1. INTROSPECTIVE TECHNIQUES
By Xuban Gallego and Amets
Arrizabalaga

2. INTROSPECTION:
Introspection is the process of observing
and reflecting on one´s thoughts, feelings,
motives, reasoning process and states
determine our behaviour.
Nunan (1992)

3. VERBAL REPORTS AND
DIARY NOTES

4. VERBAL REPORTS
Information currently available in short-term
memory. There are kinds of verbal reports,
differentiated by when the data is collected.
•A think aloud
•Retrospective report

5. HOW TO COLLECT DATA?
• MAIN PROCEDURES TO CONDUCT VERBAL
REPORTS
• SOME PROCEDURES TO ORGANIZING AND
INTERPRETING DATA

6. MAIN PROCEDURES TO CONDUCT
VERBAL REPORTS
- GIVE SIMPLE DIRECTIONS
- BE AS UNOBTRUSIVE AS POSSIBLE
- ASK IN PARTICULAR POINTS
- RECORD THE SESSION:

7. ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING DATA
1. First, transcribe your data.
2. Review existing studies on language learning
3. Divide your data of what respondents said into
thought units
4. Sort each thought unit into one of the categories
5. Have a second reader also code the data
6. Look for patterns in your categorization

8. DIARY STUDIES

9. WHAT ARE DIARY STUDIES?
1. Bailey and ochsner (1983)
2. Bailey (1991)

10. WHY USE DIARY STUDIES APPLIED
IN LINGUISTICS REASEARCH?
1.- Can provide information
2.- Allow researchers to see factors identified by
teachers and learners
3.- Vehicle of data triangulation
4.- “Low-tech”, portable and trainable

11. COLLECTING DIARY STUDY DATA
1.- Affective and instructional factors that affect L2 learning
and teaching
2.-personal language learning or teaching history, details,
feelings...
3.-look for patterns and significant events.
4.-Final report

12. ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING
DATA
1.- The content or what is said
2.-The context or where it is set.
3.-The form or how it is said

13. ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING
DATA
According to Pavlenko (2007)
It is important in looking at narrative data to “consider not only
what was said or written but also what was omitted and why”
(p.274)

14. ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING
DATA
The context of the diary entries, on a macro
and micro level (Pavlenko, 2007).

15. ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING
DATA
Form: structure, formal lexical items, target
language, first language

16. PRESENTING THE FINDINGS
Many learners and teachers do keep a diary, but they frequently
feel that this data is not appropriate for a serious study.

17. BIBLIOGRAPHY
-Sandra Lee McKay, Introspective Techniques
-What is introspection?
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-introspection.htm
-Diary study guide:
http://www.webcredible.co.uk/user-friendly-resources/ webusability/diary-study-guide.shtml