התייתמות מאב או אם, בגיל צעיר.‬ ‫•‬ ‫מידת הצלחה בהשתוות למעמד חברתי-כלכלי של‬ ‫•‬ ‫האב (גברים יהודיים, דור ראשון בארץ!).‬ ‫נטייה ל"רפלקטיביות מוגברת" מול בעיות ומצוקות.‬ ‫•‬ ‫מידת המוטיבציה לשנות ולקדם מעמד בעבודה.‬ ‫•‬
  • 3. ‫יש בכך הגיון?‬ ‫• לכאורה כן, בגלל השפעת ניסיון חיים בינקות על‬ ‫התפתחות המוח, אולי גם ניסיון מאוחר יותר על‬ ‫התמודדות המוח עם איום ירידה קוגניטיבית.‬ ‫• האם יש בכך תועלת כלשהי לרפואה מונעת?‬
  • 4. ‫"הסקר על מחלות לב ודרכי‬ ‫מניעתן בישראל"‬ ‫שיתוף פעולה ישראלי (נציבות‬ ‫שירות המדינה, "הדסה") -‬ ‫אמריקאי (‪ )NIH‬החל משלב‬ ‫התכנון בשנת 1691.‬
  • 5. ‫משתתפים‬ ‫•232,01 גברים בני 04 ומעלה, עובדי מדינה ועיריות‬ ‫קבועים באיזור תל אביב, ירושלים וחיפה.‬ ‫• %2.68 מן המשתתפים עלו מארצות אירופה, אסיה‬ ‫ואפריקה. גילם הממוצע 2.94. נדגמו בשברי דגימה שונים‬ ‫עפ"י 6 תת-יבשות מוצא (מזרח, מרכז ודרום אירופה לחוד,‬ ‫מזרח תיכון, צפון אפריקה וילידי ארץ ישראל).‬ ‫•גברים נמוכים...ממוצע הגובה 761 סנטימטרים מכל‬ ‫העדות.‬
  • 6. ‫בדיקות ומעקבים‬ ‫• בדיקות דמוגרפיות, קליניות,‬ ‫אנתרופומטריות וביוכימיות וכן‬ ‫שאלון תזונתי ופסיכו-חברתי בשנת‬ ‫3691. הרגלי פעילות גופנית‬ ‫ושאלון סוציולוגי ב- 5691. תפקודי‬ ‫נשימה ב- 8691.‬
  • 7. ‫ממצאים‬ ‫• על פני > 021 מאמרים בספרות.‬ ‫• זיהוי גורמי סיכון מוכרים (כולסטרול הדם,‬ ‫לחץ דם, סוכרת , עישון) וגם בלתי מוכרים:‬ ‫"אלפא ליפופרוטאין" נמוך, משתנים‬ ‫אישיים/פסיכו-חברתיים). הכנת תרשים ניבוי‬ ‫עפ"י קטגוריות שלהם.‬ ‫• גורמי הסיכון של צליעה לסירוגין ושל סוכרת‬ ‫טיפוס 2.‬
  • 8. ‫דמנציה/מחלת אלצהיימר?‬ ‫• מה תמונת המצב?‬ ‫• מה התחזיות?‬ ‫• מה הסכנהמה המשמעות מבחינת הכנת‬ ‫מערכות בריאות הציבור?‬
  • 9. ‫תחזית לפני עשור‬ • Johannes Wancata et al, University of Vienna, European Psychiatry 2003;18:306-313. • “We made calculations on the number of dementia cases for the period 2000– 2050 based on the population projections of the United Nations. For this purpose, we used the results of several meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. The number of prevalent dementia cases in the year 2000 was 7.1 million. •
  • 10. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study • Perri PC et al, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK. Lancet 2005;366:2112-2117 • Evidence from well-planned, representative epidemiological surveys is scarce in many regions. We estimate that 24·3 million people have dementia today, with 4·6 million new cases of dementia every year (one new case every 7 seconds).
  • 11. Social and financial ramifications • Family caregivers remain the cornerstone of support for people with dementia, experiencing substantial psychological, practical, and economic strain. • Dementia care is particularly time intensive, and many caregivers need to cut back on work. In the USA, the annual cost of informal care was $18 billion per year in 1998 dollars.
  • 12. Dementia and AD Risk Factor Study in Israel -1999/2000 • The Modified Telephone Instrument for Cognitive Status (TICS-m) : a phone interview performed by skilled interviewers. It includes 21 item and the maximum score is 50.
  • 13. Dementia and AD Risk Factor Study in Israel • Subjects with a TICS-m score lower than 27/50 were considered as cognitively impaired. At a level of 27/50 the sensitivity of this test is >99% and the specificity is 86%. • Subjects designated, or reported by caregivers, as cognitively impaired, proceeded to the next phase.
  • 14. Dementia and AD Risk Factor Study in Israel • Examinations proceeded between 1999 and 2001. • Face to face interviews were conducted with 652 of the 800 subjects identified as possibly demented by the Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Others could not be interviewed by phone.
  • 15. Dementia and AD Risk Factor Study in Israel • Of 1892 assessed subjects (mean age 82 at assessment), 307 (16.2%) had dementia and 175 (9.2%) had cognitive impairment with no dementia.
  • 16. Dementia and AD Risk Factor Study in Israel • Of 1892 assessed subjects (mean age 82 at assessment), 309 (16.3%) had dementia and 175 (9.2%) had cognitive impairment with no dementia.
  • 17. Phone interviewed 2040 Unable to be Screened out Examined at examined at home for TICS>27 home 148 1189 703 TICS< 27 Sensitivity sample (TICS=28,29) NCI=169 NCI=50 CIND=174 CIND=1 AD=254 VAD=55
  • 18. ‫מה מדדנו?‬ ‫• בידינו רק שכיחות דמנציה בשורדים‬ ‫עד שנת 0002/9991‬ ‫• אין לנו היארעות דמנציה לאורך‬ ‫השנים.‬
  • 19. Major issues in this kind of study • Selection bias. • Survival bias. • [We compared characteristics of those who survived to the deceased and those of men which were non-assessed to those assessed].
  • 20. Socioeconomic status, CHD mortality, stroke mortality and late-life dementia • “use it or lose it”: is this indeed the case…? • Are those with higher education and higher SES somewhat relatively immune because of their studies and occupation? • Alternative: are the same genetic/childhood factors predictive of both learning/career achievements and late-life dementia/AD?
  • 21. Definition of SES • There were five ranks, based on the type of employment reported and on formal education and on as follows: • 1- No formal Schooling. 2- Incomplete elementary, 3- complete elementary, 4- partial high school or religious (yeshiva) or agricultural school, 5- complete high school or matriculation otherwise, 6- partial higher education, matriculation not required: Nursing, teachers’ college. 7-Non-university higher education with matriculation. 8-incomplete university, 9- BA, BSc or higher.
  • 22. Socioeconomic status Rank Employment Education ‫• דירוג‬ Highest (1) Professionals, 7-9 teacher High (2) Administrative 7-9 Professionals, 4-6 teacher Intermediate Laborers," special”, 7-9 (3) technicians, 4-6 administrative Professionals, 1-3 teacher
  • 23. Socioeconomic status Rank Education Employment ‫• דירוג‬ Low (4) Laborer, 4-6 technicians, “special” 1-3 Administrative Lowest (5) Laborer, technicians, 1-3 “special”
  • 24. SES and Prevalence of Dementia 40 Clearly, surviving men • 35 with the lowest SES 30 rank were suffering 25 from a markedly % 20 increased rate of 15 Dementia Dementia. 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 SES Rank
  • 25. ‫להסביר את זה?‬ ‫באמצעות איזה מודל?‬ ‫•‬ ‫יש טעם לתקנן להבדלים נוספים?‬ ‫•‬ ‫נובע מארץ העלייה והיום זה פחות חושב בארצנו?‬ ‫•‬ ‫ממשיך להיות "מנבא" וגם היום זה חשוב?‬ ‫•‬
  • 26. ‫דוגמא נבדלת לגמרי‬ ‫• פרדוכס!..‬ ‫• (לא טוב לאכול מעט מדי שומן??...)‬
  • 27. We have: Midlife intake of fat and late-life dementia • Nutritional intakes of 9,929 men. • The prevalence rates of demented men in 2000, in increasing quartiles of the % calories derived from saturated fat (%SAT FAT) as assessed in 1963, were 23, 18, 17 and 14% in men with %SAT FAT of <7.6, 7.5-9.5, 9.5- 11.4, and 11.4-23.3% (p for trend=0.001 unadjusted, 0.034 when adjusted - applying logistic regression - for age, socioeconomic status and diabetes).
  • 28. Midlife intake of fat and late-life dementia • The estimated adjusted Odds ratios associated with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles, relative to quartile 1, were 0.77, 0.74 and 0.67. Total calories consumed and the % of calories derived form polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat were not related to late-life dementia
  • 29. Dementia and religious upbringing and practice • Higher prevalence of dementia among orthodox long-term survivors (contrasts with findings for incident cancer and CHD!). • Beeri MS, Davidson M, Silverman JM, Schmeidler J, Springer RR, Noy S, Goldbourt U. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008 Nov;61(11):1161- 8J
  • 30. Multivariate analysis of dementia prevalence, 1999-2001 • In multivariate analysis, the following variables were related to the prevalence of dementia: • Variable Hazard Ratio 95% CI • Age (5yr) 2.04 (1.74-2.39) • SES (lowest) 2.99 (2.17-4.12) • Origin (African born) 1.69 (1.15-2.48) • Diabetes mellitus 2.59 (1.29-5.21) • Body height (per 1 SD) 0.70 (0.60-0.80)
  • 31. Area under the curve plot Area under ROC curve = 0.7429 1.00 0.75 Sensitivity 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1 - Specificity
  • 32. ‫מה הערך‬ ‫• של אוסף פרטים "לא שייכים" שיכול‬ ‫להפריד במידה מסוימת מקרי דמנציה‬ ‫מאנשים ללא דמנציה?‬ ‫• הגענו ל"ניבוי"?‬ ‫• מה בחירת המשתנים ההגיונית?‬
  • 33. ‫עכשיו ל"כל מיני קשרים"‬ ‫בעיה של השוואות מרובות.‬ ‫•‬ ‫שייך לניבוי? אין ממילא מה ליישם מכאן למדיניות‬ ‫•‬ ‫מונעת.‬ ‫רצון מסוים להסביר, על סמך מנגנון ספקולטיבי.‬ ‫•‬ ‫איך לבחור משתנים המתאימים לתקנון רב משתני‬ ‫•‬ ‫ב"רגרסיה מחפשת ההסבר"?‬ ‫איזה תיאוריה יסודית להניח?‬ ‫•‬
  • 34. ‫השאלון האישי, 5691‬ ‫בבדיקה השנייה, בשנת 5691, נשאלו הנבדקים‬ ‫•‬ ‫על:‬ ‫פרטים דמוגרפיים: מקום, סדר לידה, אחים‬ ‫•‬ ‫ואחיות.‬ ‫פירוט משרות בעבודה ודרגת שביעות רצון.‬ ‫•‬ ‫לידת ההורים, מקצועם.‬ ‫•‬ ‫• משברים בילדות או בבחרות.‬ ‫• פרטים על קרובי משפחה.‬
  • 35. ‫(2)‬ ‫השאלון האישי, 5691‬ ‫עבודת האישה.‬ ‫•‬ ‫באיזו מידה זוכה עבודת הנבדק להערכת‬ ‫•‬ ‫האישה?‬ ‫שיתוף האישה בבעיות‬ ‫•‬ ‫הערכת הנבדק את הצלחת חיי הנישואין.‬ ‫•‬ ‫אפשרויות נופש ופנאי - ומימושן.‬ ‫•‬ ‫אכזבות, צרות והישגים.‬ ‫•‬
  • 36. Younger age at crisis following parental death in male children and adolescents is associated with higher risk for dementia at old age. Ravona-Springer R, Beeri MS, Goldbourt U. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2012 Jan;26(1):68-73.
  • 37. Assessment of crisis • Reports were sought in 1965 of severe crisis, according to type of crisis, and age at which it had occurred: 1. Death of a parent. 2. Death of a sibling. 3. Own severe illness 4. Family severe illness 5. Divorce 6. Economic crisis 7. Arrest
  • 38. Current analysis • We report the associations of crisis following father’s death (CFPD-F) or mother’s death (CFPD-M) with the prevalence of dementia among study participants who survived till the “dementia phase” in 1999/2000. • Note: most deaths of parents, of these men aged >=42 years in 1965 were not reported as crisis.
  • 39. Reported bereavement crisis and socioeconomic status (1-5) • Only 22.9% of those who did not report CFPD- M were in the lowest socioeconomic status group in midlife compared to 35.8, 32.0, 30.6 and 23.6% in those who reported CFPD-M at the age groups of 0-6, 7-12, 13-17 and >18 respectively. • Men reporting CFPD-M were also less likely to be in high socioeconomic groups in midlife (4.9, 5.6, 9.9 and 7.8% for those who reported CFPD-M at the age groups of 0-6, 7-12, 13-17 and >18 respectively) compared to non-reports of CFPD-M (10.4% ) (Chi2 =36.89, DF=12, P<0.0005)
  • 40. Crisis following father’s death • Dementia prevalence rates in subjects who survived by 1999/2000 were • 17.3% for those who did not report paternal CFPD and • 29.8, 21.4, 20.9% and 11.1% respectively for subjects who suffered paternal CFPD at the ages of 0-6, 7-12, 13-18 and > 18.
  • 41. Crisis following mother’s death • Dementia prevalence rates in subjects who survived by 1999/2000 were • 17.4% for those who did not suffer maternal CFPD and • 27.1, 29.3, 23.2% and 9.9% respectively for subjects who suffered maternal CFPD at the ages of 0-6, 7-12, 13-18 and > 18 years.
  • 42. Age when CFPD had occurred and dementia at old age (at age groups younger than 18 compared to CFPD at age ≥18) OR for dementia adjusted for adjusted for Age adjusted for age OR OR age and birth age, birth order, (years) ) (95% CI order (95% CI) country of birth and SES (95% CI) 0-6 3.56 3.41 3.52 (1.25-9.02) (1.26-9.21) (1.23-10.01) Age at CFPD- Mother 7-12 3.96 4.48 4.22 (1.53-13.09) (1.36-13.1) (1.38-11.33) 13-18 2.65 2.53 2.61 (0.99-7.08) (0.95-6.8) (0.93-7.40)
  • 43. Comment • In parentally bereaved children and adolescents, the child's age at bereavement is significantly correlated with increased mental health problems (Sacco KA et al. Ann Clin Psychiat 2007;19:89-97). • To what extent do these finding support a potential contribution of early life events to late-life dementia risk?
  • 44. Repetitive thinking as a psychological cognitive style in midlife is associated with lower risk for dementia three decades later. Ravona-Springer R, Beeri MS, Goldbourt U. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(6):513-20.
  • 45. Exposure to the Holocaust and World War II concentration camps during late adolescence and adulthood is not associated with increased risk for dementia at old age. Ravona-Springer R, Beeri MS, Goldbourt U. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;23(4):709-16
  • 46. ‫המשתנים האחרונים שהראינו‬ ‫• האם יש ספק , שהם חסרי ערך‬ ‫בניבוי דמנציה באוכלוסיות?‬ ‫• בכל זאת מרתקים מבחינת הבנת‬ ‫מנגנון אפשרי?‬