300 Slides Of Standard Interview Q & A In Telecommunications
1. 300 Slides of Standard Interview Questions and Answers in Telecommunications THE EXECUTIVE CYBERSCHUUL
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5. Introduction This material is designed to assist the person who desires to appraise himself/herself with current and relevant issues of industry, technology and general knowledge in his/her bid to seek employment in the telecommunications sector especially in Nigeria. It is compiled by specialists who have worked in the sector, taught telecommunication to professionals, consulted for telecommunication companies and handled employment matters at corporate levels of several startup and established companies. In a way, it is meant to address observed deficiencies of local experts, fresh graduates and other professionals who intend to build a career in or to crossover to the telecommunications profession.
39. Telecom Industry Q & A Mention the Type of Telephone Services and the Service Providers in Nigeria
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43. Dec 08 Doing 21 st Century Lagos, Fixed Wired Voice, Internet Discom Lagos, Fixed Wired Voice, Internet Etisalat GSM Mobile Zain Nationwide GSM Globacom Nationwide GSM, SNOP Global Peace Communications Lagos, Ikeja, Fixed wired Intercellular Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt Fixed Wireless. Limited Mobile, Internet
44. Megatech Kano Fixed Wireless Voice, Internet MTEL Nationwide GSM MTN Nationwide GSM VGC by acquisition MTS Nationwide fixed Voice, Internet Telkom-Multilinks Telkom-Multilinks by buying into Abeokuta, Abuja, Akure, Ibadan, Ile-Ife, Ilorin, I-Ode, Lagos, Osogbo, Sagamu, Fixed/Mobile Wireless Voice, Internet, NITEL Nationwide Fixed Wired Services + Fixed Wireless, FNO, Internet.
45. Oduatel South West Fixed Wired + Fixed Wireless Voice, Internet Prestel Benin, Wireless Voice, Internet Rainbownet Enugu, Aba, Fixed wireless Voice ZoomMobile Lagos Fixed Wireless Voice Internet Starcomms Aba, Abeokuta, Abuja, Asaba, Benin, Ibadan, Kaduna, Kano, Lagos, Maiduguri, Onitsha, Port Harcourt, Ijebu-Ode Fixed Wireless Voice, Internet, Startech Abuja, Fixed wireless Visafone Bourdex by acquisition Cellcom by acquisition ITN by acquisition
48. Investment For Direct Inv $12.5b From Prvt Inv $10.3b From Licensing $2.2b Maj Lcl ICT Co 36 Conc. of ICT Inv. Lagos
49. Telephone Services Telephone Lines Fixed 2.5m Telephone Lines Mobile 57m No of Tel Operators 2008 19 No of Tel Operators 2007 18 No of Tel Operators 2005 25 No of Tel Operators 2002 8 Ops deploying GSM Std 5 Ops deploying CDMA Std 10 Ops deploying other std 4 Tel ops that have wound up 4 Tel ops that have been bought into 1 Tel ops that bought into others 1 Tel ops that have been bought 100% 1 Tel ops that have Unified Licenses 13 U/Licensees yet to operate 3 National Operators 2
50. Internet Services Int Users Estim. 10m Africa Estimate 44.3m Africa Highest 3 20.6m No of ISPs 132 Major conc. of ISPs Lagos 75 Abuja 14 Ibadan 5 States with ISPs 19 States with No ISPs 17
156. Data transmission is symmetric if the data in the downlink and the data in the uplink is transmitted at the same data rate. This will probably be the case for voice transmission - the same amount of data is sent both ways. However, for internet connections or broadcast data (e.g., streaming video), it is likely that more data will be sent from the server to the mobile device (the downlink). That is asymetric.
166. Latency Latency means delay. It may also be the period of time that one component in a system is spinning its wheels waiting for another component. Latency, therefore, is wasted time. For example, in accessing data on a disk, latency is defined as the time it takes to position the proper sector under the read/write head. In networking, the amount of time it takes a packet to travel from source to destination. Together, latency and bandwidth define the speed and capacity of a network.
212. Circuit Switching Traditional connections for voice communications require a physical path connecting the users at the two ends of the line, and that path stays open until the conversation ends. This method of connecting a transmitter and receiver by giving them exclusive access to a direct connection is called circuit switching.
215. The Data packet. The major part of a packet's contents is reserved for the data that is meant for transmission. This part is called the PAYLOAD. In general, the data to be transmitted is arbitrarily chopped-up into payloads of the same size. At the start of the packet is a smaller area called a HEADER. The header is vital because the header contains the address of the packet's intended recipient. This means that packets from many different phone users can be mixed into the same transmission channel, and correctly sorted at the other end. There is no longer a need for a constant, exclusive, direct channel between the sender and the receiver.
247. ACCESS CHARGE A fee charged subscribers or other telephone companies by a local exchange carrier for the use of its local exchange networks. ACCESS POINT TRANSCEIVERS Any radio communication equipment capable of receiving or emitting electromagnetic radiation used for allowing access to the Licensee’s network by users. ANALOG SIGNAL A signaling method that uses continuous changes in the amplitude or frequency of a radio transmission to convey information.
248. ASSIGNED FREQUENCY Frequency at the centre of the assigned bandwidth ASSIGNED FREQUENCY BAND Necessary bandwidth plus twice the frequency tolerance. The width of band symmetrical around the center frequency within which the side band emissions are to be contained. ASSIGNMENT Authorization given to particular station to use a radio channel
249. AUTHORISED BANDWIDTH Necessary bandwidth. BANDWIDTH The capacity of a telecom line to carry signals. The necessary bandwidth is the amount of spectrum required to transmit the signal without distortion or loss of information. FCC rules require suppression of the signal outside the band to prevent interference. BROADBAND Broadband is a descriptive term for evolving digital technologies that provide consumers a signal switched facility offering integrated access to voice, high-speed data service, video-demand services, and interactive delivery services.
250. CALLING PARTY PAYS A billing method in which a wireless phone caller pays only for making calls and not for receiving them. The standard American billing system requires wireless phone customers to pay for all calls made and received on a wireless phone. CARRIER POWER Average power supplied to the antenna transmission line during one cycle when there is no modulation. CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY This term, often used for all wireless phones regardless of the technology they use, derives from cellular base stations that receive and transmit calls. Both cellular and PCS phones use cellular technology.
251. CLASS OF EMISSION The set of characteristics of an emission designated by standard alphanumeric symbols denoting modulation scheme, modulating signal, type of information transmitted etc. CLOSED CAPTIONING A service for persons with hearing disabilities that translates television program dialog into written words on the television screen. COMMERCIAL LEASED ACCESS Manner through which independent video producers can access cable capacity for a fee.
252. COMMON CARRIER In the telecommunications arena, the term used to describe a telephone company. COMMUNICATIONS ASSISTANT A person who facilitates telephone conversation between text telephone users, users of sign language or individuals with speech disabilities through a Telecommunications Relay Service (TRS). This service allows a person with hearing or speech disabilities to communicate with anyone else via telephone at no additional cost. COMMUNITY ANTENNA TELEVISION (CATV) A service through which subscribers pay to have local television stations and additional programs brought into their homes from an antenna via a coaxial cable.
253. CRAMMING A practice in which customers are billed for enhanced features such as voice mail, caller-ID and call-waiting that they have not ordered. DEEP SPACE Space Beyond 2 x 10$6 KM from the earth DIAL AROUND Long distance services that require consumers to dial a long-distance provider’s access code (or "10-10" number) before dialing a long-distance number to bypass or "dial around" the consumer’s chosen long-distance carrier in order to get a better rate.
254. DIGITAL TELEVISION (DTV) A new technology for transmitting and receiving broadcast television signals. DTV provides clearer resolution and improved sound quality. DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE (DBS/DISH) A high-powered satellite that transmits or retransmits signals which are intended for direct reception by the public. The signal is transmitted to a small earth station or dish (usually the size of an 18-inch pizza pan) mounted on homes or other buildings. E-MAIL Also called electronic mail, refers to messages sent over the Internet. E-mail can be sent and received via newer types of wireless phones, but you generally need to have a specific e-mail account.
255. ENHANCED SERVICE PROVIDERS A for-profit business that offers to transmit voice and data messages and simultaneously adds value to the messages it transmits. Examples include telephone answering services, alarm/security companies and transaction processing companies. EN BANC An informal meeting held by the Commission to hear presentations on specific topics by diverse parties. The Commissioners, or other officials, question presenters and use their comments in considering FCC rules and policies on the subject matter under consideration. EARTH STATION A station located on the surface of the earth (or atmosphere) intended for communication with one space station or another via a reflective object Located in space.
256. EIMP Power supplied to antenna multiplied by gain relative to short vertical antenna. EIRP Power supplied to antenna multiplied by gain relative to isotropic antenna ERP Power supplied to antenna multiplied by gain relative to half-wave dipole in a given direction
257. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) The prevailing condition under which a telecommunications equipment is capable of operating under its specified performance range in a common electromagnetic environment without causing or suffering unacceptable degradation in performance due to unintentional electromagnetic radiation to or from other equipment within the same environment. EMISSION Intentional radiation produced, or the production of wanted radiation by radio transmitting station. FEEDER LINK A radio link from an earth station at a given location to a space station or vice versa conveying information for a space radio communication service but which is not for a fixed satellite service.
258. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) A signaling method that varies the carrier frequency in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal. FREQUENCY SHIFT Maximum permissible departure of the center frequency of the frequency band occupied by the emission from the assigned frequency. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) A US satellite system that lets those on the ground, on the water or in the air determine their position with extreme accuracy using GPS receivers.
259. HARMFUL INTERFERENCE Interference that endangers the functioning of a radio navigation service or seriously degrades, obstructs or repeatedly interrupts a radio station. HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION (HDTV) An improved television system which provides approximately twice the vertical and horizontal resolution of existing television standards. It also provides audio quality approaching that of compact discs. INTERFERENCE The effect of unwanted signal energy due to emissions, radiations or inductions upon the reception of radio station manifested by any performance degradation, misinterpretation, loss of information or distortion of wanted information
260. INTERACTIVE VIDEO DATA SERVICE (IVDS) A communication system, operating over a short distance, that allows nearly instantaneous two-way responses by using a hand-held device at a fixed location. Viewer participation in game shows, distance learning and e-mail on computer networks are examples. INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION FIXED SERVICE (ITFS) A service provided by one or more fixed microwave stations operated by an educational organization and used to transmit instructional information to fixed locations. LANDLINE Traditional wired phone service.
261. LAND MOBILE SERVICE A public or private radio service providing two-way communication, paging and radio signaling on land. LANDING RIGHT Right to transmit signals to and from the territory of a country other than the one that licensed the satellite. LOW POWER FM RADIO (LPFM) A broadcast service that permits the licensing of 50-100 watt FM radio stations within a service radius of up to 3.5 miles and 1-10 watt FM radio stations within a service radius of 1 to 2 miles.
262. LOW POWER TELEVISION (LPTV) A broadcast service that permits program origination, subscription service or both via low powered television translators. LPTV service includes the existing translator service and operates on a secondary basis to regular television stations. Transmitter output is limited to 1,000 watts for normal VHF stations and 100 watts when a VHF operation is on an allocated channel. MAJOR INTERFERENCE Any form of unwanted signals that causes total or partial loss of service to a radio communication station or any unwanted emission of radiation that endangers life such as interference to air craft operation, distress channels, ambulance or security services
263. MEAN POWER The average power supplied to antenna transmission line by a transmitter during an interval of time much larger than the lowest frequency in the modulating signal taken under normal modulating condition MINOR INTERFERENCE Any form of unwanted radiation, whether intentional or non-intentional, that causes degradation of or tolerable disturbance to radio communication service to the extent that it does not cause a [partial or total loss of service. MUST-CARRY (Retransmission) A 1992 Cable Act term requiring a cable system to carry signals of both commercial and noncommercial television broadcast stations that are "local" to the area served by the cable system.
264. NECESSARY BANDWIDTH The least bandwidth that permits satisfactory transmission of signal. NECESSARY BANDWIDTH For a given class of emission the bandwidth of the band, which is just sufficient to ensure transmission of information at the rate and quality, required under specified conditions. NETWORK Any connection of two or more computers that enables them to communicate. Networks may include transmission devices, servers, cables, routers and satellites. The phone network is the total infrastructure for transmitting phone messages.
265. NUMBER PORTABILITY A term used to describe the capability of individuals, businesses and organizations to retain their existing telephone number(s) –– and the same quality of service –– when switching to a new local service provider. OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH The bandwidth symmetrical around the assigned frequency within which 99% of the radiated power is contained or the width of the band between upper and lower frequency limits such that the mean radiated power outside these limits is equal to les than 0.5% of the total mean power of the emission. OPEN VIDEO SYSTEMS An alternative method to provide cable-like video service to subscribers.
266. OPERATOR SERVICE PROVIDER (OSP) A common carrier that provides services from public phones, including payphones and those in hotels/motels. OUT-OF-BAND EMISSIONS Unwanted emission radiated just outside the necessary bandwidth. PAGING SYSTEM A one-way mobile radio service where a user carries a small, lightweight miniature radio receiver capable of responding to coded signals. These devices, called "pagers," emit an audible signal, vibrate or do both when activated by an incoming message.
267. PEAK ENVELOP POWER Average power supplied to the antenna transmission system during one cycle at the crest of modulating envelope. PERMISSIBLE INTERFERENCE Observed or perceived interface which is within the qualitative limits set by the regulation for sharing frequencies. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE (PCS) Any of several types of wireless, voice and/or data communications systems, typically incorporating digital technology. PCS licenses are most often used to provide services similar to advanced cellular mobile or paging services. However, PCS can also be used to provide other wireless communications services, including services that allow people to place and receive communications while away from their home or office, as well as wireless communications to homes, office buildings and other fixed locations.
268. PRESCRIBED INTEREXCHANGE CHARGE (PICC) The charge the local exchange company assesses the long distance company when a consumer picks it as his or her long distance carrier. PROTECTION RATION The minimum value of wanted to unwanted signal ratio (dB) at the receiver input such that specified reception quality if the wanted signal is achieved at the receiver input. RADIODETERMINATION The determination of the position, velocity and/or other characteristics of an object by means of the propagation properties of radio waves.
269. RADIO LOCATION A radio determination service used for purpose other than those o f radio-navigation. RADIONAVIGATION An electronic service used for the purpose of navigation, including obstruction warning. RADIOTELEMETRY Telemetry by means of radio waves.
270. ROAMING The use of a wireless phone outside of the "home" service area defined by a service provider. Higher per-minute rates are usually charged for calls made or received while roaming. Long distance rates and a daily access fee may also apply. SATELLITE A radio relay station that orbits the earth. A complete satellite communications system also includes earth stations that communicate with each other via the satellite. The satellite receives a signal transmitted by an originating earth station and retransmits that signal to the destination earth station(s). Satellites are used to transmit telephone, television and data signals originated by common carriers, broadcasters and distributors of cable TV program material.
271. SATELLITE HOME VIEWER IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1999 (SHVIA) An Act modifying the Satellite Home Viewer Act of 1988, SHVIA permits satellite companies to provide local broadcast TV signals to all subscribers who reside in the local TV station’s market. SHVIA also permits satellite companies to provide "distant" network broadcast stations to eligible satellite subscribers. SATELLITE LINK One uplink and one downlink SATELLITE MASTER ANTENNA TELEVISION (SMATV) A satellite dish system used to deliver signals to multiple dwelling units (e.g., apartment buildings and trailer parks).
272. SCANNER A radio receiver that moves across a wide range of radio frequencies and allows audiences to listen to any of the frequencies. SERVICE PLAN The rate plan you select when choosing a wireless phone service. A service plan typically consists of a monthly base rate for access to the system and a fixed amount of minutes per month. SERVICE PROVIDER A telecommunications provider that owns circuit switching equipment.
273. SLAMMING The term used to describe what occurs when a customer’s long distance service is switched from one long distance company to another without the customer’s permission. Such unauthorized switching violates FCC rules. SPECTRUM The range of electromagnetic radio frequencies used in the transmission of sound, data and television. SPURIOUS EMISSION Energy of an emission whose frequency lies beyond 2.5 times the necessary bandwidth relative to the center frequency of the emission
274. SUBSCRIBER LINE CHARGE (SLC) A monthly fee paid by telephone subscribers that is used to compensate the local telephone company for part of the cost of installation and maintenance of the telephone wire, poles and other facilities that link your home to the telephone network. These wires, poles and other facilities are referred to as the "local loop." The SLC is one component of access charges. STATION (RADIO) One or more transmitters or /and receivers, including accessory equipment necessary at one location for carrying on a radio communication service. TARIFF The documents filed by a carrier describing their services and the payments to be charged for such services.
275. TELECOMMAND The use of telecommunication for the transmission of signals to initiate, modify or terminate the function of an equipment at a distance. TELECOMMUNICATIONS RELAY SERVICE (TRS) A free service that enables persons with TTYs, individuals who use sign language and people who have speech disabilities to use telephone services by having a third party transmit and translate the call. TELEMETRY The use o f telecommunication for automatically indicating or recording measurements at a distance from the measuring instrument.
276. TELEPHONY The word used to describe the science of transmitting voice over a telecommunications network. TTY A type of machine that allows people with hearing or speech disabilities to communicate over the phone using a keyboard and a viewing screen. It is sometimes called a TDD. UNBUNDLING The term used to describe the access provided by local exchange carriers so that other service providers can buy or lease portions of its network elements, such as interconnection loops, to serve subscribers.
277. VIDEO DESCRIPTION An audio narration for television viewers who are blind or visually disabled, which consists of verbal descriptions of key visual elements in a television program, such as settings and actions not reflected in dialog. Narrations are inserted into the program’s natural pauses, and are typically provided through the Secondary Audio Programming channel.
278. UNIVERSAL SERVICE The financial mechanism which helps compensate telephone companies or other communications entities for providing access to telecommunications services at reasonable and affordable rates throughout the country, including rural, insular and high costs areas, and to public institutions. Companies, not consumers, are required by law to contribute to this fund. The law does not prohibit companies from passing this charge on to customers. VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF) The part of the radio spectrum from 30 to 300 megahertz, which includes TV Chann
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